Deck 7: Understanding Natural Selection, Vaccines, and Viral Reproduction

Question 1

Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

A) Populations experience differential reproductive success.
B) Breeding is done intentionally with the intent to increase the frequency of desired traits.
C) Variation within a population is heritable.
D) Populations experience competition for resources.
E) The variations in a population make no difference in terms of reproductive success.

Answer 1

Populations experience differential reproductive success.
Variation within a population is heritable.
Populations experience competition for resources.

Question 2

Which of the following structures are associated with the lymphatic system? (Check all that apply.)

A) Thymus
B) Spleen
C) Lungs
D) Red bone marrow
E) Lymph nodes

Answer 2

Thymus
Spleen
Red bone marrow
Lymph nodes

Question 3

From the list provided, select all characteristics of the influenza envelope. (Check all that apply.)

A) It contains parts of the host cell's plasma membrane.
B) It contains RNA.
C) It separates the genetic material and the capsid.
D) It contains N and H spikes.

Answer 3

It contains parts of the host cell's plasma membrane.
It contains N and H spikes.

Question 4

From the list provided, select all viruses that have DNA as the genetic material. (Check all that apply.)

A) Smallpox
B) HIV
C) Influenza
D) Chickenpox
E) Herpes

Question 5

From the list provided, select all that are provided by studying transitional fossils. (Check all that apply.)

A) Transitional fossils provide evidence of how a species has changed over time.
B) Transitional fossils provide an estimated timeline of changes.
C) Transitional fossils help predict how a population will further evolve.
D) Transitional fossils help calibrate the fossil record by comparing amounts of radioactive compounds.

Question 6

From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

A) There must be a variation for a trait within a population.
B) An advantageous trait must be passed on to the next generation.
C) The environment should remain constant.
D) All traits in a population should be the same.

Question 7

From the list provided, select the roles of complement proteins in the innate immune system. (Check all that apply.)

A) Enhancing inflammation
B) Lysing cells
C) Marking cells for phagocytosis
D) Assisting in antigen presenting
E) Involved in the secretion of antibodies

Question 8

The following statements relate to either the innate or the adaptive system. Select those thatonly apply to the adaptive immune system. (Check all that apply.)

A) Antibody production
B) Cell-mediated immunity
C) Antibody-mediated immunity
D) Inflammatory response
E) Interferon activity
F) Natural killer cells

Question 9

Unlike DNA viruses, RNA viruses require alternate enzymes to replicate their genome. Why does this present a challenge for the RNA virus?

Question 10

List the steps involved in producing an influenza vaccine using fertilized chicken eggs.

Question 11

Explain the process of natural selection as a mechanism of evolutionary change.

Question 12

During an infection, the immune system alerts the organ systems of the body by producing ______. These are also responsible for the body aches felt during an influenza infection.

Question 13

______ vaccine creation is similiar to using a chicken egg but requires the used of a mammalian cell to replicate the virus.

Question 14

The ______ process to make influenza vaccines, only uses a small portion of the H spike protein that helps the immune system identify the actual virus.

Question 15

The process of ______ helps biologists relate the natural world and how organisms have changed over time in response to the natural world.

Question 16

The process of evolution of the influenza virus that results from the infection of two viruses in the same cell is called Antigenic ______.

Question 17

The immune system works very closely with the ______ system to return filtered fluid back to the circulatory system.

Question 18

Which of these best describes a virus?

A) A noncellular living organism
B) The smallest bacteria known
C) An invasive cell that cannot stop reproducing
D) A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

Question 19

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

A) a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.
B) RNA and DNA.
C) a plasma membrane and DNA within a nucleus.
D) fiber proteins that extend from the body of the virus and one or more tails that are used for locomotion.

Question 20

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ______ cycle.

A) lysogenic
B) apoptosis
C) lytic
D) retroviral

Question 21

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

A) Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
B) Epithelial cells on the skin's surface
C) Osteoclasts within bone cells
D) Red blood cells that are exposed through breaks in the skin

Question 22

Which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system?

A) The immune system prompts a decrease in blood flow, which results in the lungs becoming dry. A hacking cough can be produced.
B) The proteins produced by the virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.
C) Epithelial cells see an increase in function as they try to adapt to the viral load of surrounding cells.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 23

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because

A) it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses.
B) it requires three injections to be effective.
C) it contains three different strains of live viruses.
D) it requires three hours to make the vaccine.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is True about the production of the influenza vaccine?

A) Viruses are injected into fertilized eggs, incubated, then viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines.
B) Viruses are injected into mammalian cells, then viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines.
C) A protein responsible for the H spikes of the flu virus is added to a harmless virus that infects insect cells, causing them to produce massive amounts of H spike protein. The extracted H spike protein is then purified and used to make vaccines.
D) All three methods describe different approaches used to make flu vaccines.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is True?

A) Aluminum is included to prevent the growth of bacteria during vaccine preparation and storage.
B) Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production.
C) Gelatin or sorbitol are used to enhance the ability of the immune system to detect the virus.
D) Antibiotics are used as a preservative in multidose vials of vaccine in order to prolong their shelf life. Antibiotics allow the vaccine to withstand extreme temperature changes.

Question 26

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

A) DNA, RNA, then protein.
B) RNA, DNA, then protein.
C) protein, DNA, then RNA.
D) protein, RNA, and DNA.

Question 27

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of __________.

A) antigenic drift
B) antigenic shift
C) artificial selection
D) the founder effect

Question 28

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________.

A) antigenic drift
B) antigenic shift
C) the founder effect
D) artificial selection

Question 29

Which of the following best describes the action of B cells?

A) B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow.
B) B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces.
C) B cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies.
D) All of the answer choices relate to the actions of B cells.

Question 30

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

A) "Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).
B) "Self" cells contain a triple layer of phospholipids on their plasma membranes.
C) "Self" cells contain cytokines on their cell surfaces.
D) "Self" cells contain spikes on their outer surface.

Question 31

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

A) posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.
B) initiating an inflammation response.
C) posting antibodies on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the memory B cells to destroy it.
D) causing mutations in the genetic material of the virus, preventing its replication and halting the spread of the virus.

Question 32

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

A) The vaccination cannot contain enough preservatives to last in the body longer than a year.
B) The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.
C) The flu virus can become latent, meaning it can hide from the immune system within the body, so new vaccinations are important to allow for continuing immunity.
D) The vaccination does not contain enough antigens to create a lasting immune response, so boosters are required every year.

Question 33

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

A) core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.
B) H spikes as they mutate rapidly, allowing for more chances for the vaccine to work.
C) viral tails because they exist in all flu viruses and do not mutate often.
D) N spikes because they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

Question 34

Antiviral medicines target specific stages of the viral life cycle. Which of the following isnot a stage of the life cycle that is targeted?

A) Attachment
B) Uncoating
C) Release
D) Maturation

Question 35

New influenza vaccines are being developed that may lessen the effect of the rapid evolution of the viral strains. One way is to develop a universal influenza vaccine that uses ______ as an antigen.

A) a protein in the viral capsid
B) the N spikes
C) the RNA molecule
D) envelope lipids

Question 36

Trials of the universal influenza vaccine, H1ssF_3928, began in

A) 2018.
B) 2019.
C) 2015.
D) 2010.

Question 37

In the influenza strain nameHongKong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2019 in this region.

A) second
B) third
C) twentieth
D) forty-fifth

Question 38

For naming purposes, which form of influenza would be characterized by the types of H and N spikes found on its surface?

A) A
B) B
C) C

Question 39

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses?

A) Ability to process energy and nutrients
B) Ability to evolve over time
C) Ability to respond to stimuli
D) Ability to maintain an internal environment

Question 40

Which of the following best distinguishes viral genetic material from the genetic material of a living organism?

A) Viral genetic material can be either DNA or RNA.
B) The viral genome contains fewer genes, encoding for fewer proteins.
C) The viral genome is less prone to mutations.
D) The viral genome is either DNA or RNA and encodes for fewer proteins.

Question 41

The contents of genes in viruses are ______ that of living organisms.

A) equal to
B) less than
C) greater than

Question 42

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

A) The envelope
B) The H spikes
C) The N spikes
D) The capsid

Question 43

The influenza proteins that target host cells have a complex, ______ shape.

A) one-dimensional
B) two-dimensional
C) three-dimensional
D) four-dimensional

Question 44

The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. This virus uses the ______ cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

A) lysogenic
B) lytic

Question 45

What is the first reaction of the body due to the influenza virus disrupting the normal function of the epithelial cells in the respiratory system?

A) Fluid accumulation in the lungs
B) Sneezing
C) Fever
D) Vomiting

Question 46

The influenza virus targets epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract. What is the normal function of epithelial cells?

A) They form boundaries between the body tissue and internal environments
B) They are involved in muscle contractions
C) They are involved in the relay of signals throughout the body
D) They serve as insulation

Question 47

Which of the following best outlines the path of influenza through the body?

A) Nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, lungs, alveoli
B) Nostrils, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, lungs, alveoli
C) Nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchus, lungs, alveoli
D) Nostrils, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, bronchiole, lungs, alveoli

Question 48

As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the ______ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.

A) capsid
B) RNA
C) H spikes
D) N spikes

Question 49

How many worldwide influenza monitioring stations are involved in sending data that are used to develop the next annual influenza vaccine?

A) 100
B) 5
C) 75
D) 25

Question 50

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

A) Influenza evolves rapidly.
B) It takes six months to develop the vaccine.
C) There are many strains of influenza.
D) All of the answer choices are challenges in creating an annual influenza vaccine.

Question 51

One method of constructing an influenza vaccine is to use an influenza strain that has been modified by removing proteins that contribute to its virulence. This process is called __________.

A) attenuation
B) inactivation
C) deactivation
D) sterilization

Question 52

Biologists, who study ______, are interested in understanding evolution as process of life.

A) genetic material
B) ecosystems
C) systematics
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 53

Which of the following events would result in the formation of an influenza virus that would threaten humans?

A) Viral genetic material exchange within the same population
B) Viral genetic material exchange between different populations
C) Both are required for a viral strain to evolve and threaten humans.

Question 54

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book,On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________.

A) South Pacific Islands
B) Galápagos Islands
C) west coast of South America
D) Andes

Question 55

Consider the following scenario: A fish that was normally found in freshwater has evolved and can now survive in brackish (containing a mixture of fresh and salt) water. How would this affect other levels of biology?

A) The evolution of the fish would affect all other levels of biology, including other populations, communities, and ecosystems.
B) The evolution of the fish would only affect the population of that fish species.
C) The evolution of the fish would only affect the community in which it occupies.
D) The evolution of the fish would only affect the organisms it eats.

Question 56

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

A) A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein.
B) A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell.
C) A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous.
D) All of the answer choices describe the relationship between mutations and evolution.

Question 57

If you were observing embryonic structures of a tortoise, a chick, and a human, which of the following would not be a similiar structure?

A) Pharyngeal pouches
B) Postanal tail
C) Five finger digits
D) Eyes

Question 58

The cytochrome c protein is sometimes used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species. This is because

A) the closer the DNA sequences are between species, the closer they are related on an evolutionary scale.
B) the closer the DNA sequences are between species, the futher apart they are related on an evolutionary scale.
C) the more differences in the DNA sequences are between species, the closer they are related on an evolutionary scale.

Question 59

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

A) homologous; analogous
B) analogous; homologous
C) homologous; inherited
D) inherited; homologous

Question 60

Studying theHox gene has shown geneticists that

A) the more similiar theHox gene is between organisms, the more similiar the embryonic development is between those organisms.
B) the more similiar theHox gene is between organisms, the more dissimiliarities there are in the embryonic development between those organisms.

Question 61

Antigenic shift

A) causes rapid change in the influenza virus.
B) can result in an influenza strain that the human immune system has not been exposed to.
C) was responsible for the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 62

The enzyme ______ does not have a high degree of fidelity, and therefore more mutations can be introduced in the genetic material of RNA viruses.

A) RNA polymerase
B) neuraminidase
C) DNA polymerase
D) ligase

Question 63

The immune system's role is to

A) actively seek and destroy pathogens.
B) regulate the internal body temperature.
C) filter waste products out of the circulatory system.
D) increase digestive enzymes.

Question 64

The ______ glycoproteins are presented by all nucleated cells and an identification tag. The ______ glycoproteins are only presented by cells to provide the link between nonspecific immune responses.

A) MHC-I; MHC-II
B) MHC-II; MHC-I
C) MHC-I; MHC-III
D) MHC-III; MHC-II

Question 65

Which of the following cells ingest, digest, and provide an antigen for the immune system to respond?

A) Macrophages and dendritic cells
B) Macrophages and B lymphocytes
C) B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
D) T lymphocytes and dendritic cells

Question 66

Which of the following disorders are in response to the immune system's inablility to differentiate self from non-self?

A) Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
B) Type II diabetes and heart disease
C) Lung and skin cancer
D) Influenza and pneumonia

Question 67

When a macrophage presents an antigen with an MHC-II protein,

A) it interacts with helper T cells.
B) it interacts with helper T cells and cytokines are released.
C) it interacts with B cells.
D) it interacts with cytotoxic T cells and cytokines are released.

Question 68

One of the four mechanisms of the innate immune defenses is the inflammatory response. Its role is to

A) increase blood flow to the infected area.
B) isolate the infection to a limited area.
C) allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area.
D) All the answer choices are correct.

Question 69

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its abililty to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

A) antibody-mediated immunity.
B) cell-mediated immunity.
C) both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

Question 70

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

A) production of memory T cells
B) production of memory B cells
C) production of plasma cells
D) secretion of antibodies by plasma cells

Question 71

B cell activation, through antibody-mediated immunity, results in the

A) production of memory B cells.
B) secretion of antibodies.
C) production of plasma cells.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 72

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

A) produce a higher amount of antibodies.
B) have a quicker recovery time from an infection.
C) have an overall more efficient immune response.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 73

The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding ______ in reserve.

A) memory B cells
B) helper T cells
C) cytotoxic T cells
D) natural killer cells

Question 74

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

A) a killed version of the virus.
B) antigens specific to the virus.
C) antibodies against the virus.
D) a killed version of the virus or antigens specific to the virus.

Question 75

If an influenza strain mutation results in the production of different H spikes, this could be life threatening because

A) H spikes are more deadly than N spikes.
B) H spikes are used as antigens to identify the virus by the immune system.
C) H spikes allow quicker viral replication in host cells.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 76

What is the role of interferon in the immune response?

A) Increased permability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area
B) Alert neighboring cells of an infecting virus
C) Regulate the general immune responses

Question 77

What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

A) Increased permability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area
B) Alert neighboring cells of an infecting virus
C) Regulate the general immune responses

Question 78

What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?

A) Increased permability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area
B) Alert neighboring cells of an infecting virus
C) Regulate the general immune responses

Question 79

List the two ways in which a new influenza strain could appear.

Question 80

The core proteins of the influenza virus are more effective antigens to be used in a vaccine.