Deck 1: Understanding Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Treatments

Question 1

From the list provided, what would be helpful to differentiate eukaryotes from prokaryotes? (Check all that apply.)

A) The size of the ribosomes
B) The size of the cell
C) The plasma membrane
D) Organelles

Answer 1

The size of the ribosomes
The size of the cell
Organelles

Question 2

From the following list, select those that are characteristics of life. (Check all that apply.)

A) The ability to move
B) The ability to reproduce
C) The ability to communicate
D) The ability to acquire materials and energy
E) The ability to respond to the environment

Answer 2

The ability to reproduce
The ability to acquire materials and energy
The ability to respond to the environment

Question 3

DNA nucleotides consist of several parts. From the list below, select the parts that would be found in DNA nucleotides. (Check all that apply.)

A) Phosphate group
B) Ribose
C) Adenine
D) Uracil
E) Deoxyribose

Answer 3

Phosphate group
Adenine
Deoxyribose

Question 4

Gene expression occurs through transcription and then translation. From the provided list, select all that pertain to transcription. (Check all that apply.)

A) Creation of mRNA
B) Linking together amino acids
C) Using RNA polymerase
D) Using DNA as a template
E) Reading codons

Question 5

From the list provided, select the two obstacles of gene expression.

A) DNA is in the nucleus.
B) DNA and RNA are two different types of molecules.
C) Proteins are composed of amino acids.
D) Ribosomes are required for protein expression.
E) RNA polymerase is not efficient.

Question 6

From the following list, select all that can apply to cancerous cells. (Check all that apply.)

A) Damaged DNA
B) Directed apoptosis
C) Uncontrolled cell division
D) Monitoring with checkpoints
E) Daughter cells with correct genetic information

Question 7

From the list, select the most common mutagens. (Check all that apply.)

A) Bacteria
B) Viruses
C) Radiation
D) Animals
E) Chemicals

Question 8

From the list, select all of the following that pertain to this state. (Check all that apply.)
If a patient is screened for cancerous cells, a doctor is looking for cells that are __________.

A) less specialized
B) functioning as part of an organ
C) not in their original location
D) dividing uncontrollably
E) undergoing apoptosis

Question 9

From the following list, select all that define the functions of enzymes. (Check all that apply.)

A) A narrow pH range
B) A wide temperature range
C) A narrow temperature range
D) A narrow salt concentration range
E) A high salt concentration range

Question 10

From the list of organ systems, select the ones that play a major role in homeostasis. (Check all that apply.)

A) Endocrine system
B) Cardiovascular system
C) Urinary system
D) Immune system
E) Digestive system

Question 11

Some antimetabolites are called antibiotics. From the list below, select all statements that characterize these compounds. (Check all that apply.)

A) They are designed to kill bacteria.
B) They interfere with specific enzyme functions.
C) They interfere with RNA formation during gene expression.
D) They interfere with DNA replication.
E) They can be used to treat any infection.

Question 12

From the classes of chemotherapeutic drugs listed below, select those that would interfere with DNA synthesis. (Check all that apply.)

A) Alkaloids
B) Taxanes
C) Antimetabolites
D) Alkylating agents
E) Topoisomerase inhibitors

Question 13

CRISPR is a genetic editing process. From the list provided, select all that are required for this process to be successful. (Check all that apply.)

A) A Cas9 enzyme to identify the correct DNA sequence
B) A complementary guide DNA molecule to assist the Cas9 enzyme
C) A regulatory region called a PAM sequence
D) A single-stranded break of DNA
E) A target DNA sequence

Question 14

List the nucleotides that are found in DNA.

Question 15

The stages of breast cancer are determined by an oncologist by addressing four questions. Provide three of the four questions.

Question 16

Each stage of cancer has defining characteristics. State the characteristics of Stage 2 cancer.

Question 17

If a patient has Stage 4 cancer that has spread to a major organ, how might this disrupt the function of the organ?

Question 18

There are two main types of radiation: external and internal. Provide a description of both processes.

Question 19

The image shown outlines the immune response to a cancer vaccine, a type of immunotherapy treatment. Provide the missing information in the boxes to describe the steps of response.
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Question 20

The role of the ______ system is to respond quickly to internal and external stimuli.

Question 21

The two different classes of cells are ______ and ______.

Question 22

In eukaryotes, the ______ is the site of the genetic information of the cell.

Question 23

Some medications bind to the active site of enzymes. This blocks the ______ from binding.

Question 24

There are two stages of gene expression. The first stage, ______, produces mRNA that is used in the second step.

Question 25

There are two main steps in gene expression. This first step produces mRNA, and the second step, ______, converts the mRNA into a protein.

Question 26

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ______.

Question 27

RNA polymerase copies a gene to provide a transcript of mRNA. What would be the transcript from the following DNA nucleotide sequence?
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Question 28

The three nucleotide segments found on mRNA, which code for amino acids, are called ______.

Question 29

A ______ is a short segment of DNA that encodes a functional protein.

Question 30

Individuals receive ______ (how many) chromosomes from their mother?

Question 31

In cellular division, the two parts of M phase are mitosis and ______.

Question 32

Short sections of DNA, called ______, are located on chromosomes.

Question 33

Chemicals, radiation, and viruses can cause ______ to occur in genes. This may lead to the cell becoming cancerous.

Question 34

______ is the mutagen responsible for structurally changing the DNA molecule during DNA replication.

Question 35

When referring to cancer, the two most associated tumor-suppressor genes are BRCA1 and ______.

Question 36

The main role of the ______ gene is to check for breaks in the DNA.

Question 37

In breast cancer patients, there is over expression of the proto-oncogene ERBB-2. This causes an increase production in the ______ protein.

Question 38

The ______ enzyme allows for continuous cell division of cancerous cells.

Question 39

In ______ tumors, the cells move into local capillaries or lymphatic vessels and spread throughout the body.

Question 40

The ______ vessels can contribute to metastasis as they try to remove the excess fluid from the tumor tissue.

Question 41

In Stage ______ cancer, the cancer has spread extensively to nearby tissues and lymph nodes but has not yet spread to organs.

Question 42

______ are doctors who use the TNM classification system to define the stages of cancer.

Question 43

Cancer affects the normal operation of the body and the response to the external environment. The normal operation is maintained by a process called ______.

Question 44

Physicians rely on two different genetic tests to determine if someone is susceptible to cancer. A DNA microarray will determine the rate of expression of a gene, while DNA ______ will precisely determine if a mutation is actually present in the gene.

Question 45

A ______ procedure is used to remove a small piece of tissue to test for the presence of cancer cells.

Question 46

In ______ radiation, a radioactive substance is either ingested or injected into the blood. It can then be targeted for therapy.

Question 47

Alkylating agents target DNA of all cells. If mutations are introduced into the bone marrow cells, the patient may develop ______, which is cancer of the blood.

Question 48

Cancer ______ are used to protect against some forms of cancer and can be used to warn the body of existing cancers.

Question 49

Tumor suppressor genes

A) halt cell division if an error is found in the DNA.
B) cause an increase in cell division if an error is found in DNA.
C) slow the rate of cell division.
D) allow cells to remain at a constant cell division.

Question 50

You are reading an article about a person being diagosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________.

A) the skin
B) white blood cells
C) connective tissue
D) cells related to the immune system

Question 51

A research oncologist is one who studies the causes and treatments of cancer. What area(s) would a research oncologist study to understand the formation of a new cancer?

A) Genetic factors
B) Environmental factors
C) Prevalence in males versus females
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 52

Thinking about the hierarchy of biological organization, which of the following includes the others?

A) Cells
B) Organs
C) Organ systems
D) Tissues
E) Organelles

Question 53

Lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer-related deaths during the mid-1990s. Which group was most impacted?

A) Males
B) Females

Question 54

If a person has a cancer that interferes with organs of the urinary system, that person may have trouble

A) getting oxygen to tissues.
B) with regulating the water-salt balance of the blood.
C) getting nutrients and water to tissues.
D) fighting off other diseases.

Question 55

Cancer begins when

A) a tumor forms.
B) there is an abnormal function of an organ system.
C) cells divide uncontrollably.
D) an organ stops functioning.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 56

Which of the following statements describes DNA?

A) DNA encodes for proteins that are involved in cellular regulation.
B) DNA is the genetic material called the genome.
C) Sections of DNA are called genes.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 57

The shape of the active site

A) determines the substrate that is broken down.
B) changes to fit all substrates.
C) can be modified by cell signals.
D) changes after breaking down its first substrate.

Question 58

Ribosomes

A) convert energy in food into usable energy for the cell.
B) use genetic information to synthesize proteins.
C) digest incoming nutrients.
D) allow for passage of materials in and out of the cell.

Question 59

What cell organelle converts the energy found in food into a form usable by cells?

A) Mitochondrion
B) Lysosome
C) Centriole
D) Golgi apparatus

Question 60

During the division of eukaryotic cells, the ______ assists by dividing the genetic material and cell contents into the two resulting cells.

A) nucleus
B) centrioles
C) ribosomes
D) lysosome
E) mitochondria

Question 61

Cells are specialized to form tissues and organs through the control of gene expression. Gene expression is regulated (turning on and off genetic instructions) by

A) nearby cell signals.
B) environmental factors.
C) nearby cell signals and environmental factors.
D) rapid cell divisions.
E) nearby cell signals and rapid cell divisions.

Question 62

Cancer cells __________.

A) are less specialized
B) no longer function with neighboring cells
C) divide rapidly
D) ignore the genetic information
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 63

At the cellular level, enzymes work by

A) using more energy to assist the reaction.
B) lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
C) maintaining a constant breakdown of the substrate.
D) being consumed in the reaction.

Question 64

In a biochemical pathway consisting of three enzymes,

A) the first enzyme releases a product that is a substrate for the second enzyme.
B) the first enzyme provides energy for the second enzyme.
C) the first enzyme releases a product that is a substrate for the last enzyme.
D) the second enzyme provides energy for the first enzyme.
E) the first enzyme releases a product that is a substrate for the second enzyme, then the second enzyme releases a product for the third enzyme.

Question 65

DNA is a

A) single strand of nucleotides arranged in helical structure.
B) double strand of nucleotides arranged in a linear structure.
C) double strand of nucleotides arranged in a helical structure.
D) single strand of nucleotides arranged in either a linear or helical structure.
E) double strand of nucleotides arranged in either a linear or helical structure.

Question 66

The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. Which of the following correctly matches the complementary nucleotides of DNA?

A) Adenine:thymine and cytosine:guanine
B) Adenine:cytosine and guanine:thymine
C) Thymine:cytosine and adenine:guanine
D) Uracil:adenine and cytosine:guanine
E) Uracil:cytosine and adenine:guanine

Question 67

Ribosomes are located on the __________.

A) nucleus
B) lysosomes
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) plasma membrane

Question 68

The purpose of transcription is to

A) make mRNA that will carry the instructions for making proteins outside of the nucleus.
B) replicate DNA to provide a new copy for cellular division.
C) link together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
D) provide a code that will be read by DNA polymerase.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 69

The purpose of translation is to

A) make mRNA that will carry the instructions for proteins outside of the nucleus.
B) replicate DNA to provide a new copy for cellular division.
C) use mRNA codons to link together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
D) provide a code that will be read by DNA polymerase.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 70

In eukaryotic cells, translation occurs with the use of free floating ribosomes in the cyptoplasm or ribosomes that are __________.

A) on the mitochondria
B) in the nucleus
C) on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 71

During translation, the ______ reads the codon on the mRNA and brings in the cooresponding amino acid.

A) rRNA
B) tRNA
C) RNA polymerase
D) ribosome
E) protein

Question 72

At the end of gene expression, the amino acids are in a ______ structure. This is also the ______ structure of a protein.

A) linear; primary
B) alpha helix; secondary
C) globular; tertiary
D) grouping; quarternary
E) beta sheets; secondary

Question 73

Nucleic acids serve as a

A) genetic code.
B) means of energy production.
C) genetic code and a method of cellular control.
D) genetic code and a means of energy production.

Question 74

Which of the following statements best describes the relationships between the genome, genes, and proteins?

A) There is one genome; it consists of many genes that encode for multiple proteins.
B) There is one genome; it consists of one gene that encodes for multiple proteins.
C) There are multiple genomes; they consist of one single gene that encodes for multiple proteins.
D) There is one genome; it consists of one gene that encodes for one protein.
E) There are multiple genomes; they consist of many genes that encode for multiple proteins.

Question 75

In eukaryotic cell division, what are the two major parts of the cell cycle?

A) Interphase and mitosis
B) Mitosis and cytokinesis
C) Interphase and cytokinesis
D) Interphase and prophase
E) Prophase and cytokinesis

Question 76

In a normal cell, G1 phase is the checkpoint for DNA damage. If the damage is too extensive, the cell will undergo __________.

A) division
B) apoptosis
C) alignment of chromosomes
D) separation of the cytoplasm

Question 77

The DNA is compacted into multiple ______ that condense and organize the genetic information before cells divide.

A) genomes
B) chromosomes
C) ribosomes
D) sister chromatids

Question 78

Your instructor is showing you a model of prophase in mitosis. There is an arrow pointing to a structure holding the two sister chromatids together. What structure is your instructor asking you to identify?

A) Centrosome
B) Mitotic spindle
C) Centromere
D) Chromatin

Question 79

Chromosomes are copied

A) during mitosis.
B) in the growth phase of interphase (G₁).
C) immediately before cell division (G₂).
D) between the growth phase (G₁) and preparation for cell division (G₂).

Question 80

In which stage does the cell spend most of its time?

A) Interphase
B) Cytokinesis
C) Anaphase
D) Prophase
E) Telophase