Deck 2: The Upheaval in Western Christendom, 1300-1560

Question 1

Secularization, a process that transformed the civilization of Latin Christendom prior to any other world civilization, means:

A) the rejection of ancestral religions.
B) the development of a variety of interests and activities outside the sphere of religion.
C) the development of industrial technology but the discouragement of natural science.
D) the encouragement of natural philosophy and science but the neglect, or even rejection, of industrial technology.

Answer 1

the development of a variety of interests and activities outside the sphere of religion.

Question 2

During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, medieval Europe suffered all of the following disasters except:

A) the Ottoman Turks besieged Constantinople.
B) the Protestant religious revolution undermined the authority of the papacy and of the Roman Catholic Church.
C) the Black Death wiped out about a third of Europe's population.
D) the Arabs conquered Spain and Italy.

Answer 2

the Arabs conquered Spain and Italy.

Question 3

The cause of the "Babylonian Captivity" of the Roman Catholic Church was:

A) the transference of the pope from Rome to Avignon, where he was regarded as a tool of French monarchy.
B) the failure of Pope Boniface VIII to oppose the plans of the kings of England and France to tax church lands.
C) the willingness of the Church to reform the papal system.
D) the extravagance and worldliness of the papal rule.

Answer 3

the transference of the pope from Rome to Avignon, where he was regarded as a tool of French monarchy.

Question 4

During the first half of the fifteenth century, the conciliar movement in the Catholic Church:

A) tried to reunite the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches.
B) unsuccessfully attempted to conciliate the protestants of Germany and Bohemia.
C) succeeded, after a long struggle, in reducing the pope's authority to that of a constitutional monarch and ended the practices of simony and nepotism.
D) reunited Roman Catholicism, extirpated heresy, and sought to reform the church from top to bottom.

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding the Italian Renaissance of the fifteenth century is true?

A) The Renaissance marked a new era in thought and feeling, by which Europe and its institutions in the long run were to be transformed.
B) The Renaissance witnessed the birth of the modern natural sciences.
C) Leading thinkers of the Renaissance believed life to be a brief preparation for the hereafter.
D) The Italian cultural influence of the Renaissance in other European countries was weak and short-lived.

Question 6

All of the following statements about fifteenth century Florence are true except:

A) it was a moderately large Italian city.
B) it was dominated by wealthy landowners who exported Chianti wine throughout Europe.
C) it produced an amazing number of the leading figures of the Italian Renaissance.
D) its history can be summarized in that of the Medici family.

Question 7

In the fifteenth century, a new conception of life arose in Italy involving all of the following attitudes except:

A) a sense of the vast range of human powers.
B) an appreciation for civic consciousness and individualism.
C) the enjoyment of wealth.
D) admiration for the life of contemplation and meditation.

Question 8

How did the art of Renaissance Italy differ from medieval art?

A) The space in Renaissance art tended to be indeterminate.
B) Medieval artisans created freestanding sculptures, while Renaissance sculptors filled the niches and portals of the great cathedrals with statues.
C) Renaissance art demonstrated a greater appreciation for concrete realities.
D) Renaissance art expressed private fantasies and the working of the unconscious.

Question 9

Humanism, the key literary movement of Renaissance Italy, involved all of the following except:

A) the beginning of literature in its modern sense.
B) a cult of antiquity.
C) an interest in political and civic questions.
D) an interest in learning Arabic.

Question 10

One reason Petrarch was important for the Renaissance was because:

A) he raised considerations of moral philosophy in his writings without subordinating them to religious belief.
B) he denounced St. Augustine, whose writings formed one of the great pillars of medieval civilization.
C) he was the first to write in Italian rather than Latin.
D) he championed law and the legal profession.

Question 11

Florentine became the standard form of modern Italian language:

A) as Italian humanists never wrote their literary works in Latin.
B) with the popularization of the dialect through literary texts like Dante's Divine Comedy.
C) as Italian humanists rejected the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome.
D) because Petrarch condemned the use of Florentine as a written language.

Question 12

Which of the following is a feature of schooling during the Renaissance?

A) It encouraged women to study in universities.
B) It grouped students by social ranking rather than age or level of achievement.
C) It grouped students by age and level of achievement.
D) It discouraged the study of languages.

Question 13

As revealed in Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, the ideal Renaissance man:

A) should be proficient in sports and arms and not waste time studying dead languages like Greek and Latin.
B) should be familiar with literary and other subjects, converse with ease, and dance well.
C) should be extremely well-educated in order to win arguments through displays of learning.
D) should be inconsiderate about the feelings of others.

Question 14

Which of the following was a reason for the decline of Italian Renaissance in the sixteenth century?

A) Italy became unified as a large state that was rich in art, trade, and commerce.
B) The Turks invaded Italy, sacking Rome in 1527.
C) In 1494 a Spanish army crossed the Alps, and Italy became a bone of contention between Germany and Spain.
D) Italy became vulnerable to the large political and military institutions from Spain and the north.

Question 15

All of the following are true about the growth of religious mysticism in northern Europe during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries except:

A) mystics found no need to join other people in open worship.
B) mystics did not want sacraments to be administered by priests.
C) mystics rebelled against the church.
D) some mystics' ideas later influenced Martin Luther.

Question 16

Erasmus of Rotterdam was the greatest of all the:

A) religious mystics.
B) northern humanists.
C) Renaissance popes.
D) condottieri.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true of the New Monarchs of the fifteenth century?

A) They lost the support of townsmen but gained the favor of serfs.
B) They favored Roman law over common law.
C) They fought for the restoration of the historic liberties of the feudal classes.
D) They relied increasingly upon the nobility to provide them with armies.

Question 18

All of the following statements are true about the new monarchies of the late fifteenth century except:

A) they pursued strategies of centralizing their authority and power.
B) townspeople preferred the increased authority of the new monarchs because parliaments usually served the interests of the nobility.
C) they laid the foundations for the national or territorial state.
D) on the Continent, they used the older precedent of common law to entrench their authority.

Question 19

One reason the French kings never adopted Protestantism was that:

A) they were satisfied by the reforms enacted by the 1511 Council of Pisa.
B) the pope promised Francis I that he would summon a new council to reform the church.
C) they already controlled the French church by virtue of having established the right to appoint bishops.
D) there were never more than a handful of Protestants in France.

Question 20

Which of the following German states was ruled by the ecclesiastical lords in the early fourteenth century?

A) Saxony
B) Brandenburg
C) Bavaria
D) Mainz

Question 21

In Spain, the terms "Morisco" and "Marrano" referred to:

A) Christians of Moorish and Jewish backgrounds.
B) Christians of Calvinist and Lutheran backgrounds.
C) Islamic invaders from Morocco and New Spain.
D) the former residents of the small Islamic states of southern Spain.

Question 22

Which of the following did not form a part of the inheritance of Charles V, ruler of the largest European empire since imperial Rome?

A) Austria
B) The Netherlands
C) France
D) Castile and Aragon in Spain

Question 23

The factors that led to the Protestant Reformation include all of the following except:

A) the decline of the church.
B) the division of Germany.
C) the growth of the "new monarchy."
D) the fears felt in Europe, especially in Spain, of possible absorption by the French Valois.

Question 24

What was Luther's reaction to the rise in revolt of the German peasants in 1524, demanding social and economic reforms?

A) He urged German princes to suppress them with the sword.
B) He called for the adoption of all the peasants' demands.
C) He ignored the issue and concentrated on religious questions.
D) He succeeded in persuading German princes to make some concessions.

Question 25

The Peace of Augsburg, in 1555, _____.

A) was a complete victory for Catholics over Lutherans
B) provided for individual freedom of choice in Germany
C) was a victory for Lutheranism and states' rights
D) gave Catholic bishops complete control over church lands

Question 26

John Calvin addressed the world in the severe, logical style of a:

A) statesman.
B) lawyer.
C) professor.
D) merchant.

Question 27

Calvin introduced an element of lay control over his church, but he did not:

A) break the monopoly of priestly power.
B) refuse to recognize the subordination of church to state.
C) promote secularization.
D) try to Christianize all of society.

Question 28

Calvinism, despite its aristocratic outlook, contributed to the development of what later became democracy by:

A) allowing the possibility that all people, regardless of social rank, might be predestined for salvation.
B) tolerating, although not necessarily approving, radical religious dissenters such as Michael Servetus.
C) developing a type of self-government for the church.
D) A and B

Question 29

The English Reformation was peculiar because the government broke with the Roman Catholic Church:

A) before adopting any Protestant principles.
B) after the pope took the side of the nobility against the king.
C) after Protestantism had already come to dominate English religious life.
D) after it took the side of France in a political dispute.

Question 30

Under Elizabeth, the Church of England:

A) adopted a Protestant liturgy and theology.
B) became increasingly Calvinist.
C) removed its bishops from the House of Lords.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 31

How did the policies of Henry VIII affect the English aristocracy?

A) They increased aristocratic influence by decreeing the supremacy of the House of Lords over the Commons.
B) They undermined the aristocracy by seizing its property.
C) They strengthened the aristocracy's holdings by grants of confiscated monastic lands.
D) They undermined the aristocracy's power by arresting and executing pro-Catholic nobles.

Question 32

Protestantism impacted family life by:

A) discouraging marriage among the clergy.
B) encouraging marriage among both the clergy and lay people.
C) encouraging the cloistered life among women.
D) significantly transforming the role of women in church and society.

Question 33

The Catholic movement corresponding to and in opposition to the rise of Protestantism was known as the:

A) Papist Revolt.
B) Catholic or Counter Reformation.
C) Jesuit movement.
D) Vatican movement.

Question 34

All of the following were Catholic responses to the rise of Protestantism except:

A) the founding of new religious orders.
B) the use of the Jesuits as a missionary force.
C) the use of the Inquisition to reinforce religious conformity.
D) Catholic crusades within Europe against Protestants.

Question 35

What was the significance of the "Babylonian Captivity" and the Great Schism? What did both events indicate about problems within the Roman Catholic Church?

Question 36

How did conceptions of the human experience during the Renaissance compare with early Christian ideas?

Question 37

Compare and contrast the Italian Renaissance with the northern Renaissance. What were the lasting contributions of each?

Question 38

How did the secular philosophy of the Renaissance influence the arts?

Question 39

What were the new features of sculpture and painting observed during the Renaissance period in Italy?

Question 40

How did Machiavelli's political philosophy reflect the political weaknesses of Renaissance Italy? How did Machiavelli propose to resolve those weaknesses?

Question 41

What beliefs did the Protestant groups have in common? How did they differ? What were the bases for their differences?

Question 42

How was the Council of Trent involved in formulating Catholic doctrine? How did the Council reform the monastic orders?

Question 43

What was the role of Lutheranism in the social upheavals that occurred in Germany on the heels of Luther's revolt against Rome? How did Luther react to the demands of those participating in the upheavals?

Question 44

Compare and contrast the impact of the Renaissance on the lives of women to that of the Reformation.

Question 45

Under Charles V, the Habsburg empire controlled much of Europe. How effectively did Charles rule in the far-flung reaches of his empire? Were European fears of Habsburg predominance justified?

Question 46

How did the Protestant Reformation impact the Habsburg empire? What was the relationship between Protestantism and resistance to Habsburg rule?

Question 47

What was the essence of German mysticism?

Question 48

What was the relationship between the new ideas about the human experience that emerged during the Italian Renaissance and the economic activities of the Italian city-states?

Question 49

Describe life in Calvin's Geneva. Why was it considered a model community?

Question 50

What were the problems and issues faced by the Council of Trent? Did it extensively reform the Roman Catholic Church?

Question 51

How did the Jesuits act to counter the spread of Protestantism? What role did they play in European society in the centuries after their establishment?