Deck 17: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Which diagram shows the correct sequence for homeostasis?

A) Receptor (sensing component) ? control center (brain) ? appropriate response (effectors-muscles, organs, hormones) ? change (positive or negative feedback)
= homeostasis.
B) Receptor (sensing component) ? appropriate response (effectors-muscles, organs, hormones) ? control center (brain) ? change (positive or negative feedback) = homeostasis.
C) Appropriate response (effectors-muscles, organs, hormones) ? control center (brain) ? change (positive or negative feedback) ? receptor (sensing component)
= homeostasis.
D) Appropriate response (effectors-muscles, organs, hormones) ? change (positive or negative feedback) ? control center (brain) ? receptor (sensing component) = homeostasis.

Answer 1

Receptor (sensing component) ? control center (brain) ? appropriate response (effectors-muscles, organs, hormones) ? change (positive or negative feedback)
= homeostasis.

Question 2

What information should be included in discussion concerning intracellular fluid? Select all that apply.

A) It is the fluid found inside the cell
B) It constitutes about one half to two thirds of the total body fluid in an adult
C) The major ions in intracellular fluid are potassium, magnesium, and phosphate.
D) It appears mostly as interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid
E) The volume of intracellular fluid is the most important regulated aspect of body fluid balance.

Answer 2

It is the fluid found inside the cell
It constitutes about one half to two thirds of the total body fluid in an adult
The major ions in intracellular fluid are potassium, magnesium, and phosphate.

Question 3

The body monitors extracellular fluid volume closely and sends messages to the brain, kidneys, and pituitary gland to maintain control. What information accurately describes the associated regulatory process?

A) The thirst center in the thalamus stimulates or inhibits the desire for a person to drink.
B) Antidiuretic hormone is released from storage in the anterior pituitary gland as part of the positive feedback mechanism in response to conditions within the cardiovascular system.
C) When antidiuretic hormone is released, urine production is increased and water reabsorption is decreased.
D) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system controls fluid volume with aldosterone causing increased reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys in an attempt to increase blood volume.

Answer 3

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system controls fluid volume with aldosterone causing increased reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys in an attempt to increase blood volume.

Question 4

A client asks the nurse how the fluid in the ankles keeps coming back. What principal causes of edema should the nurse review with the client? Select all that apply.

A) Obstruction of arterial blood
B) Increased capillary permeability
C) Inflammatory reactions
D) External pressure
E) Obstruction of lymphatic return

Question 5

What are the functions of water related to fluid and electrolyte imbalances? Select all that apply.

A) It requires only a small temperature change to alter its form
B) It is a participant in all chemical reactions occurring in the body
C) It is a poor solvent
D) It functions as a suspension agent
E) It is the source of hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

What major ion found in intracellular fluid is responsible for the normal functioning of neurons and muscles cells?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Magnesium

Question 7

What food sources should the nurse encourage the client to eat to help raise the potassium level?

A) Table salt, meat, dairy foods
B) Dry fruits, nuts, and many vegetables
C) Milk and other dairy products, broccoli, green leafy vegetables
D) Green leafy vegetables, legumes, chocolate

Question 8

What factors affect the passage of molecules to pass through a permeable membrane? Select all that apply.

A) Osmotic pressure
B) Hydrostatic pressure
C) Size of the molecule
D) Composition of the body fluid
E) Compatibility of the electrical charges of the molecule, the membrane and the body fluid

Question 9

How should the nurse describe the process of osmosis?

A) Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
B) Most important mechanism by which nutrients and waste pass across the cell membrane
C) Water moves from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution
D) Pressure exerted to start the flow of water across a membrane

Question 10

Which statement describes the process of filtration?

A) Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
B) Most important mechanism by which nutrients and waste pass across the cell membrane
C) Water moves from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution
D) Transport of water and dissolved materials through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

Question 11

Which item is alkaline in nature?

A) Lemon juice
B) Baking soda
C) Black coffee
D) Tomato juice

Question 12

Which sign or symptom is most representative of an early significant loss of extracellular fluid volume?

A) High urine output
B) Irregular heartbeat
C) Hypotension
D) Unresponsiveness

Question 13

The nurse should be aware of which effects of aging on fluid and electrolyte? Select all that apply.

A) Intracellular fluid levels increase
B) Thirst sensation declines
C) Weight gain occurs
D) Laxative abuse occurs
E) Metabolism increases

Question 14

What nursing interventions should be implemented for older adults who are at high risk of fluid and electrolyte imbalance? Select all that apply.

A) Encourage the client to increase intake of food and fluids
B) Encourage the client to exercise
C) Monitor the client's potassium intake
D) Monitor the client's blood pressure
E) Monitor the client's sodium level

Question 15

Which assist in the regulation of the body's pH? Select all that apply.

A) Lungs
B) Kidneys
C) Cellular activities
D) Buffer systems
E) Liver

Question 16

Which arterial blood gas results indicate respiratory acidosis?

A) Decreased pH; decreased bicarbonate
B) Decreased pH; increased carbon dioxide
C) Increased pH; increased bicarbonate
D) Increased pH; decreased carbon dioxide

Question 17

Which arterial blood gas results indicate metabolic alkalosis?

A) Decreased pH; decreased bicarbonate
B) Decreased pH; increased carbon dioxide
C) Increased pH; increased bicarbonate
D) Increased pH; decreased carbon dioxide

Question 18

A client has experienced a significant loss of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. What condition is this client at risk for developing?

A) Hypovolemic shock
B) Hypertension
C) Heart failure
D) Pulmonary embolus

Question 19

Which enzyme is released by the kidneys when there is a decrease in blood volume?

A) Erythropoietin
B) Renin
C) Glucagon
D) Protease

Question 20

What physiological process commonly occurs during dehydration?

A) Increase in sodium and electrolyte disturbance
B) Increased capillary permeability
C) Loss of proteins in the plasma of the blood
D) Obstruction of venous blood or lymphatic return

Question 21

The client has an order for IV fluids. Normal saline, an isotonic solution, is ordered. What is the best description the nurse can provide to a student nurse about isotonic solutions?

A) Its osmotic pressure is similar to that of blood
B) Causes blood cells to swell
C) Causes blood cells to shrink
D) Its concentration of solutes is greater than that of blood.

Question 22

An 82-year-old client is admitted for dehydration. The daughter asks the nurse why this may have happened. What explanation should the nurse provide for the risk of dehydration for this client?

A) Increased frequency of urination
B) Increased body temperature
C) Decreased thirst sensations
D) Loss of water through increased sweating