Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

________ memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.

A) Echoic
B) Procedural
C) Implicit
D) Explicit

Answer 1

Explicit

Question 2

Jordan has a test next day morning. He has been learning and cramming hard for the test. In order to make the information more accessible to recall, he should ________.

A) fall asleep 12 hours after learning the material
B) avoid studying up to 24 hours before the test
C) fall asleep 1 hour after learning the material
D) study for the test early in the morning

Answer 2

fall asleep 1 hour after learning the material

Question 3

Which of the following is true about effortful processing?

A) It is the basis of semantic memory.
B) Experiences stored with the help of effortful processing are less likely to be recalled later.
C) It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.
D) Episodic memory involves effortful processing.

Answer 3

It is the basis of semantic memory.

Question 4

The participants in a study on memory are given a long list of household products to memorize within an hour. At the end of the hour, one group of participants is asked to recall the products immediately, and most of them can recall up to 90 percent of the items on the list. The other group of participants is asked to recall the list after two days, and most of them can only recall around 50 percent of the items on the list. In the context of forgetting and memory loss, the results of this study demonstrate ________.

A) consolidation
B) the forgetting curve
C) repression
D) proactive interference

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about transcranial direct current stimulation?

A) A very high voltage is administered via four or more electrodes placed on the scalp of an individual.
B) Research indicates that negatively charged stimulation increases memory in general.
C) The technique is usually considered painless and safe.
D) Transcranial electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe during slow wave sleep impairs recall of word pairs among people.

Question 6

In the context of memory formation, which of the following statements is true of an associative network?

A) An associative network generally stores nondeclarative memories that cannot be consciously accessed.
B) The closer concepts in an associative network are to each other, the more directly related they are.
C) An associative network simulates the reaction of the sensory network in the human body to external stimuli.
D) Each node of an associative network is an information-processing unit.

Question 7

In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon of short-term memory called ________.

A) the reminiscence bump
B) free recall
C) the serial position effect
D) the law of primacy

Question 8

________ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that once was stored-say, a person's name or an old phone number.

A) Suggestibility
B) Interference
C) Blocking
D) Absent-mindedness

Question 9

Luna believed that she remembered her first date clearly. However, when telling her best friend about the date in detail, her recall is not accurate, and she tells things she believed had happened. This resulted in a slightly different memory. This process of the reactivation of a memory temporarily weakens the original memory resulting in a slightly modified version is known as ________.

A) divided attention
B) absent-mindedness
C) selective attention
D) reconsolidation

Question 10

________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge.

A) Semantic
B) Implicit
C) Episodic
D) Iconic

Question 11

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that ________.

A) repetition of experiences can actually lead to synaptic death
B) repeated experience does not strengthen long-term potentiation
C) the neuronal basis for memory in lower animals is extremely different from that of humans
D) conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition

Question 12

Participants in studies of ________ are asked to think about the meaning of the words.

A) effortful processing
B) automatic processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing

Question 13

In the levels-of-processing model of memory and recall, which is the shallowest level of processing?

A) Semantic
B) Phonemic
C) Emotive
D) Structural

Question 14

________, the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation.

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Consolidation
D) Retrieval

Question 15

In Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the ________ assists the central executive by providing extra storage for a limited number of digits or words for up to 30 seconds at a time.

A) episodic buffer
B) central executive
C) visuospatial sketch pad
D) phonological loop

Question 16

In the context of long-term memory, identify an accurate statement about implicit memory.

A) It stores temporary information that may later become long-term memories.
B) It resides outside conscious awareness.
C) It is another term for semantic memory.
D) It stores information that can be vividly recalled.

Question 17

Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing?

A) Short-term memory
B) Long-term memory
C) Primary memory
D) Sensory memory

Question 18

Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This is an example of ________.

A) proactive interference
B) the recency effect
C) retroactive interference
D) the primacy effect

Question 19

Rodney loses his glasses. He searches for them everywhere, but he cannot find them. Later, when he glances into a mirror as he walks by, he realizes that he had been wearing his glasses all along. Rodney's forgetfulness can be termed ________.

A) absent-mindedness
B) anterograde amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia
D) repression

Question 20

Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A! …I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing ________.

A) divided attention
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C) repression
D) proactive interference

Question 21

The day Roxanne graduated from college is one of the most important days of her life. The memory of the day will stay with her forever. However, before the memories of the day can be stored in her long-term memory, information about her graduation day will first have to be temporarily stored in the ________.

A) episodic buffer
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) phonological loop
D) procedural memory

Question 22

When talking about a stage play that both Suzy and Darla attended, Suzy tells about how she enjoyed the timely dialogues of the play and carefully observed the expressions of each of the actors and how beautifully they portrayed varying emotions. Darla, on the other hand, talks about how she was mesmerized by the background music playing and listened intently at the change in the notes as the scene on the stage changed. This difference in remembering the same event differently is due to ________.

A) divided attention
B) reconsolidation
C) absent-mindedness
D) selective attention

Question 23

Of the following, ________ occurs mostly in the cerebral cortex.

A) retrieving
B) encoding
C) rehearsing
D) priming

Question 24

In the context of the serial position effect, the recall for items at the end of a list is known as the ________.

A) primacy effect
B) phonological loop
C) recency effect
D) forgetting curve

Question 25

Boris is approaching his seventieth birthday. He suffers from a condition where his memories steadily deteriorate. He cannot recall major events in his life, such as the marriage of his son and his wife's death. Boris's symptoms are characteristic of ________.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) long-term memory
C) Parkinson's disease
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 26

Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of working memory?

A) Rehearsing the stored process
B) Focusing and switching attention
C) Retrieving information from memory
D) Storing information about a stimulus

Question 27

The first step of forming memories involves ________.

A) encoding memories over a small period time
B) recalling memories similar to present sensory inputs
C) rehearsing an experience repeatedly
D) encoding one's sensory experiences

Question 28

________ is the ability to take in, solidify, store, and then use information.

A) Memory
B) Amnesia
C) Retrieval
D) Schema

Question 29

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is an example of ________.

A) a heuristic
B) a Type I error
C) retrograde amnesia
D) the serial position effect

Question 30

To study ________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word.

A) structural processing
B) semantic processing
C) midlevel processing
D) effortful processing

Question 31

In the context of memory formation, which of the following is a characteristic of flashbulb memories?

A) They do not last very long.
B) They tend to be highly emotionally charged.
C) They exist outside of conscious awareness.
D) They involve highly accurate and consistent recollections of specific events.

Question 32

Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited ________.

A) aggression toward unfamiliar flies
B) an inability to remember their offspring
C) excellent memories
D) olfactory deficits

Question 33

The psychological process that binds concepts together is termed as ________.

A) consolidation
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) association

Question 34

Jonathan has been riding bicycles for a long time. When his sister asks him to teach her how to keep her balance on a bicycle, he finds that he cannot properly explain to her what she needs to do. Jonathan's ability to ride bicycles without being able to explain how he does so is an example of him tapping into his ________.

A) phonological loop
B) implicit memory
C) episodic buffer
D) semantic memory

Question 35

Mahmud remembers riding a horse at a fair when he was a little boy. He remembers how it felt to hold on to the horse's mane as it galloped around. However, this incident never happened. His brother, Salim, is the one who rode the horse. Salim has told the story so many times that Mahmud has developed an elaborate memory of having ridden the horse himself. In this scenario, Mahmud's recollection of an experience he has never had is an example of ________.

A) the misinformation effect
B) interference
C) a false memory
D) a recovered memory

Question 36

Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory?

A) The process of storing is driven by attention.
B) Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.
C) A stored memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay.
D) Storage refers to processes like remembering where one put a birthday gift one had bought earlier.

Question 37

Which of the following is true about sensory memory?

A) It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.
B) It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced.
C) Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory.
D) It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.

Question 38

Sana can easily recall almost everything she learned at school about water bodies on earth. She remembers the names of the major rivers in the United States, as well as the names of the major seas and oceans in the world. In the context of long-term memory, Sana's ability to recall geographic facts that she learned at school is an example of ________.

A) procedural memory
B) semantic memory
C) implicit memory
D) episodic memory

Question 39

In the context of memory and the brain, identify an accurate statement about how prescription stimulants affect memory.

A) Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation.
B) Studies show that prescription stimulants dramatically improve short-term memory and retention.
C) Prescription stimulants that can effectively treat Alzheimer's disease are several years away from being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
D) Prescription drugs that enhance sleep have been shown to be effective at dampening traumatic memories.

Question 40

The ________ is the region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) cell cortex
C) adrenal cortex
D) renal cortex

Question 41

________ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information.

A) Long-term
B) Retroactive
C) Output
D) Proactive

Question 42

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of ________ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) sensory
D) implicit

Question 43

The main explanation for the ________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage.

A) primacy
B) halo
C) recency
D) intermediate

Question 44

For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital?

A) Encoding
B) Retrieval
C) Storage
D) Consolidation

Question 45

The re­peated firing of neural impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory into a long-term one occurs mostly in the ________.

A) amygdala
B) occipital lobe
C) hippocampus
D) medulla oblongata

Question 46

False memories are an example of ________.

A) blocking
B) interference
C) suggestibility
D) repression

Question 47

To remember his friend's home address, Lester recites it out aloud to himself repeatedly until he can recall it perfectly. In the context of storing memories, Lester is ________.

A) experiencing the recency effect
B) trying to encode memories while multitasking
C) chunking the information
D) using rehearsal to store the information

Question 48

Serena, a woman in her early 30s, can remember events from every day of her life as far back as her teenage years. She can accurately recall where she was and what she was doing on any given day with high accuracy. In the context of long-term memory, Serena's ability to recall memories is characteristic of ________.

A) highly superior autobiographical memory
B) omniscience
C) photographic memory
D) nondeclarative memory

Question 49

Which of the following senses lacks its own processing regions?

A) Vision
B) Taste
C) Sound
D) Touch

Question 50

"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) ________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow-red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

A) synonym
B) acronym
C) antonym
D) alliteration

Question 51

As a child, Aaron got lost in the woods behind his school. However, he does not recall the event until several decades later. With the help of his therapist, he suddenly remembers how frightened he had been all alone in the woods. Aaron's blocking of this traumatic childhood event is an example of ________.

A) posttraumatic stress disorder
B) chunking
C) anterograde amnesia
D) repression

Question 52

Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will ________.

A) experience a shift from one personality to another when under extreme stress
B) relive an extremely traumatic event over and over
C) experience neurological symptoms such as blindness and paralysis with no organic cause
D) alternate between feelings of extreme hopelessness and extreme elation

Question 53

In the context of word-recall studies, ________ is the deepest level of processing.

A) phonemic processing
B) automatic processing
C) semantic processing
D) structural processing

Question 54

________ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source.

A) Absent-mindedness
B) Implanting
C) Suggestibility
D) Anterograde amnesia

Question 55

Memory loss caused by brain injury or disease is known as ________.

A) repression
B) absent-mindedness
C) amnesia
D) blocking

Question 56

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

A) It is the retention of memory over time.
B) It is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory.
C) It is the recovery of information stored in memory.
D) It is driven by attention.

Question 57

As part of his theory of how neural connections form and how synaptic connections change, Donald Hebb suggested that ________.

A) neurons that fire together, wire together
B) when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a temporary change in the receiving neuron
C) the more connected neurons fire, the weaker their bonds become
D) neurons can retain their functions over long periods even when they are not regularly used

Question 58

In the context of the levels-of-processing approach to memory, identify one of the findings of research conducted on recall.

A) Sleep has no effect on recalling memories.
B) It is easier to recall factual memories than emotional ones.
C) Recall gets worse the sooner a person falls asleep after taking in information.
D) The more deeply a person processes material, the better he or she will remember it.

Question 59

________ is the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness.

A) Repression
B) Suggestibility
C) Interference
D) Absent-mindedness

Question 60

Tara worked late one night. Next morning, when leaving for work, she started searching for her car keys frantically as she could not find them. She then started tracing the things she did the previous night after she entered her home to remember where she kept the keys. Which of the following steps of memory formation was Tara most likely relying on?

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Consolidation
D) Retrieval

Question 61

Which of the following types of memory holds information in mind for a short period so that it can be used to solve a problem at hand?

A) Semantic memory
B) Autobiographical memory
C) Procedural memory
D) Working memory

Question 62

In the context of brain stimulation and memory, identify a finding of research on transcranial direct current stimulation.

A) Implicit memory and working memory are damaged when the prefrontal cortex is stimulated.
B) Stimulation dur­ing sleep improves recall of word pairs and of pictures in young and older adults.
C) The higher the charge applied during the stimulation, the better one's recall abilities become.
D) The electrical stimulation of temporoparietal lobes degrades word recognition memory in Alzheimer's patients.

Question 63

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's ________.

A) serial position effect
B) connection between memory and the amygdala
C) neurological basis for forgetting
D) forgetting curve

Question 64

Farah suffers major brain trauma in a train crash. As a result, she can no longer form new memories. She can recall the memories of her life before the crash quite accurately, but she cannot remember any new people she meets or any experiences she has afterward. Farah's condition is known as ________.

A) dissociative fugue
B) lacunar amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia
D) anterograde amnesia

Question 65

According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the ________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events.

A) episodic buffer
B) phonological loop
C) visuospatial sketch pad
D) central executive

Question 66

In the context of memory distortion, ________ occurs when information learned after the original event (crime) is wrong or misleading but gets incorporated into the memory as true.

A) repression
B) the misinformation effect
C) chunking
D) the serial position effect

Question 67

Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of ________.

A) proactive interference
B) decay
C) retroactive interference
D) the forgetting curve

Question 68

In the context of the types of memory, identify a characteristic of working memory.

A) It is the process by which irrelevant information is screened out and attention is directed to important stimuli.
B) It is functionally identical to short-term memory.
C) It is the process by which information is broken down and stored in smaller sets of meaningful units.
D) It makes use of information in short-term memory.

Question 69

In the context of forming memories, a(n) ________ is defined as a detailed snapshot memory of what we were doing when we first heard of a major, public, and emotionally charged event.

A) false memory
B) episodic memory
C) flashbulb memory
D) photographic memory

Question 70

Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in ________.

A) sensory memory
B) long-term memory
C) primary memory
D) short-term memory

Question 71

Nick can accurately recall the names of the capital cities of every country in North and South America. Nick's recall of these facts is an example of ________.

A) semantic memory
B) implicit memory
C) procedural memory
D) episodic memory

Question 72

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ________ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

A) ginkgo biloba
B) echinacea
C) St. John's wort
D) portulaca oleracea

Question 73

________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.

A) Structural
B) Effortful
C) Automatic
D) Phonological

Question 74

In the same evening, Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of ________.

A) anterograde amnesia
B) retroactive interference
C) proactive interference
D) retrograde amnesia

Question 75

________ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall.

A) Absent-mindedness
B) Blocking
C) Repression
D) Interference

Question 76

Which of the following is a protein that switches on the genes responsible for the development of new synapses?

A) GABA
B) CREB
C) Ghrelin
D) Insulin

Question 77

A(n) ________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts.

A) associative network
B) neural network
C) parallel distributed processing
D) tensor product network

Question 78

Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged?

A) Consolidation
B) Retrieval
C) Encoding
D) Storage

Question 79

________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain.

A) Sensory memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Long-term memory
D) False memory

Question 80

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

A) Olfactory
B) Somatosensory
C) Visual
D) Auditory