Deck 5: Human Development

Question 1

A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's ________.

A) peer relationships and status.
B) physical movement and body control.
C) ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers.
D) emotional relationships with her parents and siblings.

Answer 1

physical movement and body control.

Question 2

Which of the following is true about integrity in the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?

A) Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life.
B) Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.
C) Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people.
D) Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

Answer 2

Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

Question 3

The defining anatomical feature of Alzheimer's is ________.

A) the absence of synapses in the frontal cortex
B) the presence of bromelain in the brain
C) the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain
D) the absence of neurons in the posterior cortex

Answer 3

the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain

Question 4

As compared to musicians, nonmusicians have ________.

A) fewer synapses
B) more neurons
C) larger cerebellums
D) thinner corpus callosum

Question 5

Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's ________.

A) lack of conservation
B) animistic thinking
C) lack of understanding of object permanence
D) egocentrism

Question 6

Most developmental psychologists place ________ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65.

A) early adulthood
B) late adulthood
C) emerging adulthood
D) middle adulthood

Question 7

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia?

A) Social class
B) Sexual orientation
C) Ethnicity
D) Age

Question 8

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational

Question 9

The ________ glands are also called gonads.

A) sex
B) parathyroid
C) alveolar
D) adrenaline

Question 10

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age ________.

A) 15
B) 22
C) 25
D) 18

Question 11

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable.

A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) difficult
D) conventional

Question 12

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heartbeat. Karen must be at least ________ weeks pregnant.

A) six
B) eight
C) five
D) two

Question 13

Carrie's son was born with severe brain damage, facial abnormalities, and extremely low birth weight. The doctor informed Carrie that her son's central nervous system was also affected, which would lead to intellectual disability. Carrie was also told that her son was likely to have behavioral problems as well. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this outcome?

A) Carrie consumed moldy cheese during pregnancy.
B) Carrie had unprotected sex during pregnancy.
C) Carried had the flu during pregnancy.
D) Carrie consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

Question 14

In the context of cognitive development, which of the following statements would most likely be supported by Lev Vygotsky?

A) Cultural factors have no influence on an individual's cognitive abilities.
B) The zone of proximal development should be eliminated for effective learning.
C) Cognitive development occurs in a vacuum.
D) Learning is best understood as a social process.

Question 15

In the teen years, ________ start to replace parents as a source of identification.

A) teachers
B) seniors
C) peers
D) siblings

Question 16

Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ________.

A) the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope
B) the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed
C) the vision of the fetus is fully developed
D) the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed

Question 17

John tells his mother that he identifies with the opposite gender he was assigned at birth. He also says that he is sexually attracted to only individuals of the same sex. Identify an accurate statement about John's sexual and gender identity.

A) John is cis-gendered.
B) John is bisexual.
C) John is transgender.
D) John is heterosexual.

Question 18

Identify an accurate statement about crystallized intelligence.

A) Crystallized intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning.
B) Crystallized intelligence declines in middle adulthood.
C) It is largely influenced by one's knowledge of culture.
D) It excludes knowledge that one has gained from experience.

Question 19

Jennifer is eight months old. Whenever her mother brings her toys, she looks at them with surprise. When her mother hides them, Jennifer believes that the toys no longer exist and stops looking for them. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, which of the following statements is true about this scenario?

A) Jennifer is unaware of the concept of object permanence.
B) Jennifer is exhibiting animistic thinking.
C) Jennifer is most likely at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.
D) Jennifer is most likely at the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

Question 20

Veronica's obstetrician tells her that her baby is in the tenth week of development. Most of the prominent organs of the baby have already begun to form. The baby is most likely in the ________ stage of prenatal development.

A) zygote
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) germinal

Question 21

________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls.

A) Oxytocin
B) Estradiol
C) Leptin
D) Testosterone

Question 22

Erik Erikson defined ________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people.

A) pruning
B) prenatal programming
C) generativity
D) neural migration

Question 23

Identify an accurate statement about fluid intelligence.

A) It is commonly known as emotional competence.
B) It cannot be used in problems that require abstract reasoning.
C) It is not influenced by culture or vocabulary.
D) It is the knowledge that one gains from experience and learning.

Question 24

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________.

A) lack of fear
B) exuberance
C) emotional intelligence
D) wisdom

Question 25

Which of the following is true about late adulthood?

A) The numbers of neurons (gray matter) increases in late adulthood.
B) Late adulthood begins around age 55.
C) The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic.
D) The kind of memory involved in processing and maintaining information while making decisions strengthens in late adulthood.

Question 26

According to Piaget, children acquire the ability to conserve during the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) concrete operational
B) preoperational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 27

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on ________.

A) avoidance of punishments
B) universal moral rules
C) the social consequences of an action
D) individual moral temperaments

Question 28

According to the research conducted by Atkin et al. in 2014 and Vik et al. in 2013, heavy amounts of video gaming-but not TV viewing-are associated with being ________ in children.

A) violent
B) depressed
C) overweight
D) blind

Question 29

According to Piaget, children move into the ________ stage of cognitive development at around age two and this period lasts until about age five or six.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor

Question 30

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence?

A) Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing.
B) In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.
C) Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.
D) In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche.

Question 31

Veronica is four years old. She uses words and symbols to represent ideas. She also thinks that inanimate objects, such as stones and rivers, have life. According to Jean Piaget, Veronica is at the ________ of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor stage
B) formal operational stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) preoperational stage

Question 32

One cognitive benefit of aging is ________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment.

A) crystallized intelligence
B) wisdom
C) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
D) fluid intelligence

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease?

A) Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.
B) Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35.
C) Alzheimer's accounts for only 10 percent to 20 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly.
D) Alzheimer's is nonprogressive, and hence its fatality level is low.

Question 34

________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly.

A) Bipolar disorder
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) Schizophrenia
D) Down syndrome

Question 35

Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress?

A) Increased heart rate
B) Decreased blood pressure
C) Increased rate of neuron development
D) Increased rate of pruning

Question 36

During the development of a fetus, the ________ develops about a week after the brain.

A) liver
B) intestine
C) heart
D) skull

Question 37

Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus?

A) Slowed heart rate
B) Greater frequency of kicking
C) Turning over of the fetus
D) Increased rate of neuron development

Question 38

With reference to the strange-situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant
C) insecure-disorganized
D) insecure-disoriented

Question 39

Which of the following is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging?

A) Smoking
B) Exercising
C) Sleeping for more than eight hours every day
D) Reading in early childhood

Question 40

In the context of the strange-situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth and her associates, identify an accurate statement about insecure-avoidant infants.

A) Insecure-avoidant infants show a high level of distress in separation episodes.
B) Insecure-avoidant infants show difficulty in reuniting with their caregiver.
C) Insecure-avoidant infants show little to no distress in separation episodes though they are under stress.
D) A majority of the infants in the world are insecure-avoidant.

Question 41

________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective.

A) Pruning
B) Egocentrism
C) Object permanence
D) Animistic thinking

Question 42

The ________ are the last areas of the brain to fully develop, and they continue to mature until late adolescence or early adulthood.

A) globose nuclei
B) abducens nuclei
C) frontal lobes
D) medulla oblongata

Question 43

According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor

Question 44

Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen?

A) Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
B) Allen can perform mental operations-on real, or concrete, objects and events-but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.
C) In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes.
D) Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 45

As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have ________.

A) more white matter
B) thinner corpus callosum
C) fewer neurons
D) larger cerebellums

Question 46

Jennifer, a teenager, is unable to enter into a relationship with her friend Mark because she fears that she would lose her identity. In the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, identify the nature of conflict confronted by Jennifer.

A) Generativity and stagnation
B) Industry and inferiority
C) Integrity and despair
D) Intimacy and isolation

Question 47

One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age three were likely to ________.

A) suffer from prolonged depression
B) be nonassertive and over anxious
C) attempt suicide
D) engage in thrill-seeking behaviors

Question 48

In the context of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, identify an accurate statement about the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.

A) Children start to display object permanence.
B) Children engage in animistic thinking.
C) Children develop scientific reasoning, and formal logic becomes possible.
D) Children are able to reverse events.

Question 49

Henderson tells his mother that his teacher has asked him to complete his homework and tries to complete it on time because he fears being punished by the teacher. According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, Henderson is most likely at the ________ of moral reasoning.

A) concrete operational level
B) postconventional level
C) formal operational level
D) preconventional level

Question 50

According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, ________ level is the least developed level of moral reasoning.

A) postconventional
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) preconventional

Question 51

In the context of the strange-situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth and her associates, which of the following statements is true about insecure-disoriented infants?

A) They are usually frightened during reunion episodes.
B) They actively resist reunion.
C) About 80 percent of infants are insecure-disoriented.
D) In the United States, insecure-disoriented infants are the most common classification of infants.

Question 52

Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully?

A) Scientific thinking becomes possible.
B) Animistic thinking increases.
C) Heart rate decreases.
D) The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.

Question 53

Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the ________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.

A) preconventional
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 54

Jeanne, who is 14 years old, tells her friend that she is attracted to only females. Her gender identity is the same as her sex assigned at birth. She does not like to have sexual fantasies about individuals of the opposite gender. Which of the following statements is true in this scenario?

A) Jeanne is sapiosexual.
B) Jeanne is homosexual.
C) Jeanne is transgender.
D) Jeanne is bisexual.

Question 55

Sam is 70 years old. He feels that all the decisions he took in his personal life and in his work are coming together. He also feels that he has a better understanding of life now than when he was in his teens. In the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, Sam's feelings best represent the concept of ________.

A) integrity
B) stagnation
C) intimacy
D) generativity

Question 56

________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

A) Neuron migration
B) Pruning
C) Generativity
D) Prenatal programming

Question 57

Jared says that he would break the law and steal pharmaceuticals to save his ailing friend. He also says that he is willing to be incarcerated to save his friend. In the context of the theory of moral reasoning developed by Lawrence Kohlberg, Jared is at the ________ stage of moral development.

A) postconventional
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) preconventional

Question 58

With reference to the stages of cognitive development introduced by Piaget, which of the following statements is true regarding the preoperational stage?

A) Typically, children between the ages of six months to one year are in this stage.
B) During this stage children develop scientific reasoning and hypothesis-testing skills.
C) During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.
D) This stage is characterized my mastering object permanence.

Question 59

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ________.

A) rewiring
B) cognitive programming
C) pruning
D) enriching

Question 60

Hannah is 15 years old. She is sexually inclined only toward members of the opposite sex. She identifies with the gender assigned to her at birth. Identify an accurate statement about Hannah's gender and sexual identity.

A) Hannah is transgender.
B) Hannah is heterosexual.
C) Hannah is bisexual.
D) Hannah is transsexual.

Question 61

In human development, ________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers.

A) cognition
B) imprinting
C) attachment
D) sublimation

Question 62

According to research, video games can ________.

A) enhance mathematical skills in adolescents
B) enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking
C) impair motor skills
D) impair linguistic skills

Question 63

Schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder are more likely to occur in infants ________.

A) if the infant doesn't develop all its senses within three months
B) if the mother continues to have "morning sickness" two months after conception
C) if the infant doesn't display sensitivity toward its mother at birth
D) if the mother is malnourished during pregnancy

Question 64

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ________.

A) the development of moral reasoning in children.
B) the cognitive ability of children.
C) the physical development of children less than five years of age.
D) the development of linguistic ability in children.

Question 65

________ is an unusual degree of loss in cognitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, and using language.

A) Dementia
B) Cerebral palsy
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Huntington's disease

Question 66

The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ________.

A) taste
B) vision
C) touch
D) hearing

Question 67

Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology?

A) Adolescents
B) Infants
C) Babies
D) Elderly adults

Question 68

Which of the following is true about dementia?

A) Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.
B) Aging is a necessary and sufficient cause of dementia.
C) Dementia can lead to multiple strokes among the elderly.
D) Pruning in early childhood is a significant cause of dementia in late adulthood.

Question 69

Matthew is a 20-year-old. He gets a new job and is excited to begin life in a new city. As his girlfriend is studying in the same city, he plans to move in with her. He realizes that he is now responsible for making his own financial decisions. According to Erik Erikson's stages of personality development, the major conflict Matthew is most likely to face is ________.

A) initiative vs. guilt
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) generativity vs. stagnation
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 70

Clyne and Jeff's mother gives them milk in two glasses. While Clyne gets a tall glass, Jeff's glass is short but wide. Jeff says that Clyne's glass has more milk because it is taller than Jeff's glass. Clyne replies that it is not true because Jeff's glass is wide and can hold as much milk as Clyne's glass can. In this scenario, Clyne has mastered the concept of ________.

A) animistic thinking
B) object permanence
C) conservation
D) egocentrism

Question 71

Which of the following hormones initiates the physical changes associated with male maturation?

A) Estradiol
B) Orexin
C) Testosterone
D) Progesterone

Question 72

The ________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception.

A) embryonic
B) blastocyst
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 73

Kiara, a three-year-old, and Darlan, a five-year-old, asked their mother for juice. Their mother poured equal amounts of juice for them, the only difference being that she gave Kiara a short wide cup but Darlan a tall thin one. Kiara was upset and started to cry, insisting that Darlan's cup had more juice than hers. This indicates that Kiara is in Jean Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) formal operational
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor

Question 74

Which are the biggest predictors of hearing loss?

A) Social class and gender
B) Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender
C) Profession and social class
D) Age, gender, and profession

Question 75

During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is nine months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jamal has developed ________.

A) object permanence.
B) transduction.
C) seriation.
D) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Question 76

According to the strange-situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room.

A) insecure-resistant
B) insecure-disoriented
C) insecure-avoidant
D) insecure-disorganized

Question 77

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ________.

A) object permanence
B) animistic thinking
C) egocentrism
D) individuation

Question 78

Young brains are more plastic and more sensitive to stimulation from the outside world than are the brains of older people because children have less ________.

A) gray matter
B) myelin
C) number of axons
D) number of neurons

Question 79

Some animals, especially birds, follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth. This behavior is called ________.

A) animistic thinking
B) imprinting
C) egocentrism
D) pruning

Question 80

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as ________.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) a bipolar disorder
C) Parkinson's disease
D) a stroke