Deck 1: Introduction to Psychology

Question 1

_________ is the single largest subdiscipline in psychology.

A) Social psychology
B) Educational psychology
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Clinical psychology

Answer 1

Clinical psychology

Question 2

Psychoanalysis assumes that ________.

A) underlying biological events such as hormonal changes mediate all human behavior
B) social forces are the most powerful motivators of adult behavior
C) dreams have no meaning to or relationship with the unconscious mind
D) the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior

Answer 2

the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior

Question 3

_________ can be best defined as the study of human culture and origins.

A) Literature
B) Psychology
C) Archaeology
D) Anthropology

Answer 3

Anthropology

Question 4

Mira is evaluating a case where a mother was charged with being incompetent and unfit to have custody of her children. This implies that Mira is most likely a ________.

A) forensic psychologist
B) behavioral neuroscientist
C) cognitive psychologist
D) counseling psychologist

Question 5

Jarvis received an important phone call while driving. He is generally an experienced driver and is used to talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving. However, a few minutes into the call, Jarvis had an accident. A ________ would be most concerned about how Jarvis's attention affected his ability to drive while talking on a cell phone.

A) behavioral neuroscientist
B) personality psychologist
C) cognitive psychologist
D) developmental psychologist

Question 6

Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of ________.

A) anthropology
B) psychology
C) human resource management
D) history

Question 7

In the context of psychological perspectives, which of the following is an assumption made by the humanistic-positive perspective?

A) People strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health.
B) Behavior, thought, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems between individuals.
C) To shape desired behavior, we have to understand and then establish the conditions that bring about those particular behaviors.
D) Early childhood experience and relationships with parents are guiding forces that shape personality development.

Question 8

_________ is the science of understanding individuals-animals as well as people.

A) Psychology
B) Anthropology
C) Sociology
D) Archaeology

Question 9

Core sciences are those that ________.

A) are a combination of several different sciences
B) are the simplest to understand
C) have many other disciplines organized around them
D) are always drawn from common sense

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of the practice of trephination?

A) It was used to make connections between a person's bodily organs and emotions.
B) It involved drilling a small hole in a person's skull to release spirits or demons responsible for psychological disturbances.
C) It was a technique used by the Church to distinguish good witchcraft from bad.
D) It involved tying a woman's hands and feet and throwing her into a lake or river to determine whether she was a witch.

Question 11

Which of the following is true concerning the science and practice of psychology?

A) The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology.
B) The science of psychology originated first, followed by the practice of psychology.
C) The practice and science of psychology originated at the same time but in different places.
D) The science and practice of psychology originated at roughly the same time.

Question 12

_________ creates structures, behaviors, and traits that solve adaptive problems.

A) Softwiring
B) Natural selection
C) Reciprocal logrolling
D) Collective efficacy

Question 13

On her way to work, Maria comes across the scene of a road accident. Many people gather around the injured victim, but no one actively helps the victim. This kind of behavior where someone is less likely to help a person in need when there are many people around than when there is no one else around is most likely to be studied by a ________.

A) personality psychologist
B) clinical psychologist
C) social psychologist
D) behavioral neuroscientist

Question 14

_________ proposes that psychology can be a science only if it examines observable behavior, and not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.

A) Socialism
B) Behaviorism
C) Functionalism
D) Structuralism

Question 15

In the context of scientific psychology, who among the following established the view that knowledge and thoughts come from experience and observations?

A) Mary Whiton Calkins
B) John Locke
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient views on psychology?

A) The ancient Chinese (2600 BCE) believed in supernatural explanations of psychological disorders.
B) Frenchman Philippe Pinel was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights-what we now call acrophobia.
C) The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions.
D) The earliest cultures to seek natural explanations for disorders were the ancient Americans.

Question 17

_________ are examples of behavioral adaptations.

A) Chance mutations
B) Softwirings
C) Emotions
D) Habits

Question 18

Dr. Hansen is conducting a study to understand whether or not one's level of extraversion stays the same from infancy to adulthood. She is most likely a ________.

A) personality psychologist
B) geneticist
C) cognitive psychologist
D) doctor of osteopathy

Question 19

In the context of the key issues in psychology, which of the following is true according to the nature-only view?

A) There is no predisposition toward particular personality traits and styles of thinking and behaving at birth.
B) Who people are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits.
C) People are the product of their environmental cues and experiences.
D) People are all essentially the same at birth.

Question 20

_________ helps us understand people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts.

A) History
B) Sociology
C) Literature
D) Anthropology

Question 21

More than just about any other area of psychology, _________ lends itself to a rich set of research questions regarding electronic interactions.

A) clinical psychology
B) social psychology
C) cognitive psychology
D) positive psychology

Question 22

In the context of scientific psychology, the view that knowledge and thoughts come from experience and observations is known as ________.

A) introspectionism
B) cognitivism
C) empiricism
D) humanism

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of psychology?

A) It is not a science, but a clinical practice.
B) Modern psychology is more likely to study the brain and behavior than the mind.
C) It does not have any other disciplines organized around it.
D) It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math.

Question 24

Which of the following behavior patterns was removed from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973?

A) Homosexuality
B) Anxiety disorder
C) Conversion disorder
D) Dissociative identity disorder

Question 25

The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because ________.

A) who we are essentially comes from our innate biology
B) environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are
C) who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically-based traits
D) genetic forces have a role to play a minimal role in shaping who we are

Question 26

In the context of psychological perspectives, which of the following statements is most likely true of the cognitive perspective?

A) Early childhood experience and relationships with parents are guiding forces that shape personality development.
B) Behavior, thought, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems between individuals.
C) The immediate and larger environments impact and mold a person's personality from birth on.
D) The particular language people learn and use shapes their way of thinking and perceiving.

Question 27

Personality psychology can be best defined as the study of ________.

A) the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
B) how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior
C) the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought
D) what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true of Mary Whiton Calkins?

A) She was the founder of the American Psychological Association (APA).
B) She proposed that the mind is a blank slate to be written on by experience.
C) She was the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).
D) She opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Question 29

Alisha believes that human behavior is solely the result of genetic coding. Her point of view is referred to as the _________ view.

A) environment-only
B) evolution-only
C) nature-only
D) nurture-only

Question 30

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct research on the age at which the usage of Internet social networks peaks?

A) Educational psychologist
B) Evolutionary psychologist
C) Clinical psychologist
D) Developmental psychologist

Question 31

What modern view of psychological disorders developed at the end of the 1800s?

A) Psychological disorders are actually thought disorders rather than instances of spirit possession caused by witchcraft.
B) Psychological disorders are mood disorders and should be treated by psychoanalysis.
C) Psychological disorders have medical causes and should be treated by trephination.
D) Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated.

Question 32

_________ can be best defined as the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior.

A) Social psychology
B) Industrial psychology
C) Behavioral neuroscience
D) Developmental psychology

Question 33

In the context of psychology, which of the following is a major difference between scientists and philosophers?

A) Philosophers believe that human beings create knowledge from experience.
B) According to scientists, the mind simply receives what our sensory organs-eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue-take in from the outside world.
C) According to scientists, human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.
D) Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas.

Question 34

Which of the following is one of G. Stanley Hall's achievements in the field of psychology?

A) He laid the foundation for cognitive science with his bookRemembering.
B) He opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
C) He established behaviorism to study observable behavior.
D) He opened the first laboratory in experimental psychology in Leipzig, Germany.

Question 35

Structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called ________.

A) adaptations
B) by-products
C) chance mutations
D) habits

Question 36

In the context of psychology, _________ is the study of how people experience physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch.

A) psychoacoustics
B) psychophysics
C) behavioral genetics
D) behavioral neuroscience

Question 37

Which of the following psychologists proposed that psychology can be a science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives?

A) William James
B) Carl Rogers
C) John Watson
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 38

In the context of the subdisciplines of psychology, which of the following is the study of how people perceive information, how they learn and remember, how they acquire and use language, and how they solve problems?

A) Cognitive psychology
B) Personality psychology
C) Behavioral neuroscience
D) Developmental psychology

Question 39

_________ conducted some of the earliest research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became known as psychophysics.

A) William James
B) Ernst Weber
C) Johns Hopkins
D) Rosalie Raynor

Question 40

_________ is defined as the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species.

A) Exaptation
B) Evolution
C) Nature through nurture
D) Adaptation

Question 41

Which of the following fields is considered a "parent" of the discipline of scientific psychology?

A) Philosophy
B) Physics
C) Literature
D) Chemistry

Question 42

Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted by Cathy, who is majoring in biological psychology, for her honors thesis?

A) A computer model of humans' deductive reasoning processes
B) The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness
C) The extent to which childhood peer experiences influence adult behavior
D) The social origins of major depressive disorders

Question 43

In the United States, the pioneer of moral treatment of the mentally ill was ________.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Dorothea Dix
C) John Locke
D) René Descartes

Question 44

Scientific literature consistently finds that people who are extraverted are more likely than introverts to use Facebook and have a wider network of social relationships. These studies are most likely to be conducted by a ________.

A) developmental psychologist
B) clinical psychologist
C) cognitive psychologist
D) personality psychologist

Question 45

Without chance mutations, which of the following would occur?

A) There would be no evolution.
B) Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our genetic makeup.
C) The human species would become a superspecies.
D) Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our upbringing and experiences.

Question 46

_________ treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests.

A) Health psychologists
B) Cognitive psychologists
C) Counseling psychologists
D) Clinical psychologists

Question 47

Benjamin studies the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought. This implies that Benjamin is most likely a(n) ________.

A) educational psychologist
B) developmental psychologist
C) biological psychologist
D) clinical psychologist

Question 48

Anna is conducting research to find out if people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook are more or less outgoing than those who do not. Anna is most likely a ________.

A) clinical psychologist
B) personality psychologist
C) health psychologist
D) social psychologist

Question 49

There is a great deal of overlap between neuroscience and _________. The latter is an older term that is being replaced by behavioral neuroscience in contemporary psychology.

A) biological psychology
B) social psychology
C) educational psychology
D) clinical psychology

Question 50

In medieval Europe from approximately 400 to 1400 CE (Common Era), psychological disorders were attributed to ________.

A) deeds in past life
B) supernatural causes
C) biological issues
D) social status

Question 51

Benedict conducts research on whether people's tendency to be friendly, anxious, or hostile affects their health, career choice, or interpersonal relationships. This implies that Benedict is most likely a student of ________.

A) personality psychology
B) behavioral neuroscience
C) cognitive psychology
D) biological psychology

Question 52

_________ is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice.

A) Social psychology
B) Forensic psychology
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Developmental psychology

Question 53

The assumption that dreams have meaning and are the most direct route to the unconscious mind was put forth by ________.

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) William James
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 54

Feathers probably evolved for insulation in flightless dinosaurs, but they turned out to be useful for flight in birds, the dinosaurs' descendants. Feathers are considered _________ because feathers did not evolve for that purpose.

A) chance mutations
B) natural selection
C) by-products
D) adaptation

Question 55

Carl conducts a research and concludes that older teenage girls and young women are more likely to participate in social networking sites than are boys and young men. This shows that Carl is most likely a ________.

A) personality psychologist
B) developmental psychologist
C) cognitive psychologist
D) social psychologist

Question 56

Philippe primarily focuses on improving the athletic performance of his patients through techniques such as relaxation and visualization. This implies that Philippe is most likely a(n) ________.

A) educational psychologist
B) sports psychologist
C) cognitive psychologist
D) counseling psychologist

Question 57

Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of educational psychology?

A) The changes in our emotional skills that take place as we age
B) The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques
C) The relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought
D) The role of psychological factors in the physical health and illness of students

Question 58

Steve is conducting a research on how cell phones and other electronic methods of communication have changed the way teenagers interact with others. This information indicates that Steve is a(n) ________.

A) educational psychologist
B) developmental psychologist
C) evolutionary psychologist
D) clinical psychologist

Question 59

_________ are quick and ready response patterns that tell us whether something is good or bad for our well-being.

A) Habits
B) Chance mutations
C) Softwirings
D) Emotions

Question 60

Psychologists use a standardized reference when diagnosing psychological disorders called ________.

A) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
B) the American Psychological Association Guide to Mental Disorders (APAGMD)
C) the Interpretation of Dreams
D) Dr. Freud's Guide to Mental Illnesses

Question 61

Who among the following coined the term "psychophysics"?

A) Gustav Fechner
B) Ernst Weber
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Charles Darwin

Question 62

The industrial side of industrial/organizational psychology ________.

A) involves matching employees to their jobs and uses psychological principles and methods to select employees and evaluate job performance
B) aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity
C) develops treatments for mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
D) explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span

Question 63

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a developmental psychologist?

A) How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feelings, or perceptions?
B) Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people?
C) How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
D) How do people visualize objects in their minds?

Question 64

_________ seeks to understand people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals.

A) Sociology
B) Literature
C) Archaeology
D) Psychology

Question 65

Giovanni conducts research on prejudice and racism to understand how people of one group perceive and treat people in other groups. This indicates that Giovanni is most likely a student of ________.

A) personality psychology
B) clinical psychology
C) cognitive psychology
D) social psychology

Question 66

To compare psychophysics and physics, if physicists study the physical properties of light and sound, psychophysicists study ________.

A) effects of light and sound on the environment
B) commercial uses of light and sound
C) human perception of light and sound
D) sources of light and sound

Question 67

In the context of psychological perspectives, identify a statement that is true according to the behaviorism-learning perspective.

A) Cultural differences influence the thought and behavior of individuals within each culture.
B) In order to understand behavior, focus must be on hypothetical and unobservable internal states such as thoughts, feelings, drives, and motives.
C) The unconscious mind and motives are much more powerful than the conscious awareness.
D) All behaviors are learned through association and/or their consequences, whether they are reinforced or punished.

Question 68

Topics in ________ range from studies of how stress is linked to illness and immune function to studies on the role of social factors in how people interact with health care professionals.

A) cognitive psychology
B) forensic psychology
C) educational psychology
D) health psychology

Question 69

In the context of the history of psychology, which of the following is true of the Frenchman Philippe Pinel?

A) He said that childhood experiences are responsible for adult personality development.
B) He was the first major proponent of humane therapies.
C) He popularized the termdementia praecox (premature dementia).
D) He established the view that knowledge and thoughts come from observations.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of the clinically based approach of psychoanalysis?

A) It assumes that dreams lack meaning and are the most indirect route to the conscious mind.
B) It assumes that the conscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior.
C) It assumes that people use psychological defenses to protect themselves against threatening impulses, thoughts, feelings, and fantasies.
D) It assumes that the conscious blocking, or repression, of disturbing thoughts and impulses is at the heart of all maladaptive childhood behavior.

Question 71

Gregory was an outgoing 15-year-old. He was extremely popular at school and had an active social life. He had several friends and took part in several events. He was also very fond of social media and regularly interacted with people on Facebook. Understanding Gregory's outgoing nature would be of primary interest to a ________.

A) social psychologist
B) cognitive psychologist
C) personality psychologist
D) developmental psychologist

Question 72

In the context of psychological perspectives, which of the following was the focus of the psychoanalytic-psychodynamic perspective?

A) Cultural differences that influence the thought and behavior of individuals within each culture
B) Understanding and then establishing the conditions that bring about desired behaviors
C) Human thought, behavior, and personality being shaped by forces of evolution
D) The importance of early childhood experience and relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development

Question 73

_________ can diagnose disorders of technology use but also use the same technologies to help treat people with various kinds of disorders.

A) Cognitive psychologists
B) Clinical psychologists
C) Developmental psychologists
D) Personality psychologists

Question 74

Which of the following terms is defined as the position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who people are and what they do?

A) The psychoanalytic-psychodynamic perspective of psychology
B) Natural selection
C) Nature through nurture
D) The behaviorism-learning perspective of psychology

Question 75

In the context of psychological perspectives, which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective?

A) Learning occurs through the association and consequences of a particular behavior.
B) Changes in human behavior take place by natural and sexual selection.
C) Behavior and personality are mostly products of social and cultural conditions.
D) People are motivated by growth and psychological health.

Question 76

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be?

A) An evolutionary psychologist
B) A social psychologist
C) A cognitive psychologist
D) An educational psychologist

Question 77

Which of the following psychological perspectives makes the assumption that the reason some people have different traits, dispositions, and ways of thinking stem from differences in their genotype and central nervous system?

A) The neuropsychological-behavioral genetic perspective
B) The cross-cultural perspective
C) The behaviorism-learning perspective
D) The psychoanalytic-psychodynamic perspective

Question 78

Psychoanalysis assumes that the unconscious blocking, or repression, of disturbing thoughts and impulses-especially _________-is at the heart of all maladaptive adult behavior.

A) sexual and aggressive impulses
B) aggressive and unethical impulses
C) illogical and depressive impulses
D) depressive and unethical impulses

Question 79

Which of the following is true of the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin?

A) He coined the termpsychophysics for the study of the psychological and physical worlds.
B) He was the first to distinguish thought disorders from the mood disorders of melancholia.
C) He was the first major proponent of humane therapies.
D) He established the view that knowledge and thoughts come from observations.

Question 80

Which of the following subdisciplines of psychology attempts to understand special populations of students, such as the academically gifted and those with special needs?

A) Cognitive psychology
B) Health psychology
C) Counseling psychology
D) Educational psychology