Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Julianna is a nine-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Her mother was a chain smoker even after Julianna was conceived. Which of the following factors is chiefly responsible for her condition?

A) Julianna inherited both forms of a dopamine gene from her mother.
B) Julianna has abnormal brain growth rate.
C) Julianna consumed excess amounts of sugar as an infant.
D) Julianna has one form of a dopamine gene but not another.

Answer 1

Julianna has one form of a dopamine gene but not another.

Question 2

In the context of schizophrenia, which of the following statements is true of the findings underlying the dopamine hypothesis?

A) Amphetamines stimulate cortisol release and create hallucinations and delusions of schizophrenia.
B) Early antipsychotic drugs that aided dopamine receptors were effective at treating positive symptoms.
C) Early antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine receptors were not useful at treating positive symptoms.
D) Amphetamines stimulate dopamine release and therefore may mimic the hallucinations and delusions of schizophrenia.

Answer 2

Amphetamines stimulate dopamine release and therefore may mimic the hallucinations and delusions of schizophrenia.

Question 3

Jack experiences panic attacks in his office and in the park where he goes jogging. This makes him feel trapped with no escape route in these places. He prefers to stay cooped up in the refuge of his home. This suggests that Jack has developed ________.

A) agoraphobia
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) acrophobia
D) bipolar disorder

Answer 3

agoraphobia

Question 4

Jacob, a five-year-old, attends soccer training sessions. He makes careless mistakes even though he usually knows the tactics. He cannot sustain attention, does not listen when spoken to, and does not follow through on instructions. He constantly fidgets when seated and blurts out whatever he is thinking. Identify the neurodevelopmental disorder that Jacob suffers from.

A) Factitious disorder
B) Autism spectrum disorder
C) Schizophrenia
D) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 5

________ are convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus.

A) Manic episodes
B) Panic attacks
C) Hallucinations
D) Delusions

Question 6

Bernard has been diagnosed with a mood disorder. He describes his symptoms as having racing thoughts, feeling highly energetic, being constantly irritable, and having a sense of euphoria that last for at least 4 days. Which of the following disorders does Bernard most likely have?

A) Bipolar disorder
B) Agoraphobia
C) Major depressive disorder
D) Schizophrenia

Question 7

Damien is cold-shouldered by most of his colleagues as he was the only one in the team to be promoted. Adding to this, he recently lost a good friend in an accident. In the context of stress and depression, Damien is likely to develop depression if there is an ________.

A) activation of his body's emergency response system
B) increase in the amounts of serotonin in his brain
C) activation of his hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
D) increase in the number of neurons in his hippocampus

Question 8

________ is characterized by an overwhelming sense of impending doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, intense dread, nausea, and even a fear of dying.

A) A hypomanic episode
B) Bulimia nervosa
C) Dysthymia
D) A panic attack

Question 9

Chloe, a six-year-old, does not make eye contact while talking to others and does not show any facial expressions. She started talking only after she was 4 years old. Chloe remains largely isolated at school and does not mingle with the other children. She regularly flaps her hands and smells and tastes her toys. Identify the neurodevelopmental disorder that Chloe has.

A) Autistic spectrum disorder
B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D) Posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 10

A(n) ________ is one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts that last at least one week.

A) obsession
B) manic episode
C) compulsion
D) panic attack

Question 11

Trisha is prone to panic attacks. Every time she is in her office cubicle or in a shopping mall, she becomes fearful. She feels that she will be unable to escape from these places if she were to have a panic attack. This leads her to stay within the confines of her home and find alternatives, such as working from home, as much as possible. This suggests that Trisha has developed ________.

A) bipolar disorder
B) social phobia
C) agoraphobia
D) cyclothymia

Question 12

Identify the four types of dramatic-emotional personality disorders.

A) Histrionic personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder
B) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder
C) Antisocial personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder
D) Antisocial personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder

Question 13

________ is defined as a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors.

A) Histrionic personality disorder
B) Narcissistic personality disorder
C) Borderline personality disorder
D) Antisocial personality disorder

Question 14

What were the findings of the Adverse Childhood Experiences study?

A) The psychological outcomes and the cases of adverse childhood experience were found to be unrelated.
B) The more adverse childhood experience participants reported, the worse the psychological outcomes.
C) Cases of adverse childhood experience could, but partially, account for the variable psychological experiences.
D) The psychological outcomes ironically grew better with increase in cases of adverse childhood experience.

Question 15

People with specific phobias are ________.

A) not generally anxious people, but they will do almost anything to avoid coming in contact with the feared object
B) not generally anxious people, and they will not try to avoid coming into contact with the feared object
C) generally anxious people, but they will not try to avoid coming into contact with the feared object
D) generally anxious people, and they will try to avoid coming into contact with the feared object

Question 16

Justin feels the need to wash his hands several times a day because he is afraid of contracting diseases due to germs. He washes his hands so often that the skin on his palms is peeling off. Which of the following best describes Justin's behavior?

A) Cyclothymia
B) Depression
C) Anxiety
D) Compulsion

Question 17

If schizophrenia were to be medically examined, which of the following would be the major aberrations a doctor would look for in a patient?

A) Smaller overall brain size and enlarged central sulcus in the middle of the brain
B) Larger overall brain size and shrunken choroid plexus in the middle of the brain
C) Smaller overall brain size and enlarged ventricles in the middle of the brain
D) Larger overall brain size and shrunken ventricles in the middle of the brain

Question 18

Which of the following is a form of anxious-fearful personality disorder?

A) Avoidant personality disorder
B) Narcissistic personality disorder
C) Schizotypal personality disorder
D) Borderline personality disorder

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of the brain activity of people suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) Children with posttraumatic stress symptoms show reduced brain activity in the hippocampus while performing a verbal memory task.
B) There is no difference in brain activity in the hippocampus based on the intensity of the posttraumatic stress while performing a verbal memory task.
C) Children with posttraumatic stress symptoms show increased brain activity in the hypothalamus while performing a verbal memory task.
D) Brain activity in the hypothalamus can increase or decrease based on the intensity of the posttraumatic stress while performing a verbal memory task.

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates impulse-control disorder?

A) Bulimia nervosa
B) Bipolar disorder
C) Elimination disorder
D) Compulsive gambling

Question 21

While conducting the Adverse Childhood Experiences study, Brandon reports five childhood experiences that affected him adversely. What does this imply?

A) He is likely to suffer from a mild form of anxiety which will resolve with age.
B) He is two and a half times as likely to suffer from anxiety disorder as someone who reported no adverse childhood experiences.
C) He is unlikely to suffer from any form of anxiety disorder.
D) He is ten times as likely to suffer from anxiety disorder as someone who reported no adverse childhood experiences.

Question 22

In personality disorders, which of the following factors most likely interacts with abusive experience to create psychological disturbances?

A) Education
B) Social status
C) Genetics
D) Strict upbringing

Question 23

For an individual to be diagnosed with Internet Gaming Disorder in a 12-month period, the individual must exhibit ________.

A) retention of interest in previous hobbies and activities
B) intolerance, that is, less time is needed to be satisfied
C) lack of preoccupation with Internet games
D) withdrawal symptoms when games are taken away

Question 24

In the context of stress and depression, research in animals show that experimental induced stress ________.

A) kills neurons in the hippocampus which can lead to symptoms of depression
B) does not have any effect on the production of neurons in the hippocampus
C) generates neurons in the hippocampus which, however, shows reduced efficacy in functioning
D) generates neurons in the hippocampus which prevents symptoms of depression

Question 25

Mark has been experiencing sleeplessness, irritability, and a sense of increased energy for a week. There are times when he feels euphoric for no reason and has "racing" thoughts for a week. He most likely suffers from ________.

A) panic attacks
B) manic episodes
C) narcissism
D) dysthymia

Question 26

Until the age of one, Joel did not babble or point to things, nor did he make proper eye contact. Moreover, he regularly swayed his body and seemed more interested in inanimate objects. Joel could hardly speak even at 18 months. Joel is most likely to be diagnosed with ________ disorder.

A) generalized anxiety
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) attention deficit hyperactivity
D) autistic spectrum

Question 27

What did Perry find in his study of children who were removed from neglectful home environments?

A) The children showed normal development of cognitive and social skills.
B) The brain size of children who were removed from such environments after age four showed a rapid increase.
C) The brain size of children who were removed from such environments after age five showed almost no increase.
D) The brain size of children who were removed from such environments at age one or two and placed in caring foster homes reduced dramatically.

Question 28

________ is defined as the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content.

A) Word salad
B) Catatonia
C) Scat singing
D) Joint attention

Question 29

If Robert suffers from bipolar disorder, which of the following neurochemical conditions will be observed in his case?

A) High serotonin levels coupled with low levels of norepinephrine in the manic phase
B) High serotonin levels coupled with high levels of norepinephrine in the depressed phase
C) Low serotonin levels coupled with low levels of norepinephrine in the depressed phase
D) Low serotonin levels coupled with low levels of norepinephrine in the manic phase

Question 30

Adam stays alone in an apartment. He does not attend social gatherings, and he likes to dress as the Pied Piper of Hamelin whenever he steps out of his house. Which of the following psychological disorder does Adam most likely have?

A) Paranoid personality disorder
B) Histrionic personality disorder
C) Schizotypal personality disorder
D) Antisocial personality disorder

Question 31

________ is defined as a common psychological disorder, character­ized by a pervasive, excessive, hard-to-control state of worry that lasts at least six months.

A) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
B) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
C) Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
D) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Question 32

Which of the following terms was earlier used in place of dissociative identity disorder?

A) Separation anxiety disorder
B) Delusional personality disorder
C) Multiple personality disorder
D) Major depressive disorder

Question 33

________ is a neurotransmitter majorly involved in the development of schizophrenia.

A) Acetylcholine
B) Endorphin
C) Dopamine
D) Epinephrine

Question 34

Which of the following is a key feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) Increase in the brain activity in the hippocampus while performing a verbal memory task
B) Lack of connectivity among the key regions involved in emotional processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala
C) Inability to recover from or quiet a hypothalamic-pituitary axis excitation
D) Activation of the circuit involving the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the caudate, and the limbic structures

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true of the development of schizophrenia?

A) Genes are epigenetically turned on or off by environmental experiences during brain development to produce the disorder.
B) Schizophrenia occurs predominantly due to stress factors in one's external environment.
C) Schizophrenia primarily occurs because of mutation in the genes.
D) There is scant relation between one's genes and one's environmental conditions to suggest that mutual interaction produces the disorder.

Question 36

Isabel is a three-year-old kindergarten student who is often seen fidgeting in her chair and blurts out whatever she is thinking. Her teacher regularly must ask her to be quiet and stop disrupting others. She is very restless in school and makes careless mistakes. All of these symptoms suggest that Isabel suffers from ________.

A) autistic spectrum disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D) anxiety disorder

Question 37

Deviant behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is ________.

A) distressing but not dysfunctional
B) neither distressing nor dysfunctional
C) also distressing
D) also dysfunctional

Question 38

According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, which of the following behaviors interferes with everyday functioning, such as participating in social relationships?

A) Deviant behavior
B) Distressing behavior
C) Dysfunctional behavior
D) Dichotic behavior

Question 39

Daniela suffers from schizophrenia. Given this information, which of the following is a symptom she is NOT likely to exhibit?

A) Hypoxia
B) Hallucination
C) Catatonic behavior
D) Delusion

Question 40

Penny, a 4-year-old, has autism spectrum disorder (ASD). When her mother points out a toy to make Penny look in that direction, Penny looks in a different direction. Which of the following is an ability that Penny most likely lacks?

A) Impulsivity
B) Joint attention
C) Learned helplessness
D) Psychological resilience

Question 41

Which of the following is defined as the sense of failure that results from repeated inability to control or escape from overwhelmingly stressful situations?

A) Indiscretion
B) Learned helplessness
C) Manic episode
D) Grandiosity

Question 42

________ is defined as a mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two consecutive weeks.

A) Postpartum depression
B) Major depressive disorder
C) Seasonal affective disorder
D) Persistent depressive disorder

Question 43

Recreational drugs, such as PCP and ketamine, lead to schizophrenia-like symptoms by ________.

A) increasing the levels of norepinephrine and its adrenergic receptors
B) impairing the functioning of glutamate and one of its receptors, NMDA
C) impairing the effective functioning of acetylcholine
D) increasing the activities of glutamate

Question 44

________ is defined as a psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations.

A) Schizophrenia
B) Autism spectrum disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Phobia

Question 45

A(n) ________ is a false belief, often exaggerated claims, that a person holds in spite of evidence to the contrary.

A) compulsion
B) obsession
C) delusion
D) hallucination

Question 46

________ is defined as an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor.

A) Borderline personality disorder
B) Schizoid personality disorder
C) Histrionic personality disorder
D) Narcissistic personality disorder

Question 47

Which of the following is a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?

A) Rigid habits and perfectionism
B) Fear of criticism
C) Suspicion and cynicism
D) Perceptual distortions

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a biological factor that makes people vulnerable to anxiety disorders?

A) Their genetic heritage
B) Deficiencies in the neurotransmitter GABA
C) Excessive glutamate production
D) Their personality

Question 49

Which of the following is a marker of possible autism spectrum disorder in the population of people with autism spectrum disorder than controls?

A) Head size
B) Hormonal production
C) Body-to-weight ratio
D) Height-to-weight ratio

Question 50

Which of the following best describes neuroplasticity?

A) The process of changing synaptic connections to and from the heart to the central nervous system
B) The process of a change in the neurons as a result of input from the environment
C) The process of transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells
D) The process of conveying information by neurons from tissues and organs into the central nervous system

Question 51

Which of the following indicates a popular perception of dissociative identity disorder?

A) It is a sense of inadequacy with the fear of being criticized.
B) It is delusional state in which the individual clings to the delusions.
C) It is a coping strategy gone awry.
D) It is an excess of depression to which the individual has associated himself with.

Question 52

________ personality disorder is a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention by exhibiting dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors.

A) Antisocial
B) Histrionic
C) Narcissistic
D) Borderline

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between maternal health and schizophrenia?

A) Uncontrolled gestational diabetes experienced by a mother dramatically affects neural growth in the fetus.
B) Prena­tal exposure to infections and diseases such as influenza, rubella, toxoplasmosis, and herpes has been linked to increased risk of schizophrenia.
C) If a woman suffers from high blood pressure during pregnancy, the risk of the child's developing schizophrenia later in life increases dramatically.
D) Infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia is limited to the fetal envi­ronment.

Question 54

Which of the following abnormalities of the brain is observed in people suffering from bipolar disorder?

A) Problems in the connectivity among key regions in emotional processing
B) Limbic system disturbances
C) Underactivity in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus
D) Lack of activity in the frontal lobes and Wernicke's area

Question 55

Aiden was a bartender at a restaurant. He often got into scuffles with the customers and was once arrested for hitting a customer with a beer bottle. There were also other charges against him on account of misbehavior with female customers. He was fired from the job due to his misdemeanor. Identify the psychological disorder that Aiden most likely has.

A) Asocial personality disorder
B) Histrionic personality disorder
C) Borderline personality disorder
D) Antisocial personality disorder

Question 56

TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) originates from a(n) ________ perspective of psychological illness.

A) American
B) Asian-American
C) African-Asian
D) European

Question 57

Which of the following statements about generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is true?

A) The core of GAD is the panic attack.
B) GAD affects between 20 percent and 40 percent of the U.S. population.
C) It is less common in the United States in people of European descent.
D) Females are twice as likely as males to have GAD.

Question 58

Jayden is a project manager in a multinational company and is currently managing a complicated project. This has affected his mental as well as physical health. He is going through a rough phase where he is neither able to do his regular job properly nor interact with his clients cordially. Which of the following "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder does Jayden's condition reflect?

A) Dysfunction
B) Disturbance
C) Distress
D) Deviance

Question 59

Identify an accurate statement about personality disorders.

A) They occur when a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause distress.
B) They produce extreme disruptions in memory.
C) They are adaptive and flexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior.
D) They are more stable than clinical disorders.

Question 60

Identify a true statement about theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).

A) It does not classify bipolar disorders as a major type of disorder.
B) It is inconsistent with international standards for disorder classification.
C) It discusses the prevalence rates of certain disorders in different countries.
D) It describes 50 major categories of disorder.

Question 61

Which of the following characteristics best explains schizotypal personality disorder?

A) An individual's predisposition to behave in an impulsive, deceptive, and ruthless manner
B) An individual's mentality to be extremely suspicious and mistrustful of other people
C) An individual's desire to be the center of attention, having an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and being extremely self-centered
D) An individual's desire to live an isolated and asocial life along with odd thoughts and perceptual distortions

Question 62

Liza hates stepping outside her house because she fears humiliation and embarrassment in the presence of strangers. She is very self-conscious about her appearance and behavior. Which of the following psychological disorders does Liza suffer from?

A) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) Social anxiety disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 63

Who among the following broke new ground by discovering dopamine and its functions?

A) Solomon Snyder
B) Vittorio Erspamer
C) Otto Loewi
D) Arvid Carlsson

Question 64

Which of the following is a cognitive symptom associated with schizophrenia?

A) Catatonia
B) Hallucinations
C) Delusions
D) Disordered speech

Question 65

________ disorder is a major psychological disorder characterized by motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectation or thoughts.

A) Factitious
B) Sleep
C) Dissociative
D) Anxiety

Question 66

Gary reacts in an extreme manner to the slightest provocation. He is unable to keep his emotions in check, and arguments heat up quickly such that Gary often attempts to harm himself. He also fears that his girlfriend will break up with him. Sometimes he thinks that his girlfriend is perfect, and he is the luckiest man to have her; at other times, he completely despises her and can't stand to have her around. In the context of personality disorders, Gary's behavior indicates that he is suffering from ________.

A) histrionic personality disorder
B) borderline personality disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) narcissistic personality disorder

Question 67

People with schizophrenia show ________, including problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reason­ing and problem solving, speed of processing, and disordered speech

A) paranoid symptoms
B) negative symptoms
C) cognitive symptoms
D) positive symptoms

Question 68

Steve is a perfectionist who has rigid habits and follows a fixed schedule for all his daily activities. He dislikes any sort of disturbance in his schedule. Any change in schedule causes him to feel varying degrees of anxiety, annoyance, and a sense that he is doing something wrong and wasting his time. Steve's behavior suggests that he most likely has _____ personality disorder.

A) antisocial
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) avoidant
D) histrionic

Question 69

________ disorder is a major psychological disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or change of identity.

A) Dissociative
B) Factitious
C) Personality
D) Somatic symptom

Question 70

Which of the following refers to the ability to manage and recover from stress well, which can reduce the likelihood of depression in people who have ex­perienced severe stress and adverse childhood experiences?

A) Psychological resilience
B) Joint attention
C) Rational ignorance
D) Direct realism

Question 71

________ disorder is a mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low and very high moods.

A) Bipolar
B) Generalized anxiety
C) Depressive
D) Obsessive-compulsive

Question 72

Which of the following refers to a relatively mild form of bipolar disorder in which both the manic and the depressive episodes are less severe than they are in bipolar II disorder?

A) Dysthymia
B) Dysphoria
C) Euthymia
D) Cyclothymia

Question 73

Carter is a veteran officer who has been through the Vietnam War. His experiences in combat, the death of his colleagues, and his own hardships have affected his mental and physical health. He feels guilty that he could not save many of his colleagues during the war and blames himself for their death. Carter is most likely to develop ________ due to his wartime experiences.

A) depressive disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 74

According to the dopamine hypothesis, people with schizophrenia have ________.

A) no dopamine activity in certain areas of their brain
B) an excess of dopamine activity in certain areas of their brain
C) sudden fluctuations of dopamine activity in certain areas of their brain
D) poor dopamine activity in certain areas of their brain

Question 75

For decades, the prevailing view on the neurochemistry of schizophrenia was the ________.

A) dopamine hypothesis
B) endorphin hypothesis
C) cortisol hypothesis
D) norepinephrine hypothesis

Question 76

Tiana strongly believes that she is being spied upon. She takes the help of her friend to search her apartment, but she does not find any video cameras. Although her friend is convinced that no one is spying on Tiana, Tiana feels that the spies must have known they were going to search the house. Hence, they must have moved the video cameras before her search. In terms of the symptoms of schizophrenia, Tiana is ________.

A) cyclothymic
B) antisocial
C) delusional
D) hallucinating

Question 77

Which of the following was a problem with the dopamine hypothesis?

A) Some recreational drugs affected dopamine production.
B) Dopamine-specific medications were effective only for certain ethnic groups.
C) Only a minority of people found it effective in managing their symptoms.
D) Dopamine-specific medications could treat only negative symptoms.

Question 78

Research on cognitive performance in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveals ________.

A) trouble with implicit learning
B) a preoccupation with unconscious thinking
C) trouble with explicit learning
D) a preoccupation with conscious thinking

Question 79

Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders?

A) Posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder
B) Depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
C) Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
D) Dysthymia and kleptomania

Question 80

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A) Catatonia
B) Delusions
C) Disorganized thought
D) Hallucinations