Deck 13: Nutrition Across the Lifecycle

Question 1

What event marks the end of linear growth?

A) Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
B) Menarche
C) Complete dental calcification
D) Epiphyseal plate closure

Answer 1

Epiphyseal plate closure

Question 2

The parents of a high school basketball player ask for an estimate of their son's peak height. The father is 6' 2", and the mother is 5' 5". How tall do you estimate their son will be?

A) 5' 8"
B) 5' 10"
C) 6'
D) 6' 5"

Answer 2

6'

Question 3

In addition to elite young athletes, which group is at risk for growth delays?

A) Overweight females who go through puberty early
B) Underweight males who go through puberty late
C) Overweight males who participate in weight-loss programs
D) Underweight females who are lactose intolerant

Answer 3

Overweight females who go through puberty early

Question 4

A 10-year-old child has a body mass index (BMI) in the 87th percentile. What recommendations would you make to this child's parents?

A) This child is considered to be overweight for his age and gender. Nutrition and activity assessments should be conducted.
B) This child is considered to be obese for his age and gender. The child should be referred to a physician specializing in pediatric bariatric procedures.
C) This child is considered to be in an optimal BMI range. The child should continue current nutrition and exercise programs.
D) This child is considered to be underweight. The child should be referred to a dietician for counseling on increasing caloric intake in healthy ways.

Question 5

In addition to providing enough calories to support strenuous exercise, what other important functions must be supported by a highly active young athlete's caloric intake?

A) Maximal oxygen consumption
B) Growth and development
C) Hemoglobin levels
D) Immune function

Question 6

How many additional calories are recommended for children who are very active?

A) No additional calories are recommended
B) Up to 200 additional calories each day
C) 200 to 400 additional calories each day
D) 400 to 600 additional calories each day

Question 7

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the protein needs of young athletes compared to their sedentary counterparts?

A) Protein needs are increased but are spontaneously met by increased caloric intake.
B) Protein needs are not increased above normal needs.
C) Protein needs are significantly increased, and athletes must consciously increase protein consumption at every meal.
D) Protein needs are decreased because protein consumed is better utilized.

Question 8

Which subgroup of young athletes is at highest risk of calcium deficiency?

A) Prepubescent females
B) Prepubescent males
C) Adolescent females
D) Adolescent males

Question 9

In what way does the body store excess iron?

A) As ferritin
B) Bound to glycogen
C) In empty adipose cells
D) In muscle cells

Question 10

Shelley is in her second trimester of pregnancy with her first child. She typically consumes about 1,800 calories each day. Approximately how many healthy calories should Shelley consume each day to promote growth and development of the fetus?

A) 2,100 calories
B) 2,200 calories
C) 2,400 calories
D) 2,800 calories

Question 11

Which body system undergoes the most noticeable pregnancy-induced changes?

A) Respiratory system
B) Urinary system
C) Musculoskeletal system
D) Gastrointestinal system

Question 12

For what reason should pregnant women avoid fasting and skipping breakfast?

A) The risk of gestational diabetes is increased.
B) The risk of ketosis is increased and can result in preterm labor.
C) Growth and development of the fetus may be impaired.
D) Dehydration can occur, resulting in an elevation in core body temperature.

Question 13

An athletic woman who is running extensively during her pregnancy is consuming as many iron rich and fortified foods as possible to avoid deficiency. Which of the following foods will increase iron absorption if consumed with an iron-containing food?

A) Orange juice
B) Potatoes
C) Broccoli
D) Pumpkin

Question 14

Because the fetus gets access to circulating nutrients first, which nutrient must be consumed in the diet or supplemented in order to avoid high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and decreased bone mineral density?

A) Calcium
B) Iron
C) Vitamin D
D) Phosphorus

Question 15

Overconsumption of which of the following vitamins may result in birth defects, especially in the first trimester?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B₁₂
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin E

Question 16

Which of the following statements best describes the recommendations for caffeine intake during pregnancy?

A) Caffeine should be avoided during pregnancy due to the risk of miscarriage and birth defects.
B) Caffeine consumption is acceptable during the first trimester but should be avoided in the second and third trimesters.
C) Caffeine consumption should be limited to no more than one cup of coffee or one soda per day.
D) It is recommended that caffeine intake be limited to no more than 200 mg per day, which is equivalent to no more than two cups of coffee or six cans of soda.

Question 17

Consumption of which nutrient should be almost doubled during the second trimester of pregnancy?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Iron
C) Protein
D) Calcium

Question 18

During the third trimester, a growing fetus needs energy to support growth. From which energy source does the fetus draw the majority of its energy?

A) Glucose
B) Protein
C) Fats
D) Fiber

Question 19

What maternal energy source provides a steady source of energy to a growing fetus during the third trimester?

A) Simple sugars
B) Fats
C) Proteins
D) Fiber

Question 20

How many additional calories are required each day to meet the energy requirement of a woman who is breastfeeding?

A) No additional calories
B) 250 calories
C) 500 calories
D) 1,000 calories

Question 21

At what rate does basal metabolic rate decrease for each decade after the age of 20?

A) 150-calorie decrease
B) 250-calorie decrease
C) 500-calorie decrease
D) 750-calorie decrease

Question 22

What steps can older adults take to minimize the decrease in basal metabolic rate as they age?

A) Maintain weight at or above recommended levels.
B) Participate in resistance training exercises.
C) Consume a minimum of 2,000 calories each day.
D) Consume a multivitamin to address any deficiencies.

Question 23

Which concept is extremely important due to the barriers to good nutrition faced by older adults?

A) Energy density
B) Vitamin toxicity
C) Nutrient density
D) Positive energy balance

Question 24

What vitamin is at high risk of insufficiency and deficiency in older adults?

A) Vitamin B₁₂
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Thiamin

Question 25

Which of the following descriptions best describes sarcopenic obesity?

A) Excess body weight due to increased caloric intake and decreased basal metabolic rate
B) Pseudo-obesity, which occurs due to decreased skeletal muscle mass
C) Excess body fat combined with decreased skeletal muscle mass and strength
D) Increase in body mass index due to decreased sense of smell, taste, and ability to chew

Question 26

What is the recommended protein intake for masters-level athletes engaged in muscle strengthening exercises?

A) 0.8 g/kg/day
B) 1 g/kg/day
C) 1.6 g/kg/day
D) 2 g/kg/day

Question 27

In addition to health consequences, what complications are associated with childhood obesity? Select all that apply.

A) Depression
B) Disordered eating
C) Social isolation
D) Increased aggression
E) Forced independence

Question 28

Which method of body composition measurement might be more effective than body mass index (BMI) when allied health professionals are attempting to identify children at risk for obesity? Select all that apply.

A) Hydrostatic weighing
B) Skinfold measurement
C) Bioelectric impedance
D) Ultrasound
E) Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 29

Which of the following are joint dietary recommendations for children from the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics?

A) Consume ample amounts of colorful vegetables, especially those that are dark green and orange.
B) Limit fruit juice (even 100% juice) to less than 4 oz per day.
C) Include fortified cereals of any type.
D) Consume ample amounts of bread, rice, and pasta to meet energy needs.
E) Consume reduced-fat or skim milk beginning at age two.

Question 30

Which nutrients are often deficient in very active youth? Select all that apply.

A) Vitamin D
B) Potassium
C) Iron
D) Calcium
E) Vitamin C

Question 31

Which of the following foods would you recommend to an adolescent female athlete who is iron depleted? Select all that apply.

A) Dark green leafy vegetables
B) Dried beans
C) Bright orange and yellow vegetables
D) Eggs
E) Oysters and clams

Question 32

Which of the following guidelines for hydration are presented by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)? Select all that apply.

A) Monitoring weight before and after exercise provides an accurate means of assessing hydration.
B) Consuming sports drinks may lead to excessive calorie intake and risk of dental caries.
C) Energy drinks pose potential health risks and are never safe for children.
D) Sweat rate and concentration should be measured to determine an appropriate hydration plan.
E) Children regulate body temperature ineffectively and should be constantly monitored for possible heat-related illnesses.

Question 33

Which of the following guidelines are recommended to promote health of the mother and fetus during pregnancy? Select all that apply.

A) Sixty to 90 minutes of moderate to intense physical activity is recommended on most days of the week.
B) Caloric consumption should increase by 50% throughout the entire pregnancy to promote fetal growth and development.
C) Appropriate and timely vitamin and mineral intake before and as soon as a pregnancy is confirmed is advised.
D) Alcohol and tobacco use should be avoided.
E) Extra precautions should be taken to avoid foodborne illnesses.

Question 34

Which of the following items should be avoided by pregnant women? Select all that apply.

A) Deli meats, unless they have been kept in refrigeration until just prior to consumption
B) Cat litter boxes
C) Eggs in any form including raw, boiled, or scrambled
D) Soft cheeses made with pasteurized milk
E) Fish or shellfish of any kind

Question 35

What factors contribute to weight gain during pregnancy? Select all that apply.

A) Tissue fluid
B) Amniotic fluid
C) Increased muscle mass
D) Enlargement of the uterus
E) Increased bone density

Question 36

In addition to providing optimal nutrition, what other benefits are attributed to breastfeeding? Select all that apply.

A) Decreased risk of asthma
B) Protection against infection
C) Higher height and weight percentile
D) Higher IQ
E) Stronger bones

Question 37

Which of the following are maternal benefits associated with breastfeeding? Select all that apply.

A) Accelerated postpartum weight loss
B) Decreased risk of breast cancer
C) Improved immunity
D) Decreased cost
E) Decreased risk of postpartum depression

Question 38

Which of the following are recommended in the MyPlate for Older Adults graphic?

A) Consumption of essential fatty acids at or above the recommended daily intake
B) Adequate fluid intake
C) Affordable, easy to prepare food
D) Regular physical activity
E) Vitamin and mineral supplementation

Question 39

Which of the following are barriers that may impede an older adult's ability to achieve their dietary goals? Select all that apply.

A) Impact of medications
B) Changes in mental functioning
C) Excessive caloric intake due to impact of friends and family
D) Economic hardships
E) Changes in ability to smell, taste, and chew

Question 40

Which of the following factors may contribute to dehydration in older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Decreased thirst sensation
B) Unnecessary water loss in urine
C) Decreased basal metabolic rate
D) Decreased muscle mass
E) Increased energy expenditure

Question 41

Which of the following are the physical activity guidelines for older adults as outlined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services? Select all that apply.

A) 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity exercise
B) Full-body strengthening exercises at least 2 times per week
C) Balance exercises
D) 30 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity at least 6 days per week
E) Abdominal and core exercises every day

Question 42

Complications of obesity common in adults, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and metabolic syndrome, are not found in obese children.

Question 43

Research shows that carbohydrate loading is more important for young endurance athletes than it is for adults.

Question 44

As long as they maintain appropriate hydration, children are able to regulate body temperature as effectively as adults.

Question 45

A pregnant woman who is already engaged in intense activity such as running may continue to do so throughout pregnancy.

Question 46

Prenatal vitamins can be used to replace adequate nutrition during pregnancy.

Question 47

It is safe for athletes engaged in aesthetic sports who normally engage in caloric restriction to continue this practice during pregnancy.

Question 48

Overall, active older adults require increased calories, protein, fluids, and micronutrients compared with their age-matched peers.

Question 49

Briefly describe the characteristics of the typical diet of children and compare that diet to the current dietary guidelines.

Question 50

Match the changes bring about during pregnancy With hormones.

-Missed period

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen

Question 51

Match the changes bring about during pregnancy With hormones.

-Stretching of the uterus

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen

Question 52

Match the changes bring about during pregnancy With hormones.

-Morning sickness

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen

Question 53

Match the changes bring about during pregnancy With hormones.

-Maternal fat deposition

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen

Question 54

Match the changes bring about during pregnancy With hormones.

-Fluid retention

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen

Question 55

Match the changes bring about during pregnancy With hormones.

-Tender breasts

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen