Deck 12: Weight Management and Energy Balance

Question 1

What state must be achieved in order for weight loss to occur?

A) Negative energy balance
B) Positive energy balance
C) Neutral energy balance
D) Homeostasis

Answer 1

Negative energy balance

Question 2

Which tool can be easily employed by an allied health professional to classify a client as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese?

A) Anthropometric testing
B) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
C) Body mass index (BMI)
D) Ultrasound

Answer 2

Body mass index (BMI)

Question 3

Which of the following strength training guidelines are included in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines?

A) Strength training for all major muscles groups should occur twice per week.
B) Strength training should occur a minimum of 4 days per week.
C) Strength training can be limited to solely the areas that need to be toned.
D) Strength training guidelines are not included in the Physical Activity Guidelines.

Answer 3

Strength training for all major muscles groups should occur twice per week.

Question 4

Which assessment tool would provide information on fat distribution?

A) Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio
B) Sum of skinfolds and body mass index
C) Bioelectric impedance and ultrasound
D) Height-to-weight ratio and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan

Question 5

Which person is at increased risk for hypertension, diabetes, and elevated triglycerides?

A) Construction worker with a higher than normal waist circumference
B) Elementary school teacher with a gynoid shape
C) Priest whose favorite food is ice cream
D) Running back with a body mass index of 26

Question 6

Which portion of the brain regulates hunger and satiety?

A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Pons
D) Hypothalamus

Question 7

Which of the following describes the impact of chronically elevated insulin levels?

A) Storage of metabolically active fat is increased.
B) Glucagon production decreases.
C) Ghrelin levels remain chronically elevated as well.
D) The risk of type I diabetes increases significantly.

Question 8

Which hormone is produced by fat cells and is responsible for increasing insulin sensitivity and stimulating fat breakdown?

A) Ghrelin
B) Adiponectin
C) Amylopectin
D) Glucagon

Question 9

How do the hunger and satiety hormones respond to drastic caloric restriction and weight loss in overweight and obese individuals?

A) Hunger hormone levels surge initially and satiety hormone levels decrease, but over 3 to 6 months they level out, promoting long-term weight loss.
B) Hunger and satiety hormone levels decrease significantly and do not return to normal levels for approximately 6 months.
C) Hunger hormone levels elevate and satiety hormone levels decrease and remain at these levels for up to one year.
D) Hunger hormone levels decrease and satiety hormone levels elevate to promote long-term weight loss.

Question 10

What is metabolically healthy obesity?

A) Obesity without associated cardiovascular risk factors
B) Obesity despite higher than normal basal metabolic rate
C) Obesity located primarily in a gynoid pattern
D) Obesity with a high percentage of lean to fat tissue

Question 11

For athletes wishing to gain weight, what approach should be combined with consuming additional calories?

A) Endurance training to increase number of active mitochondria
B) Speed training to increase number of fast twitch muscle fibers
C) Strength training to increase muscle mass
D) Power training to increase ratio of lean to fat tissue

Question 12

A client with whom you are working wishes to lose approximately 1 pound per week. How big a daily caloric deficit will be required daily for this client to be successful?

A) 250 calories per day
B) 500 calories per day
C) 750 calories per day
D) 1,000 calories per day

Question 13

Which weight loss strategy that may impede athletic performance should be supervised by a physician and/or registered dietitian?

A) Caloric restriction to fewer than 800 calories per day
B) Low-carbohydrate diet
C) Low-fat diet
D) Behavioral therapy

Question 14

According to the American College of Sports Medicine, what factor is essential to maintaining weight loss?

A) Sustained caloric restriction
B) Exercise
C) Behavior therapy
D) Support system

Question 15

What should be included in a diet plan to ensure adequate consumption of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals?

A) Brightly colored fruits and vegetables
B) Whole grains
C) Dairy products
D) Lean protein

Question 16

The ability to make permanent lifestyle changes is key to the effectiveness of a weight-loss program. According to the National Institutes of Health, how much weight do typical dieters regain within 1 year?

A) One-third to two-thirds of weight lost
B) One half of the weight lost
C) One half to three quarters of the weight lost
D) Almost all

Question 17

Which of the following strategies is most likely to result in weight-loss success for overweight and obese people who are working with their physicians?

A) Creating a negative energy balance
B) Removing all simple sugars from the diet
C) Healthy eating and exercise
D) Pharmacological treatment, healthy eating, and exercise

Question 18

Which pharmacological weight-loss treatment works by decreasing appetite?

A) Orlistat
B) Xenical
C) Alli
D) Sibutramine

Question 19

Which of the following patients would be the best candidate for surgical treatment of obesity?

A) 45-year-old male with a body mass index (BMI) of 41, diabetes, and previously unsuccessful attempts at weight loss
B) 25-year-old female with a BMI of 30 and sleep apnea
C) 70-year-old female with a BMI of 40 and significant heart disease
D) 50-year-old male with a BMI of 34, no chronic diseases, and moderately successful results on current diet and exercise plan

Question 20

How does gastric bypass surgery result in weight loss?

A) Food moves directly from the stomach to the large intestine.
B) The stomach breaks down food better because it is smaller.
C) Fewer calories and nutrients are absorbed.
D) More food makes it to the large intestine for bacterial metabolism.

Question 21

How often should body composition measurements be repeated?

A) Weekly
B) Once a month
C) Every 2 to 3 months
D) Every 6 to 12 months

Question 22

When is the best time for an athlete to attempt to optimize weight and change body composition?

A) Preseason conditioning
B) Off-season
C) In-season
D) Postseason

Question 23

According to the weight management position statement by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, which of the following components may be included in a discussion about weight management? Select all that apply.

A) Prevention of weight gain
B) Improvement in physical and emotional health
C) Significant caloric restriction
D) Nutrition, exercise, and other relevant behaviors
E) Restriction of problem foods like carbohydrates and fats

Question 24

In which of these situations would positive energy balance be desirable? Select all that apply.

A) Long-term lifestyle change to decrease weight
B) Pregnancy
C) Childhood
D) Body composition shift to increase muscle mass
E) Quick weight loss for a competition such as wrestling

Question 25

Which of the following factors play a part in determining energy expenditure? Select all that apply.

A) Activities of daily living
B) Digestion and absorption
C) Thermoregulation
D) Bodily functions like breathing and blood circulation
E) Calories in food consumed

Question 26

During what periods in life are women most susceptible to permanent weight gain? Select all that apply.

A) Adolescence
B) Immediately following marriage
C) Pregnancy
D) After age 65
E) Midlife

Question 27

Which of the following factors contribute to the reasons that older adults have higher rates of obesity than younger adults? Select all that apply.

A) Decreased physical activity
B) Decreased muscle mass
C) Poor habits like skipping meals
D) Medications
E) Increased basal metabolic rate

Question 28

Which of the following are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines? Select all that apply.

A) Children should perform 150 minutes of physical activity per week.
B) Aerobic activity should occur in intervals of at least 10 minutes in duration spread throughout the week.
C) For extensive health benefits, adults should engage in 5 hours of moderate physical activity each week.
D) Adults should incorporate strength training a minimum of 2 times per week.
E) Children should engage in vigorous strength training to increase muscle mass.

Question 29

Which of the following are considered to be consequences associated with obesity? Select all that apply.

A) Gallstones
B) Type 2 diabetes
C) Osteoarthritis
D) Discrimination
E) Depression

Question 30

Which of the following strategies might be used to assist an athlete who is trying to gain weight? Select all that apply.

A) Participate in resistance training.
B) Eat frequent meals.
C) Eat higher-calorie foods.
D) Drink a minimum of 64 oz of water per day.
E) Consume larger portions.

Question 31

Which two components make up the negative energy balance equation? Select all that apply.

A) Calories consumed
B) Basal metabolic rate
C) Body fat %
D) Calories expended
E) Muscle fiber distribution

Question 32

Which of the following are recognized approaches to weight loss? Select all that apply.

A) Lifestyle changes
B) Surgery
C) Behavior modification
D) Medications
E) Resistance training programs

Question 33

Which of the following strategies is/are considered healthy and effective in promoting weight loss and weight maintenance? Select all that apply.

A) Strict attention to portion control
B) Consumption of four to five smaller meals and snacks with the majority of calories eaten earlier in the day
C) Combination of behavioral therapy with dietary and activity changes
D) Severe caloric restriction by limiting consumption to specific foods each day
E) Use of weight loss shakes for two to three meals each day

Question 34

When evaluating the research related to diet plans, what factors should be considered? Select all that apply.

A) Length of the study
B) Population studied
C) Author of the study
D) Reliance on testimonials
E) Limitations to the study outlined by the authors

Question 35

Which of the following strategies might be an effective way to assist a client who is struggling to lose the last few pounds necessary to meet his weight-loss goal? Select all that apply.

A) Change up his endurance routine by increasing intensity, duration, or frequency.
B) Severely restrict calories to fewer than 800 cal/day for 10 to 14 days.
C) Consume 120 oz of water daily.
D) Participate in resistance training 2 days per week.
E) Cut an additional 250 calories per day provided it keeps total caloric intake at a healthy level.

Question 36

Which of the following strategies would be helpful for a person who is trying to control portions? Select all that apply.

A) Use smaller dishes.
B) Learn to read nutrition labels.
C) Measure out portions.
D) Leave the table feeling hungry.
E) Eat several smaller meals approximately every 2 hours.

Question 37

According to the 2012 Institute of Medicine report "Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation," which goals, if implemented collectively, could make strides in obesity prevention? Select all that apply.

A) Providing breakfast for every child in public schools
B) Making physical activity a routine part of daily life
C) Implementing policies and procedures to ensure that healthy food and beverage options are routine
D) Ensuring coverage for, access to, and incentives for obesity prevention, screening, and diagnosis
E) Implementing tax breaks for fit and active persons

Question 38

Which of the following factors may result in a client being underweight? Select all that apply.

A) Ineffective food absorption and digestion
B) Basal metabolic rate on the high side of normal
C) Diseases that increase metabolic rate, like cancer
D) Genetic tendencies
E) Excess fluid consumption

Question 39

Men are most susceptible to permanent weight gain in the period immediately following marriage.

Question 40

Basal metabolic rate decreases most rapidly in women after the age of 40.

Question 41

Engaging in any type of physical activity will result in some health benefits.

Question 42

Carrying too much weight, no matter where it is stored, can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Question 43

When an athlete is attempting to gain weight in a healthy manner, the quality of the calories is not as important as the sheer number of calories consumed.

Question 44

A low-glycemic-index diet has been proven to be effective for weight loss or weight maintenance.

Question 45

Gastric bypass surgery has been shown to reduce mortality rates.

Question 46

Athletes who are attempting to lose weight should be advised not to exceed more than 2% of body weight per week.

Question 47

Is body mass index (BMI) a good estimate of body fatness? Explain and justify your response.

Question 48

You have been asked by a client considering a new diet plan to evaluate whether or not the diet is a good choice. Identify at least five questions that you would like the client to use in evaluating the diet.

Question 49

Match each of the behavioral change with examples the appropriate.

-Brain retraining

A) Packing small snacks and a healthy lunch rather than going out with colleagues for a fast food lunch
B) Utilizing a smartphone app to record the food consumed daily
C) Posting a specific, measureable goal for nutrition and activity on the bathroom mirror
D) Asking "Am I grabbing this snack because I am hungry or just bored?"
E) Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet, but allowing for a small portion of a favorite food on a weekly basis

Question 50

Match each of the behavioral change with examples the appropriate.

-Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goal setting

A) Packing small snacks and a healthy lunch rather than going out with colleagues for a fast food lunch
B) Utilizing a smartphone app to record the food consumed daily
C) Posting a specific, measureable goal for nutrition and activity on the bathroom mirror
D) Asking "Am I grabbing this snack because I am hungry or just bored?"
E) Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet, but allowing for a small portion of a favorite food on a weekly basis

Question 51

Match each of the behavioral change with examples the appropriate.

-Stimulus control

A) Packing small snacks and a healthy lunch rather than going out with colleagues for a fast food lunch
B) Utilizing a smartphone app to record the food consumed daily
C) Posting a specific, measureable goal for nutrition and activity on the bathroom mirror
D) Asking "Am I grabbing this snack because I am hungry or just bored?"
E) Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet, but allowing for a small portion of a favorite food on a weekly basis

Question 52

Match each of the behavioral change with examples the appropriate.

-Self-monitoring

A) Packing small snacks and a healthy lunch rather than going out with colleagues for a fast food lunch
B) Utilizing a smartphone app to record the food consumed daily
C) Posting a specific, measureable goal for nutrition and activity on the bathroom mirror
D) Asking "Am I grabbing this snack because I am hungry or just bored?"
E) Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet, but allowing for a small portion of a favorite food on a weekly basis

Question 53

Match each of the behavioral change with examples the appropriate.

-Behavior substitution

A) Packing small snacks and a healthy lunch rather than going out with colleagues for a fast food lunch
B) Utilizing a smartphone app to record the food consumed daily
C) Posting a specific, measureable goal for nutrition and activity on the bathroom mirror
D) Asking "Am I grabbing this snack because I am hungry or just bored?"
E) Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet, but allowing for a small portion of a favorite food on a weekly basis