Deck 4: Vitamins, Minerals, Electrolytes, and Water

Question 1

Which classification of vitamin is inactive until it is converted by an enzyme to its active state?

A) Quasi-vitamins
B) Fortified vitamins
C) Provitamins
D) Prohormones

Answer 1

Provitamins

Question 2

Besides their ability to dissolve in water, which of the following is another common trait of water-soluble vitamins?

A) Role as cofactors
B) Characterization as quasi-vitamins
C) High risk of toxicity
D) Antioxidant properties

Answer 2

Role as cofactors

Question 3

Which of the following persons would be most at risk for a thiamin deficiency?

A) A mother of two with a lactose intolerance
B) A 60-year-old alcoholic
C) A male teenage athlete
D) A 35-year-old obese African-American female

Answer 3

A 60-year-old alcoholic

Question 4

Which water-soluble vitamin can be stored in the liver, but despite this is often found to be deficient in vegans and the elderly?

A) Vitamin B₆
B) Pantothenic Acid
C) Riboflavin
D) Vitamin B₁₂

Question 5

What is the most common cause of preventable blindness in the developing world?

A) Excess consumption of Vitamin K
B) Vitamin A deficiency
C) Excess excretion of Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D deficiency

Question 6

Which vitamin is at high risk for destruction when exposed to heat and oxygen?

A) Vitamin E
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K

Question 7

Which of the following patients should carefully monitor diet and vitamin K intake with the assistance of their physician?

A) A patient who has vision problems.
B) A patient who is at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
C) A patient who is taking blood-thinning medication.
D) A patient with asthma.

Question 8

Which type of iron has the highest bioavailability?

A) Nonheme iron, found in plants
B) Ferritin, found in the liver
C) Heme iron, found in meat and fish
D) Elemental iron, found in vitamin C-rich foods

Question 9

Which of the following would be categorized as a micromineral?

A) Sulfur
B) Chloride
C) Magnesium
D) Zinc

Question 10

Which macromineral plays a role in energy production through its role in the breakdown of all three energy sources (carbohydrate, protein, and fat)?

A) Phosphorus
B) Calcium
C) Iron
D) Zinc

Question 11

Which of the following macrominerals is often deficient in a person consuming a "typical" American diet higher in refined foods and meat products?

A) Calcium
B) Sodium
C) Zinc
D) Magnesium

Question 12

Which macromineral does not have an adequate intake, recommended dietary allowance, or upper limit, as deficiencies and cases of toxicity are rare?

A) Sodium
B) Sulfur
C) Phosphorus
D) Copper

Question 13

The cross-country coach is concerned because one of her female runners has been very tired lately, her times are slipping, and she seems to be getting sick more often. The coach requests the runner be referred to the team physician to check her stored iron levels. What measurement will be needed to determine the answer to the coach's question?

A) Ferritin level
B) Hemoglobin level
C) Myoglobin level
D) Blood glucose level

Question 14

A female soccer player complaining of fatigue and decreased performance was referred to a physician. The athlete returns from the visit stating that her blood work showed low ferritin levels and a hemoglobin level on the low end of the normal range. What condition is this athlete likely managing?

A) Functional anemia
B) Iron-deficiency anemia
C) Lupus
D) Sports anemia

Question 15

Which mineral is rarely found to be deficient in developed countries due to consumption of products high in sodium?

A) Iodine
B) Selenium
C) Potassium
D) Chlorine

Question 16

Which mineral assists in maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels?

A) Chromium
B) Potassium
C) Zinc
D) Calcium

Question 17

Which category of minerals is associated with maintaining water balance, osmotic equilibrium, acid-base balance, and intracellular/extracellular differential?

A) Electrolytes
B) Macrominerals
C) Trace minerals
D) Essential minerals

Question 18

Through what means do vitamins pass from the digestive system into the bloodstream?

A) Simple diffusion from areas of high concentration to low concentration
B) Passive diffusion from areas of low concentration to high concentration
C) Facilitated diffusion through the use of a carrier protein
D) Direct absorption from the upper portion of the small intestine

Question 19

Which of the following athletes would be most likely to experience decreased performance or increased risk of injury due to a vitamin or mineral deficiency?

A) Female gymnast who reports the only vegetable she likes to eat is corn
B) Offensive lineman who is lactose intolerant
C) Male diver who follows a gluten-free diet
D) Female soccer midfield who is a vegetarian

Question 20

Which of the following vitamins must be consumed through foods as the body has no means for synthesis? Select all that apply.

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin E
E) Vitamin D

Question 21

Which of the following are included in the "four Ds" that characterize pellagra? Select all that apply.

A) Dermatitis
B) Diverticulitis
C) Dementia
D) Diabetes
E) Diarrhea

Question 22

Which of the following groups might be at increased risk of vitamin K deficiency? Select all that apply.

A) Newborns
B) Persons with poor lipid absorption capabilities
C) Persons requiring long-term antibiotic therapy
D) Persons who are anemic
E) Alcoholics

Question 23

Which of the following minerals has a high bioavailability? Select all that apply.

A) Sodium
B) Iron
C) Calcium
D) Fluoride
E) Potassium

Question 24

What are some common side effects of excessive calcium intake? Select all that apply.

A) Hyponatremia
B) Rickets
C) Constipation
D) Renal stones
E) Ulcers

Question 25

A copper deficiency could possibly be mistaken for a deficiency of which of the following minerals? Select all that apply.

A) Chromium
B) Calcium
C) Iron
D) Potassium
E) Selenium

Question 26

Which of the following minerals can also be characterized as electrolytes? Select all that apply.

A) Iron
B) Sodium
C) Potassium
D) Calcium
E) Chloride

Question 27

Which of the following minerals are absorbed in the large intestine? Select all that apply.

A) Calcium
B) Copper
C) Sodium
D) Magnesium
E) Potassium

Question 28

What is/are the essential role(s) of B vitamins during exercise? Select all that apply.

A) Support energy production.
B) Support nervous system function.
C) Support red blood cell formation.
D) Enhance rate of recovery.
E) Enhance carbohydrate storage.

Question 29

What recommendations would be made to an athlete attempting to manage their weight with regard to their vitamin and mineral intake? Select all that apply.

A) If entire food groups are being restricted, the athlete should consult their physician about using a daily multivitamin supplement.
B) A nutrient-dense, low-calorie eating plan should be followed.
C) Consumption of empty calories should be limited.
D) Energy-dense foods should make up the majority of the calories consumed.
E) Consuming extra water will allow better vitamin and mineral absorption.

Question 30

Which of the following are functions of water in the body? Select all that apply.

A) Maintaining blood volume
B) Regulating body temperature
C) Supporting absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K
D) Protecting vital organs
E) Enhancing energy storage

Question 31

The highest risk of toxicity is from overconsumption of water-soluble vitamins.

Question 32

Current research indicates that antioxidants do not prevent disease as was once believed to be true.

Question 33

The daily reference intakes for vitamins and minerals are higher for athletes than they are for the sedentary population due to the body's reliance on micronutrients during metabolic activities.

Question 34

Total water weight is higher in athletes than it is in sedentary individuals.
Completion
Complete each statement.

Question 35

Excess consumption of ________ and inadequate consumption of __________ may contribute to the development of hypertension and osteoporosis.

Question 36

During mineral digestion, the stomach acids and digestive enzymes separate minerals from other food components. Positively charged minerals cannot be easily absorbed like their negative counterparts. Place the steps of mineral digestion in order (1 to 4).
____ 1. Translocation occurs when facilitated diffusion or active transport is used to move the mineral across the border of the small intestine.
____ 2. Mineral complex reaches portal circulation.
____ 3. Mineral is processed by the liver and distributed or sequestered in an absorptive cell.
____ 4. Chelation compounds are formed when cations bind to hydroxide molecules and protein carriers.

Question 37

Explain the relationship of vitamin D to osteomalacia and fractures.

Question 38

Identify at least three reasons why a diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with decreased risk of chronic disease.

Question 39

Match the following vitamins to the signs or condition associated with their deficiency.

-Thiamin

A) Beriberi: a group of symptoms including mental confusion, muscular wasting, limb swelling, decreased peripheral sensation, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart.
B) Eye problems including light sensitivity, excessive tearing, burning and itching, and vision loss.
C) Pellagra: characterized by eczema, dementia, diarrhea, and eventually death.
D) Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, skin lesions, and poor growth.
E) Megaloblastic anemia and neurologic dysfunction due to demyelination of neurons.
F)Scurvy: characterized by dark purplish spots on the skin and spongy or bleeding gums.
G)Night blindness, poor growth, and susceptibility to infection.
H)Rickets: bowing of weight-bearing bones.
I)Hemolytic anemia that results in destruction of red blood cells.
J)Hemorrhaging and potentially fatal anemia.

Question 40

Match the following vitamins to the signs or condition associated with their deficiency.

-Riboflavin

A) Beriberi: a group of symptoms including mental confusion, muscular wasting, limb swelling, decreased peripheral sensation, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart.
B) Eye problems including light sensitivity, excessive tearing, burning and itching, and vision loss.
C) Pellagra: characterized by eczema, dementia, diarrhea, and eventually death.
D) Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, skin lesions, and poor growth.
E) Megaloblastic anemia and neurologic dysfunction due to demyelination of neurons.
F)Scurvy: characterized by dark purplish spots on the skin and spongy or bleeding gums.
G)Night blindness, poor growth, and susceptibility to infection.
H)Rickets: bowing of weight-bearing bones.
I)Hemolytic anemia that results in destruction of red blood cells.
J)Hemorrhaging and potentially fatal anemia.

Question 41

Match the following vitamins to the signs or condition associated with their deficiency.

-Vitamin B₁₂

A) Beriberi: a group of symptoms including mental confusion, muscular wasting, limb swelling, decreased peripheral sensation, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart.
B) Eye problems including light sensitivity, excessive tearing, burning and itching, and vision loss.
C) Pellagra: characterized by eczema, dementia, diarrhea, and eventually death.
D) Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, skin lesions, and poor growth.
E) Megaloblastic anemia and neurologic dysfunction due to demyelination of neurons.
F)Scurvy: characterized by dark purplish spots on the skin and spongy or bleeding gums.
G)Night blindness, poor growth, and susceptibility to infection.
H)Rickets: bowing of weight-bearing bones.
I)Hemolytic anemia that results in destruction of red blood cells.
J)Hemorrhaging and potentially fatal anemia.

Question 42

Match the following vitamins to the signs or condition associated with their deficiency.

-Vitamin C

A) Beriberi: a group of symptoms including mental confusion, muscular wasting, limb swelling, decreased peripheral sensation, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart.
B) Eye problems including light sensitivity, excessive tearing, burning and itching, and vision loss.
C) Pellagra: characterized by eczema, dementia, diarrhea, and eventually death.
D) Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, skin lesions, and poor growth.
E) Megaloblastic anemia and neurologic dysfunction due to demyelination of neurons.
F)Scurvy: characterized by dark purplish spots on the skin and spongy or bleeding gums.
G)Night blindness, poor growth, and susceptibility to infection.
H)Rickets: bowing of weight-bearing bones.
I)Hemolytic anemia that results in destruction of red blood cells.
J)Hemorrhaging and potentially fatal anemia.

Question 43

Match the following vitamins to the signs or condition associated with their deficiency.

-Vitamin D

A) Beriberi: a group of symptoms including mental confusion, muscular wasting, limb swelling, decreased peripheral sensation, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart.
B) Eye problems including light sensitivity, excessive tearing, burning and itching, and vision loss.
C) Pellagra: characterized by eczema, dementia, diarrhea, and eventually death.
D) Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, skin lesions, and poor growth.
E) Megaloblastic anemia and neurologic dysfunction due to demyelination of neurons.
F)Scurvy: characterized by dark purplish spots on the skin and spongy or bleeding gums.
G)Night blindness, poor growth, and susceptibility to infection.
H)Rickets: bowing of weight-bearing bones.
I)Hemolytic anemia that results in destruction of red blood cells.
J)Hemorrhaging and potentially fatal anemia.

Question 44

Match the following vitamins to the signs or condition associated with their deficiency.

-Vitamin E

A) Beriberi: a group of symptoms including mental confusion, muscular wasting, limb swelling, decreased peripheral sensation, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart.
B) Eye problems including light sensitivity, excessive tearing, burning and itching, and vision loss.
C) Pellagra: characterized by eczema, dementia, diarrhea, and eventually death.
D) Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, skin lesions, and poor growth.
E) Megaloblastic anemia and neurologic dysfunction due to demyelination of neurons.
F)Scurvy: characterized by dark purplish spots on the skin and spongy or bleeding gums.
G)Night blindness, poor growth, and susceptibility to infection.
H)Rickets: bowing of weight-bearing bones.
I)Hemolytic anemia that results in destruction of red blood cells.
J)Hemorrhaging and potentially fatal anemia.

Question 45

Match the following vitamins to the signs or condition associated with their deficiency.

-Vitamin K

A) Beriberi: a group of symptoms including mental confusion, muscular wasting, limb swelling, decreased peripheral sensation, tachycardia, and an enlarged heart.
B) Eye problems including light sensitivity, excessive tearing, burning and itching, and vision loss.
C) Pellagra: characterized by eczema, dementia, diarrhea, and eventually death.
D) Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, skin lesions, and poor growth.
E) Megaloblastic anemia and neurologic dysfunction due to demyelination of neurons.
F)Scurvy: characterized by dark purplish spots on the skin and spongy or bleeding gums.
G)Night blindness, poor growth, and susceptibility to infection.
H)Rickets: bowing of weight-bearing bones.
I)Hemolytic anemia that results in destruction of red blood cells.
J)Hemorrhaging and potentially fatal anemia.

Question 46

Match the following vitamins to the possible consequences of excessive consumption.

-Folate

A) Excessive consumption may mask a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
B) Impaired wound healing, swelling, bleeding, and weakness of connective tissue
C) Dryness and cracking of the skin and mucous membranes, headache, and liver disease
D) Stress fractures, respiratory infections, and muscle injuries
E) Calcification of the kidneys, heart, lungs, and tympanic membrane leading to deafness
F)Decreased absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins, impaired bone mineralization, and prolonged clotting times
G)Impaired metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates
H)Severe jaundice in infants and hemolytic anemia

Question 47

Match the following vitamins to the possible consequences of excessive consumption.

-Vitamin A

A) Excessive consumption may mask a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
B) Impaired wound healing, swelling, bleeding, and weakness of connective tissue
C) Dryness and cracking of the skin and mucous membranes, headache, and liver disease
D) Stress fractures, respiratory infections, and muscle injuries
E) Calcification of the kidneys, heart, lungs, and tympanic membrane leading to deafness
F)Decreased absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins, impaired bone mineralization, and prolonged clotting times
G)Impaired metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates
H)Severe jaundice in infants and hemolytic anemia

Question 48

Match the following vitamins to the possible consequences of excessive consumption.

-Vitamin D

A) Excessive consumption may mask a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
B) Impaired wound healing, swelling, bleeding, and weakness of connective tissue
C) Dryness and cracking of the skin and mucous membranes, headache, and liver disease
D) Stress fractures, respiratory infections, and muscle injuries
E) Calcification of the kidneys, heart, lungs, and tympanic membrane leading to deafness
F)Decreased absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins, impaired bone mineralization, and prolonged clotting times
G)Impaired metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates
H)Severe jaundice in infants and hemolytic anemia

Question 49

Match the following vitamins to the possible consequences of excessive consumption.

-Vitamin E

A) Excessive consumption may mask a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
B) Impaired wound healing, swelling, bleeding, and weakness of connective tissue
C) Dryness and cracking of the skin and mucous membranes, headache, and liver disease
D) Stress fractures, respiratory infections, and muscle injuries
E) Calcification of the kidneys, heart, lungs, and tympanic membrane leading to deafness
F)Decreased absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins, impaired bone mineralization, and prolonged clotting times
G)Impaired metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates
H)Severe jaundice in infants and hemolytic anemia

Question 50

Match the following vitamins to the possible consequences of excessive consumption.

-Vitamin K

A) Excessive consumption may mask a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
B) Impaired wound healing, swelling, bleeding, and weakness of connective tissue
C) Dryness and cracking of the skin and mucous membranes, headache, and liver disease
D) Stress fractures, respiratory infections, and muscle injuries
E) Calcification of the kidneys, heart, lungs, and tympanic membrane leading to deafness
F)Decreased absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins, impaired bone mineralization, and prolonged clotting times
G)Impaired metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates
H)Severe jaundice in infants and hemolytic anemia

Question 51

Match the following minerals to the signs or conditions associated with their deficiency.

-Zinc

A) Osteopenia
B) Heart arrhythmias and myocardial infarction
C) Fatigue, poor performance, and decreased immunity
D) Goiter and cretinism
E) Delayed wound healing and immune-system dysfunction

Question 52

Match the following minerals to the signs or conditions associated with their deficiency.

-Calcium

A) Osteopenia
B) Heart arrhythmias and myocardial infarction
C) Fatigue, poor performance, and decreased immunity
D) Goiter and cretinism
E) Delayed wound healing and immune-system dysfunction

Question 53

Match the following minerals to the signs or conditions associated with their deficiency.

-Magnesium

A) Osteopenia
B) Heart arrhythmias and myocardial infarction
C) Fatigue, poor performance, and decreased immunity
D) Goiter and cretinism
E) Delayed wound healing and immune-system dysfunction

Question 54

Match the following minerals to the signs or conditions associated with their deficiency.

-Iodine

A) Osteopenia
B) Heart arrhythmias and myocardial infarction
C) Fatigue, poor performance, and decreased immunity
D) Goiter and cretinism
E) Delayed wound healing and immune-system dysfunction

Question 55

Match the following minerals to the signs or conditions associated with their deficiency.

-Iron

A) Osteopenia
B) Heart arrhythmias and myocardial infarction
C) Fatigue, poor performance, and decreased immunity
D) Goiter and cretinism
E) Delayed wound healing and immune-system dysfunction

Question 56

Match the following minerals to the possible consequences of excess consumption.

-Selenium

A) Interference with iron, zinc, and manganese absorption
B) Interference with calcium absorption and possible decrease in bone mass and density
C) Severe weakness and fatigue, unexplained joint and abdominal pain, diabetes, liver toxicity, and sometimes death
D) Selonosis, characterized by hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlic breath odor, and gastrointestinal distress
E) Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, altered iron function, and poor copper absorption

Question 57

Match the following minerals to the possible consequences of excess consumption.

-Phosphorus

A) Interference with iron, zinc, and manganese absorption
B) Interference with calcium absorption and possible decrease in bone mass and density
C) Severe weakness and fatigue, unexplained joint and abdominal pain, diabetes, liver toxicity, and sometimes death
D) Selonosis, characterized by hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlic breath odor, and gastrointestinal distress
E) Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, altered iron function, and poor copper absorption

Question 58

Match the following minerals to the possible consequences of excess consumption.

-Zinc

A) Interference with iron, zinc, and manganese absorption
B) Interference with calcium absorption and possible decrease in bone mass and density
C) Severe weakness and fatigue, unexplained joint and abdominal pain, diabetes, liver toxicity, and sometimes death
D) Selonosis, characterized by hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlic breath odor, and gastrointestinal distress
E) Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, altered iron function, and poor copper absorption

Question 59

Match the following minerals to the possible consequences of excess consumption.

-Calcium

A) Interference with iron, zinc, and manganese absorption
B) Interference with calcium absorption and possible decrease in bone mass and density
C) Severe weakness and fatigue, unexplained joint and abdominal pain, diabetes, liver toxicity, and sometimes death
D) Selonosis, characterized by hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlic breath odor, and gastrointestinal distress
E) Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, altered iron function, and poor copper absorption

Question 60

Match the following minerals to the possible consequences of excess consumption.

-Iron

A) Interference with iron, zinc, and manganese absorption
B) Interference with calcium absorption and possible decrease in bone mass and density
C) Severe weakness and fatigue, unexplained joint and abdominal pain, diabetes, liver toxicity, and sometimes death
D) Selonosis, characterized by hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlic breath odor, and gastrointestinal distress
E) Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, altered iron function, and poor copper absorption

Question 61

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Nausea

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 62

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Vomiting

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 63

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Dizziness

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 64

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Disorientation

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 65

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Cramps

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 66

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Chills

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 67

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Irritability

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 68

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Coma

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 69

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Seizures

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration

Question 70

Match each of the following symptoms to the electrolyte imbalance with which it can be associated.

-Death

A) Hyponatremia
B) Dehydration
C) Both hyponatremia and dehydration