Deck 7: Families

Question 1

Polygyny involves marrying, divorcing, and remarrying the same partner at multiple points in time.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The longer a couple is married, the more likely it is that

A) they will separate without divorcing.
B) they won't get divorced.
C) their children will be reluctant to marry.
D) they will get divorced.

Answer 2

they won't get divorced.

Question 3

Formal matriarchies emerged among Native American tribal societies and in nations in which

A) men lacked the physical strength to overpower the women.
B) the primary mode of food gathering was fishing, which women excelled at.
C) women were believed to be able to communicate directly with the gods.
D) men were absent for long periods because of warfare or food-gathering expeditions.

Answer 3

men were absent for long periods because of warfare or food-gathering expeditions.

Question 4

Same-sex marriage is illegal in more than a dozen states.

Question 5

In recent decades, multigenerational families have become more common primarily because of an increase in

A) younger adults living with their parents.
B) adult siblings living together.
C) grandchildren living with grandparents.
D) elderly parents moving in with their children.

Question 6

The definition of family that is based on blood (shared genetic heritage) and law (social recognition and affirmation of the bond) is referred to as the ______ definition.

A) basic
B) functionalist
C) substantive
D) kinship

Question 7

The term incest taboo refers to

A) the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives.
B) the requirement in some cultures that a generational gap be present within a marriage.
C) the requirement in some cultures that sexual initiation occur within a family relationship.
D) the prohibition of sexual relationships between anyone sharing the same last name.

Question 8

Studies of children whose families went through a divorce have found that divorce can

A) get children out of environments that have too much conflict.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) lead to a fear of intimacy in adulthood.
D) lead to higher rates of drug and alcohol abuse.

Question 9

Which of the following fits neatly into the substantive definition of the family?

A) adopted children
B) unmarried same-sex couples
C) unrelated people sharing a house
D) close friends

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions that William F. Ogburn argued the family provides?

A) affection and companionship
B) regulation of sexual behavior
C) socialization
D) redistribution

Question 11

Which of the following statements is True about cohabitation in the United States?

A) Couples aged 30 to 44 are more likely to cohabit if they both have college degrees.
B) The number of couples cohabiting rose in the 1980s, but it has increased little since.
C) It is more common among non-Hispanic Whites than any other racial or ethnic group.
D) It is more common among African Americans and American Indians than other groups.

Question 12

People in the U.S. generally agree that the traditional definitions of family

A) need to be revived.
B) are too restrictive.
C) are the primary reason for a stable society.
D) accurately represent modern reality.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of an extended family?

A) a married couple, their children, and the husband's sister all living together in the same home
B) a college sorority living together in one house
C) the Arapesh tribe of New Guinea
D) Beverly, her husband, Bob, their children, Barry and Bonnie, and their three cats and two dogs

Question 14

Societies where one woman can have more than one husband at the same time practice

A) monogamy.
B) polyandry.
C) polygyny.
D) group marriage.

Question 15

Which of the following is True about the structure of families?

A) It has remained fairly consistent over time in western societies.
B) None of the answer choices are correct.
C) It is the same all over the world.
D) It has remained fairly consistent over time in non-western societies.

Question 16

A woman and her husband, their children, her parents, her mother-in-law, and her sister live together on a farm in the Midwest. According to the U.S. Census, this group is considered a

A) non-standard family unit.
B) family.
C) nuclear family.
D) kin group.

Question 17

A tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics and interests similar to one's own is known as

A) homogamy.
B) polyandry.
C) cultivation.
D) endogamy.

Question 18

Which of the following examples of a cultural approach to family is False?

A) the Tibetan custom of allowing women to be married to more than one man simultaneously
B) the Yanomami custom of allowing sexual relations with certain opposite-sex cousins but not others
C) the North American custom of allowing siblings to marry
D) the Betsileo custom of allowing men to be married to more than one woman simultaneously

Question 19

Which of the following would reflect an egalitarian authority pattern?

A) Neither of the answer choices are correct.
B) In their family, Luis makes decisions about major home maintenance projects, and Lupe makes decisions about major family vacations.
C) After many discussions, Connie and Ben reach a mutual decision about where to buy a home.
D) Both answer choices are correct.

Question 20

The main advantage of defining a family in substantive terms is that it is clear who is, and who is not, included in a family.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about family systems is True?

A) Polygyny is a more common form of marriage than polyandry.
B) Serial monogamy is a form of marriage found only in Western cultures.
C) Polygamy was completely eradicated from the United States during the twentieth century.
D) In the United States, the married couple with unmarried children is the most common family structure.

Question 22

In the United States, which of the following groups is MOST likely to be married to someone of a different race?

A) White women
B) Asian women
C) White men
D) Black men

Question 23

The basic nuclear family is no longer the most common family arrangement in the United States. What other arrangements have emerged to replace the nuclear family? In general, do sociologists view the declining importance of the nuclear family as a positive or negative development for society?

Question 24

Friedrich Engels, a colleague of Karl Marx, noted that

A) there are six stations of divorce, but the most important is the economic station.
B) the family is the ultimate source of social inequality.
C) there are six paramount functions of the family.
D) more than 80 percent of the 565 societies he studied had same type of polygamy.

Question 25

Under law, an adopted individual cannot claim "kinship" with an adoptive parent because they are not related by ties of blood.

Question 26

Compare and contrast a substantive definition of family with a functionalist definition. Which of these definitions is more inclusive? Is the more inclusive definition necessarily more useful?

Question 27

Which of the following does the U.S. Census define as a family?

A) a nuclear family
B) None of the answer choices are correct.
C) a group of two or more people, related or not, who reside together in a home and share expenses
D) a group of two people or more related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together

Question 28

The difference between a functionalist and a substantive definition of family is the same as the difference between what a family does and what a family is.

Question 29

An important factor in the shift from extended to nuclear families was a change in the economy.

Question 30

For what reason did the New York State courts rule that a couple does NOT have to be married to adopt a child?

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) It allows single individuals to try out the role of parent to see if they are suited to it.
C) There is a surplus of children, and it is expensive to raise them in orphanages.
D) It would help the state to assist more children in securing the best possible home.

Question 31

According to Annette Lareau, middle- and upper-middle-class parents tend to see their children as

A) free spirits.
B) having material needs to be met.
C) opportunities for social advancement.
D) a project.

Question 32

In his majority opinion inObergefell v. Hodges (2015), Justice Kennedy cited the _____ as the basis for the right of same-sex couples to marry.

A) Thirteenth Amendment
B) Declaration of Independence
C) Fourteenth Amendment
D) Establishment Clause

Question 33

The increased availability of opportunities for women has led to wives being less dependent on their husbands, meaning that it is more feasible for them to leave a marriage they see as hopeless.

Question 34

Which form of marriage is characteristic of the United States?

A) polygamy
B) monogamy
C) polygyny
D) polyandry

Question 35

Which of the following methods for adopting an unrelated person is legal everywhere in the United States?

A) adoption through a private agreement sanctioned by the courts
B) arrangement of the adoption through a licensed agency
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) assumption of legal rights by virtue of possession

Question 36

Historically, the way power is distributed within families has largely been shaped by

A) age.
B) status.
C) gender.
D) race.

Question 37

Most studies have found that whether a child is raised by a biological mother or by a stepmother makes no difference to the quality of family life.

Question 38

Which of the following is True about patriarchal societies?

A) Males dominate the decision making.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) The eldest male generally holds the most power.
D) A woman's status is generally defined by her relationship to a male relative.

Question 39

The definition of the family that focuses on what families do for their members and for society is the ______ definition.

A) kinship
B) substantive
C) functionalist
D) practical

Question 40

Which of the following statements concerning stepfamilies is correct?

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) The well-being of children in stepfamilies is better, on average, than that of children in divorced, single-parent households.
C) Some studies suggest that more domestic violence occurs in stepfamilies than in traditional nuclear families.
D) Studies suggest that children raised by stepmothers are likely to have less health care, education, and money spent on their food than children raised by biological mothers.

Question 41

To what extent, and in what ways, do child-rearing styles vary depending on social class?

Question 42

A very small percentage of cohabiting couples have children living with them.

Question 43

Parents of ________ families typically focus on meeting their children's material needs and giving them freedom to navigate the world on their own.

A) middle-class
B) Asian
C) White
D) poor and working-class

Question 44

Which of the following could be included within a functionalist family?

A) a second cousin
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) a grandparent
D) a close family friend

Question 45

Which of the following statements is True regarding single-parent families?

A) Having to rely on a single income and on a sole caregiver can be very stressful.
B) Single-parent families are a rarity in the United States due to the stigma attached.
C) Single-parent families are equally divided between single fathers and single mothers.
D) The life of single parents and their children is more difficult than that of a nuclear family.

Question 46

Which of the following factors has contributed the MOST to the increasing number of married couples who choose to remain childless?

A) religious considerations
B) economic considerations
C) increased adoption regulations
D) health care issues

Question 47

Which of the following statements about courtship and marriage is True?

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) The majority of Americans believe that when they marry, it will be for true love.
C) While they occur in other societies, arranged marriages are banned in the United States.
D) Most American people are now well into their thirties before they marry for the first time.

Question 48

What is the difference between a family and a kin group?

A) Kin groups and families are identical.
B) The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together.
C) A kin group is a household unit, but a family does not always live together.
D) Family units include aunts and uncles, but a kin group does not.

Question 49

Ogburn's functionalist approach serves to ______ the definition of a family.

A) broaden
B) remove class biases from
C) eliminate social elements from
D) narrow

Question 50

In the United States, endogamous rules stressed by many groups include marriage within

A) the group of people one meets at work.
B) one's own family group.
C) the state in which one lives.
D) one's own ethnic, racial, and religious groups.

Question 51

Han has been married to three separate women, but he was never married to more than one at a time. Han has taken part in a form of marriage called

A) serial monogamy.
B) serial polygamy.
C) monogamy.
D) polygamy.

Question 52

Which of the following is the BEST example of serial monogamy?

A) Juan married Sheila, but they divorced, and he married Marlene. After they divorced, he marries Janet, and when she died, he marries Lorraine.
B) Maria is married to David. After a few years, she marries Steve while remaining married to David.
C) Carlos shares an apartment with Bonnie for five years, but then he marries Jessica, and they buy a home of their own.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 53

Historically, most societies give preference to what descent pattern?

A) either matrilineal or patrilineal
B) matrilineal
C) bilateral
D) patrilineal

Question 54

Define the terms endogamy and exogamy. From a functionalist perspective, what functions are served by endogamy and exogamy? How do both of these concepts differ from the concept of homogamy?

Question 55

In the United States, interracial marriages

A) make up less than one percent of all married couples.
B) are decreasing in number since reaching their peak in 1964.
C) are currently illegal in three states.
D) make up nearly five percent of all married couples.

Question 56

The meaning of the term homogamy is best captured by the phrase "opposites attract."

Question 57

Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise of dual-income families in the United States?

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) couples finding it harder to make it on a single income
C) changing cultural expectations regarding gender
D) increased education levels for women

Question 58

Cohabitation is LEAST common among which racial or ethnic group in the United States?

A) Asian Americans
B) Hispanics
C) Whites
D) Native Americans

Question 59

How would each of the three sociological perspectives view same-sex marriage? Which of the three would have the most positive view of nontraditional family arrangements?