Deck 11: Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Diffusion directly depends on the ____________.

A) partial pressure gradient
B) solubility of the gas in water
C) distance
D) two of these
E) all of these

Answer 1

two of these

Question 2

In water, gas solubility ______________as temperature increases.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains the same

Answer 2

decreases

Question 3

Variation in availability of oxygen among different animal habitats affects the ___________ component of Fick's law.

A) A
B) D
C) ?P
D) ?X
E) none of these.

Answer 3

?P

Question 4

The structure of fish gills enhance diffusion by having a

A) low "D" value.
B) low ?X.
C) low "A" value.
D) high ?P.
E) two of these.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) The rate of diffusion of gases is about the same for water and air environments.
B) Proteins convert gases between diffusible and nondiffusible forms.
C) Trachea have a high "D" value.
D) Sinking cold water oxygenates the lower regions of oceans.
E) Cilia provide water flow for oxygenation in aquatic Paramecium.

Question 6

The single-celled protists are often elongated rather than spherical in order to

A) decrease ?X from environment to mitochondria.
B) increase "D."
C) increase ?P.
D) increase "A."

Question 7

Neural control of respiration

A) involves factors that regulate the magnitude of ventilation to match physiological needs.
B) factors that modify respiratory activity to serve other purposes.
C) the neural pattern generator program responsible for the alternating inspiration/expiration rhythm.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 8

Aquatic respiratory systems can perform non respiratory functions like

A) fluid and solute balance.
B) acid-base balance.
C) excretion.
D) nutrient and mineral uptake.
E) all of these.

Question 9

To accommodate for their high surface to volume ratio, smaller mammals

A) reduce the size of each alveolus.
B) increase alveolar density.
C) increase the density of capillaries used in gas exchange.
D) reduce the size of each alveolus and increase alveolar density.
E) all of these.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) When the dorsal respiratory group stops firing, expiration occurs.
B) The ventral respiratory group becomes active during periods of increased ventilation.
C) In mammals it is thought ventilation rhythm is established in the pre-Botzinger complex.
D) The pneumotaxic center sends impulses to the dorsal respiratory group that help switch on the inspiratory neurons.
E) None of these.

Question 11

Which respiratory pigment is found only in annelids?

A) erthyrocruorin
B) chlorocruorin
C) hemerythrin
D) erthyrocruorin and chlorocruorin
E) all of these are present in phylum Annelida.

Question 12

Lungs in fish originally evolved as a simple evagination of the

A) gills.
B) integument.
C) buccal cavity.
D) pharynx.
E) digestive system.

Question 13

Air enters from the buccal cavity into the lungs of

A) amphibians.
B) mammals.
C) birds.
D) reptiles.
E) none of these.

Question 14

The most complex respiratory system among vertebrates is found in

A) mammals.
B) reptiles.
C) birds.
D) amphibians.
E) fish.

Question 15

In birds and mammals, the surface area of the lungs increases markedly because of

A) their high metabolic rate.
B) the high oxygen concentration in air.
C) a large body size.
D) their endothermic metabolism.
E) the drier air environment.

Question 16

Air capillaries are found in

A) mammals.
B) reptiles.
C) birds.
D) fish.
E) amphibians.

Question 17

In contrast to mammals, the lungs of birds are comparatively

A) small and inelastic.
B) large and inelastic.
C) small and more elastic.
D) large and more elastic.

Question 18

Respiration in birds differs from mammals in that birds have

A) lungs used for gas exchange only.
B) a comparatively higher tracheal volume.
C) air capillaries.
D) air sacs for ventilation.
E) all of these.

Question 19

Thoracic wall and lungs remain in close apposition because of

A) the intrapleural fluid's cohesiveness.
B) the intraaveolar pressure.
C) the atmospheric pressure.
D) the transmural pressure gradient.
E) the combination of intrapleural fluid cohesiveness and the transmural pressure gradient.

Question 20

In birds, one breathing cycle is made up of

A) one inspiration and one expiration.
B) one inspiration and two expirations.
C) two inspirations and two expirations.
D) two inspirations and one expirations.
E) two inspirations and three expirations.

Question 21

During inspiration in mammals the

A) external intercostal muscles contract.
B) internal intercostal muscles contract.
C) external intercostal muscles relax.
D) internal intercoastal muscles relax.
E) abdominal muscles contract.

Question 22

During passive expiration

A) diaphragm relaxes.
B) external intercostal muscles relax.
C) internal intercostals muscles relax.
D) two of these.
E) all of these.

Question 23

As inspiration begins, the intra-alveolar pressure is

A) higher than the atmospheric pressure.
B) lower than the atmospheric pressure.
C) the same as the atmospheric pressure.
D) higher than internal pressure.
E) none of these.

Question 24

The intrapleural pressure

A) falls before inspiration.
B) falls during expiration.
C) falls during inspiration.
D) remains constant.
E) falls before expiration.

Question 25

Hemoglobin may increase in animals as a result of

A) seasonal changes.
B) locomotory activity.
C) anemia.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 26

Pulmonary ventilation is the product of

A) residual volume and respiratory rate.
B) anatomic dead space and respiratory rate.
C) tidal volume and inspiration capacity.
D) residual volume and expiration capacity.
E) tidal volume and respiratory rate.

Question 27

Too little alveolus ventilation in comparison to its perfusion results in

A) an increase in carbon dioxide level.
B) an increase in oxygen level.
C) a decrease in carbon dioxide level.
D) a increase in carbon dioxide level and an increase in oxygen level.
E) an increase in carbon dioxide level and a decrease in oxygen level.

Question 28

Decrease in alveolar oxygen concentration causes

A) vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteriole.
B) relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle.
C) vasodilation of the pulmonary arteriole.
D) vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteriole and vasodilation of the pulmonary arteriole.
E) vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteriole and relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle.

Question 29

Thickness of the barriers separating the air or water from the blood increases because of

A) low or high environmental pH.
B) pulmonary edema.
C) pulmonary fibrosis.
D) pneumonia.
E) all of these.

Question 30

Five different respiratory pigments can be found in

A) mammals.
B) crustaceans.
C) annelids.
D) mollusks.
E) birds.

Question 31

Hemocyanin contains

A) copper.
B) iron.
C) sulphur.
D) validium.
E) phosphorus.

Question 32

Effect of pH on % Hb saturation is called

A) acidity effect.
B) Bohr effect.
C) Root effect.
D) CO₂ effect.
E) none of these.

Question 33

Gills are involved in heat transfer as well as gas exchange.

Question 34

Tuna, one of the most active fish in the ocean, have lost their breathing muscles.

Question 35

Cytogloin, a respiratory pigment, has been found in fibroblasts.

Question 36

The Root effect shifts the hemoglobin saturation curve to the right of normal.

Question 37

Hypoxic hypoxia is characterized by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Question 38

Airflow in and out of the spiracles of the insect tracheal system is regulated by motor
output from the cerebral ganglia.

Question 39

The apneustic center prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off.

Question 40

In a normal, healthy individual, a fall in arterial P_CO2 reflexly reduces the respiratory
drive.

Question 41

Bimodal breathers have the ability to use positive or negative pressures for ventilation.

Question 42

Birds have a membranous instead of a muscular diaphragm.

Question 43

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Air capillaries

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 44

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Effect of pH on % Hb saturation

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 45

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Hemocyanin

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 46

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Alveoli

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 47

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Hemoglobin

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 48

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Relaxation of diaphragm

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 49

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Contraction of diaphragm

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 50

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-T- state of hemoglobin

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 51

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-R-state of hemoglobin

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 52

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Effect of blood acidosis on lowering blood oxygen content

A) bird
B) Bohr's effect
C) Copper
D) Mammals
E) iron
F) expiration
G) inspiration
H) low affinity for oxygen
I) high affinity for oxygen
J) Root effect

Question 53

While considering Fick's law, discuss the affect pulmonary adema (fluid accumulation in the interstitial space) would have on blood oxygenation.

Question 54

Compare and contrast ventilation and gas exchange in fish with gas exchange in
birds..

Question 55

Explain why the lungs are normally stretched to fill the thoracic cavity.

Question 56

Discuss various muscle movements in inspiration and expirations.

Question 57

Compare and contrast the four categories of respiratory hypoxia.