Deck 3: Matter and Energy: What Are the Building Blocks of Sustainability

Question 1

The amount of in a particular object is its .

A) space; weight
B) matter; mass
C) mass; energy
D) weight; matter

Answer 1

matter; mass

Question 2

A(n) is the smallest subunit of an element that retains all the characteristics of that element.

A) atom
B) proton
C) nucleus
D) isotope

Answer 2

atom

Question 3

Every atom of the same element must have

A) either a positive or a negative charge.
B) an equal proportion of neutrons and electrons.
C) the same number of protons.
D) None of these are correct.

Answer 3

the same number of protons.

Question 4

Select the subatomic particles that occupy orbits called shells.

A) positively charged protons
B) negatively charged electrons
C) positively charged electrons
D) negatively charged protons

Question 5

An atom with 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and 10 electrons would have

A) no net charge.
B) a net negative charge.
C) a net positive charge.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 6

An atom with an atomic mass of 15 belongs to an element with an atomic number of 7. Select the correct distribution of subatomic particles for this atom.

A) 7 protons, 8 neutrons, 7 electrons
B) 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 8 electrons
C) 8 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 electrons
D) None of these are correct.

Question 7

Select the correct description of elements.

A) anything in the universe that takes up space
B) particles that cannot be broken down into other substances
C) particles within each atom that determine atomic mass
D) All of these are correct.

Question 8

Select the example of a compound.

A) O₂
B) H₂O
C) N₂
D) All of these are correct.

Question 9

Select the correct statement.

A) Molecules always contain more than one element.
B) A compound is a type of molecule.
C) All molecules are compounds.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 10

When dissolved in water, acids yield

A) positively charged hydrogen ions that decrease the pH value.
B) negatively charged hydroxide ions that decrease the pH value.
C) positively charged hydrogen ions that increase the pH value.
D) negatively charged hydroxide ions that increase the pH value.

Question 11

The body keeps the pH of blood between 7.35 and 7.45. The pH of blood is

A) strongly acidi
B) slightly acidic.
C)slightly basic.
D) strongly basic.

Question 12

Within a water molecule, the oxygen atom carries a slight negative charge while the three hydrogen atoms carry slight positive charges. This charge imbalance is called

A) polarity.
B) chemical bonding.
C) buffering.
D) phase change.

Question 13

Atoms or molecules in vibrate more rapidly than those in other states of matter.

A) liquids
B) solids
C) gases
D) Vibration rates are equal across states of matter.

Question 14

The condensation of water droplets on a glass of iced tea is an example of a

A) chemical reaction.
B) phase change.
C) polymerization.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 15

A chemical reaction

A) converts one or more substances into different substances.
B) overcomes the physical forces exerted on or acting against something.
C) creates or destroys the constituent parts of matter.
D) changes matter between states without changing the molecules themselves.

Question 16

Goodyear blimps maintain their shape because of the of helium gas acting against the outer wall.

A) entropy
B) phase change
C) thermodynamics
D) pressure

Question 17

The burning of coal, gas, and oil for manufacturing and transportation is a major source of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The combustion of these fuels is a(n) reaction.

A) phase change
B) oxidation-reduction
C) polymerization
D) entropy

Question 18

Select the correct pairing of energy type and example.

A) potential energy; a bird in flight
B) kinetic energy; a golf ball sitting on a tee
C) potential energy; a stretched spring
D) kinetic energy; a rock perched on a cliff

Question 19

Which term refers to a measure of how vigorously the atoms in a material are moving and colliding with each other?

A) temperature
B) energy
C) work
D) synthesis

Question 20

Photosynthesis transforms energy from the sun into chemical energy in sugars.

A) nuclear
B) thermal
C) geothermal
D) radiant

Question 21

is the act of applying force to an object over some distance.

A) Work
B) Entropy
C) Energy
D) Polymerization

Question 22

According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be

A) created.
B) destroye
C) conserved.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 23

According to the second law of thermodynamics,

A) the tendency of any isolated system is to move toward disorder.
B) energy degrades or is wasted as it is transferred or transformed
C) entropy increases without energy inputs.
D)All of these are correct

Question 24

Select the example of an object or substance moving to a state of high entropy.

A) a sugar cube dissolving in water
B) water freezing into ice cubes
C) a fish swimming in water
D) All of these are correct.

Question 25

Primary consumers get their energy from

A) sunlight.
B) consuming plants.
C) consuming animals.
D) consuming dead organisms.

Question 26

Most ecosystems have only four or five trophic levels. What limits the number of levels?

A) photosynthesis
B) efficient predators
C) the available energy
D) low entropy

Question 27

On a farm, owls feed on mice, which in turn prey on grasshoppers. The grasshoppers consume grass. Select the secondary consumer.

A) owls
B) grass
C) grasshoppers
D) mice

Question 28

In the trophic levels in an ecosystem,

A) prey will outnumber the predators that consume them.
B) predators will outnumber the prey they consume.
C) the number of prey will always exactly balance the number of predators.
D) prey and predator populations both increase at higher trophic levels.

Question 29

In a food chain, snakes consume mice, which in turn feed on grasshoppers. The grasshoppers consume grass. How great a biomass of mice could 10,000 kg of grass likely support?

A) 10 kg
B) 100 kg
C) 1,000 kg
D) 10,000 kg

Question 30

How are atoms of the element carbon similar to atoms of the element nitrogen? How are they different?

Question 31

Define the law of conservation of mass and explain whether this law means that calcium atoms in our teeth could have existed millions of years ago in the teeth of dinosaurs.

Question 32

Mara's cross-country coach recommends "carbo-loading" the night before each race with carbohydrate-rich pasta dishes such as spaghetti. Define the terms potential energy and kinetic energy and then apply these terms to the pasta dish and to the race itself.

Question 33

Seth watches a big football game along with 20 other fans in a fairly small lounge area. By the end of the first quarter, the room has become quite warm and Seth notices that he is sweating. Explain how the first and second laws of thermodynamics relate to his sweat production and to the increase in room temperature.

Question 34

While considering lunch options at the cafeteria, a friend says you can help the planet if you "eat low on the food chain." Use your understanding of trophic levels and the second law of thermodynamics to explain how we can feed more humans with plant-based diets compared to diets with greater meat consumption.