Deck 11: The Body Senses and Movement

Question 1

John relies solely on his vision to sit, walk, and stand erect. If someone turns off the lights, he loses all control of movement and crumples to the floor like a rag doll. Most likely, John has lost the functioning of his ______.

A) proprioception sense
B) skin senses
C) vestibular sense
D) interoceptive sense

Answer 1

proprioception sense

Question 2

Which sensation, once believed to be a type of pain, may be added to the list of skin senses in the near future?

A) tickle
B) tingling
C) numbness
D) itch

Answer 2

itch

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the itch sensation is NOT true?

A) It used to considered as a type of pain sensation.
B) It uses the same neural pathways as pain.
C) It has been added to the list of skin senses.
D) It is also called somatosensation.

Answer 3

It used to considered as a type of pain sensation.

Question 4

Painful sensations on the skin are detected by ______.

A) free nerve endings
B) Merkel's disks
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles

Question 5

Compared to encapsulated receptors, free nerve endings ______.

A) are enclosed in a membrane
B) play a role in the detection of touch
C) perform complex processes at the ends of dendrites
D) perform simple processes at the ends of dendrites

Question 6

The TRPV1 heat pain receptor also responds to the chemical ______, found in hot peppers.

A) bitumen
B) capsaicin
C) magnesium
D) habaneroin

Question 7

TRPA1 receptors are responsible for painful irritation caused by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) tobacco smoke
B) tear gas
C) vehicle exhaust
D) extreme cold

Question 8

The hair cells are stimulated by ______, which are embedded with small calcium crystals called ______.

A) a gelatinous mass; otoliths
B) otoliths; gelatinous mass
C) gelatinous mass; cilia
D) otoliths; cilia

Question 9

Hair cells are found in the ______.

A) semicircular canals
B) vestibular nerve
C) cochlear nerve
D) otoliths

Question 10

If you took a drug that selectively interfered with the job of the utricle and saccule, you would be impaired in which of the following tasks?

A) being able to tell the angle of turns you are making in a car
B) finding the water surface when scuba diving
C) tracking a moving object in your visual field
D) telling hot versus cold on your skin

Question 11

The hair cells in the cupula detect movements of the head by ______.

A) depolarizations from displacement in one direction, hyperpolarizations from displacement in the other, but only with accelerations
B) acceleration to the left result sin depolarizations and deceleration to the left produces hyperpolarizations
C) depolarizations from displacement in one direction, hyperpolarizations from displacement in the other, but only with decelerations
D) depolarizations from displacement in any direction

Question 12

Which of the following statements about other functions of the vestibular system is FALSE?

A) It helps to determine the position of body parts, such as arms and legs, relative to the body.
B) It plays a role in the production of compensatory eye movements when tracking a moving object.
C) Its communication with hindbrain structures and an area called the PIV cortex is most likely the cause of motion and seasickness.
D) Its communication with the frontal lobe area is most likely the cause of out-of-body experiences.

Question 13

How are the body senses similar to those of the auditory system?

A) Most of the neurons from one side of the body project to the hemisphere of the same side.
B) Most of the neurons from one side of the body cross over and project to the hemisphere of the opposite side.
C) All of the neurons pass through the hypothalamus before projecting to the primary sensory areas of the brain.
D) All of the neurons from one side of the body cross over and project to the hemisphere of the opposite side.

Question 14

Adjacent parts of the body are represented in adjacent parts of the somatosensory cortex. We call this a ______ map.

A) temporal
B) somatotopic
C) retinotopic
D) parallax

Question 15

If someone has a stroke and is otherwise normal except for the inability to sense any feeling from the body (no touch, pressure, temperature, or pain), what lobe is probably affected?

A) frontal lobe
B) occipital lobe
C) parietal lobe
D) temporal lobe

Question 16

When you are tickled on your left knee, you "feel" the tickle in your ______.

A) right somatosensory cortex
B) left somatosensory cortex
C) Cochlear nerve
D) Vestibular nerve

Question 17

All of the following are true about the somatosensory cortex and its receptive fields EXCEPT ______.

A) some of the cortical cells have circular receptive fields on the skin
B) some of the receptive fields of the cortical cells are very large
C) some of the receptive fields help to distinguish between two points touching the surface of the skin
D) some of the cortical cells have receptive fields on the skin that are side by side

Question 18

When the firing rate of a cell depends on the number of fingers that are touched, what type of information does this give us about the object that is being held?

A) the shape of the object
B) the texture of the object
C) the level of flexibility of the object
D) the size of the object

Question 19

The primary somatosensory cortex receives input directly from the ______. The primary somatosensory cortex then sends outputs to the ______ .

A) thalamus; secondary somatosensory cortex
B) spinal cord; posterior parietal lobe
C) spinal cord and cranial nerves; premotor cortex
D) thalamus; primary motor cortex

Question 20

Some cells of the posterior parietal cortex combine ______ and ______ to provide us with information about the location and positioning of the hand.

A) proprioception; vision
B) proprioception; hearing
C) vision; hearing
D) vision; touch

Question 21

Body integrity identity disorder, resulting from ______ damage, sometimes causes individuals to ______.

A) posterior parietal cortex; ask to have a limb amputated
B) primary somatosensory cortex; complain about pain in an amputated arm
C) secondary somatosensory cortex; feel like a limb is on fire or freezing
D) thalamic; forget that a particular object is heavy or sharp

Question 22

Possible cause of an out-of-body experience include all of the following EXEPT ______.

A) electrical stimulation
B) damage
C) genetics
D) epileptic seizures

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true about pain?

A) Sharp pain receptors are deeper and harder to localize.
B) Dull pain lasts longer.
C) Dull pain makes a good danger signal and motivates you take quick action.
D) Sharp pain lingers and reminds you that you have been injured.

Question 24

Just like the other body senses, information about pain passes through the ______.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) parietal lobes
D) temporal lobes

Question 25

If you take ibuprofen, this decreases swelling and pain. It does so by blocking ______.

A) enzymes required for producing prostaglandins
B) the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides by spinal cord neurons
C) responses to pain in the primary somatosensory cortex
D) blockade of a dermatome in the spinal cord

Question 26

Which group of drugs shows promise in effectively relieving pain as it is 50 times more potent that morphine, but without producing addiction or tolerance?

A) MDANs
B) NSAIDs
C) Opioids
D) acetaminophens

Question 27

How does the MDAN group of drugs work to be a potent and effective pain killer without producing addiction?

A) It targets the mu opioid receptor and blocks the delta opioid receptor.
B) It targets the delta opioid receptor and blocks the beta opioid receptor.
C) It targets the beta opioid receptor and blocks the alpha opioid receptor.
D) It targets the alpha opioid receptor and blocks the kappa opioid receptor.

Question 28

An antibody that shows promise in clinical trials to safely and effectively reduce pain is called ______.

A) TRPV1
B) Tanezumab
C) prostaglandins
D) endorphins

Question 29

A fancier term for endorphins is based on its relationship between a class of analgesic drugs that act upon the same brain areas. This term is ______.

A) trophic emulation
B) endogenous opiates
C) internal analgesics
D) commissural cannabinoids

Question 30

When you hear Uncle Rico dismissing any placebo effect of pain relief as "all in the mind," you can set him straight by ______.

A) stating that placebos activate the same brain areas as opiates
B) arguing that placebo pain relief is just the same as hypnotic pain relief
C) arguing that hypnosis can block placebo pain relief
D) arguing that placebo pain relief is a physical process that can be abolished with an endorphin blocker

Question 31

How do endorphins work to relieve pain?

A) They activate the release of substance P, closing the pain 'gate' in the spinal cord.
B) They inhibit the release of substance P, closing the pain 'gate' in the spinal cord.
C) They activate the release of substance P, opening the pain 'gate' in the spinal cord.
D) They inhibit the release of substance P, opening the pain 'gate' in the spinal cord.

Question 32

Patients suffering from congenital insensitivity to pain frequently die due to injuries they did not know they had or perform risky behaviors that would severely hurt other people. This disease can be caused by ______.

A) mutated, nonfunctioning sodium channels in pain neurons
B) depleted endorphin levels
C) mutation of a gene, which results in significant loss of myelinated neurons
D) decreased levels of opioids

Question 33

Why is it difficult to determine estimates of how many people are afflicted with lifelong chronic pain?

A) Sufferers often do not report their experience.
B) The census does not usually include data on chronic pain sufferers.
C) Studies usually include different populations and use different criteria for determining what is chronic pain.
D) Recovery rates among chronic pain sufferers are so sporadic that it is difficult to keep up with the correct estimates.

Question 34

Chronic pain is defined as pain that ______.

A) persists after the point at which full healing has occurred
B) is felt when an injury fails to heal
C) cannot be explained by injury or disease
D) lasts longer than a week

Question 35

What other disorder makes someone more likely to develop chronic pain following an injury?

A) schizophrenia
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) anhedonia (lack of pleasure)

Question 36

The strength of the communication between the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex is about 85% accurate in determining how long a patient will suffer from pain. This is most likely due to the connection between the two areas being attributed to ______.

A) the memory of the painful event
B) evaluation of the nature and intensity of the pain
C) how much endorphins are released
D) how emotionally a person reacts to pain

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a functional change that occurs in the nervous system during chronic pain?

A) The pain pathways show an increase in sensitivity.
B) Brain stem pathways become more responsive.
C) Activity decreases in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula.
D) Increased amount of somatosensory cortical tissue devoted to the pain.

Question 38

Phantom pain from a paralyzed or amputated limb is experienced by ______ of amputees.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 39

If someone has had a hand destroyed as a result of an accident, how long do doctors have to replace the hand with a donor hand?

A) within several days, until the skin heals
B) within several weeks, until the muscles atrophy
C) within several months, until the nerves die
D) there really is no time limit provided that cortical rearrangement has not occurred

Question 40

If you are looking at a slide of muscle and you see no bands or stripes, what type of muscle does it have to be?

A) striated or skeletal muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) cardiac muscle
D) endogenous muscle

Question 41

What happens when a motor neuron releases acetylcholine?

A) The muscle fiber is hyperpolarized, which opens calcium channels.
B) The muscle fiber is depolarized, which opens sodium channels.
C) The muscle fiber is hyperpolarized, which opens sodium channels.
D) The muscle fiber is depolarized, which opens calcium channels.

Question 42

Compared to the other sensory areas, the processing of movement ______.

A) begins in the primary area, then moves to the association areas
B) begins in the association areas, then moves to the primary area
C) occurs simultaneously in both the primary and secondary areas
D) must first pass through the thalamus

Question 43

If someone has damage to the supplementary motor area on one side, what will be the resulting effect on a behavior such as opening a jar?

A) Both hands will operate out of synch with each other.
B) Both hands will mirror each other's actions instead of doing separate holding and twisting movements to open the jar.
C) One hand will not participate in the task at all.
D) The jar will be opened, but the hands will constantly shake during the task.

Question 44

The cells in the primary motor cortex are most active ______ and receive sensory information in order to ______.

A) in preparation and planning for movements; know where to start the movements
B) during involuntary, or reflexive, movements; start the movement
C) at or after the end of movements; stop the movement
D) during voluntary movements; refine movements as they are performed

Question 45

Scientists have found ______ chromosomal regions that are most likely related to Parkinson's disease, and ______ of those regions contain genes that can cause the disease on their own.

A) 28; 6
B) 12; 4
C) 6; 6
D) 75; 15

Question 46

What are Lewy bodies?

A) abnormal clumps of protein that form with the brain cells
B) abnormal clumps of protein that form within the skeletal muscles
C) abnormal clumps of neurotransmitters that accumulate within the brain cells
D) abnormal clumps of acetylcholine that accumulate within the skeletal muscles

Question 47

Although cigarette smoking poses its own negative effects on health, how has it been shown to reduce one's risk of developing Parkinson's disease?

A) It may prevent the accumulation of enzymes.
B) It may prevent the accumulation of proteins.
C) It may prevent the accumulation of neurotransmitters.
D) It may prevent the accumulation of neurotoxins.

Question 48

The ______ is (are) sometimes lesioned to alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's in patients who are unresponsive to or cannot use the standard drug treatment.

A) globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
B) putamen and caudate
C) caudate and substantia nigra
D) primary motor cortex

Question 49

The repetitive motor symptoms of Huntington's disease have been shown to correlate to the loss of ______ neurons in the striatum.

A) dopamine
B) GABA-releasing
C) acetylcholine
D) substance P

Question 50

One drug treatment for myasthenia gravis involves ______.

A) injecting antibodies to acetylcholine
B) inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
C) giving GABA
D) Giving L-DOPA

Question 51

The vestibular system include proprioception, sensations experienced on the surface of the skin, and sensations in our internal organs.

Question 52

The semicircular canals are organized in such a way as to be sensitive to the movement of the head in four main directions.

Question 53

One of the first clinical signs of balance problems is a failure to fixate on an object while moving.

Question 54

Physiological evidence of body integrity identity disorder shows that when the limb is touched, there is no response in the superior parietal cortex

Question 55

The anterior cingulate cortex and the thalamus carry out additional processing of the emotional implications of pain.

Question 56

Pain and temperature are encoded by the same receptor type.

Question 57

Golgi tendon organs respond to muscle stretch, while muscle spindles inhibit muscle contractions.

Question 58

The prefrontal cortex is involved in the initial steps of motor planning.

Question 59

Lewy bodies are abnormal clumps of protein found in both patients with Parkinson's disease and patients with depression.

Question 60

Describe the sense of proprioception, its functions, and the symptoms caused by its loss.

Question 61

What are the skin senses? List the receptors for each and stimuli to which each would respond.

Question 62

Describe the components of the vestibular system and the functions of each.

Question 63

Describe the main route of sensory information and determine how different cortical areas contribute to somatosensation.

Question 64

Discuss the different types of pain, pain receptors, and pain fibers and stimuli for pain.

Question 65

List and describe the various mechanisms for treating pain.

Question 66

List the cortical components of the motor system and their functions in performing movements.

Question 67

Compare and contrast the roles of the cerebellum versus the basal ganglia in movement.

Question 68

Compare and contrast the etiology of myasthenia gravis versus that of multiple sclerosis. Discuss any relevant treatments.