Deck 10: Vision and Visual Perception

Question 1

At approximately what rate does the optic nerve transmit visual signals to the brain?

A) 50 million bits per second
B) 100 million bits per second
C) 20 million bits per second
D) 120 million bits per second

Answer 1

100 million bits per second

Question 2

The human eye is an organ specialized for the detection of ______.

A) ultraviolet wavelengths
B) infrared wavelengths
C) visible wavelengths
D) gamma wavelengths

Answer 2

visible wavelengths

Question 3

When you go to the optometrist, he puts drops in your eyes so he can see into your eyes and examine your retina. This causes your pupils to get very large and makes normal levels of light painful. The drug in those drops therefore affected your ______.

A) iris
B) lens
C) cornea
D) sclera

Answer 3

iris

Question 4

The process of focusing on near or distant objects involves ______.

A) changing the shape of the cornea
B) changing the shape of the lens
C) changing the shape of the retina
D) muscles behind the eyeball moving the eye forward or backward

Question 5

The correct order of retinal cells, from detection of light to transmission to the brain, is ______.

A) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
B) bipolar cells, rods and cones, ganglion cells
C) ganglion cells, rods and cones, bipolar cells
D) bipolar cells, ganglion cells, amacrine cells

Question 6

Collectively, the rods and cones are known as ______ and are located ______.

A) ganglion cells; at the front of the blind spot
B) the fovea; between the bipolar and ganglion cells
C) photoreceptors; at the back of the retina
D) the retina; at the back of the photoreceptors

Question 7

The photopigment utilized by rods is ______, while the photopigment utilized by cones is

A) one of three different varieties of iodopsin; rhodopsin
B) one of three different varieties of rhodopsin; iodopsin
C) iodopsin; one of three different varieties of rhodopsin
D) rhodopsin; one of three different varieties of iodopsin

Question 8

Which of the following statements about cones in the retina is FALSE?

A) They distinguish among different wavelengths.
B) They provide the poorest visual acuity.
C) They are most numerous in the fovea.
D) They contain one of three different color photopigments.

Question 9

Which of the following would you expect of a species that is active during the night and sleeps during the day?

A) It would have more rods and fewer cones in its retinas than a daytime organism.
B) Their fovea would be larger than a species that is active during the day.
C) This species would have poor vision in the dark.
D) It would have more cones and fewer rods in its retina than a daytime organism.

Question 10

If you were suffering a stroke affecting your left primary visual cortex, what would be a major symptom?

A) You would not see anything from your right eye.
B) You would not see anything from the right side of each eye.
C) You would not see anything coming from your left eye.
D) You would not see anything from the left side of each eye.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is TRUE about processing of information coming from both eyes?

A) It is integrated in the LGN.
B) It is integrated in area V1.
C) It is processed in separate areas of the thalamus.
D) It is processed in separate areas of area V1.

Question 12

According to the text, Kalena should be able to have a good understanding of how the visual system works by learning about which three main processes?

A) inhibition, retinal disparity, and excitation
B) hierarchical processing, chemical transmission, and retinal disparity
C) excitation, modularity, and chemical transmission
D) inhibition, modularity, and hierarchical processing

Question 13

How many people worldwide are estimated to be suffering from some form of visual impairment in one form or another?

A) 200 million
B) 285 million
C) 350 million
D) 500 million

Question 14

How does the current optogenetic method work to restore vision?

A) It indirectly stimulates ganglion cells via the bipolar and horizontal cells.
B) It converts light into electrical signals.
C) It causes the ganglion cells to work like photoreceptors.
D) It leads to the generation of new rods and cones to replace the damaged ones.

Question 15

According to the combined theory of color vision, evidence of the trichromatic theory occurs at the level of the ______, while evidence for the opponent process theory occurs at the level of the ______.

A) horizontal cells; ganglion cells
B) rods; cones
C) ganglion cells; cones
D) cones; ganglion cells

Question 16

Which of the following statements is NOT evidence of the combined theory of color vision?

A) the color response curves
B) overlap responses of all three cone types
C) discovery of color-opponent cells in monkeys
D) the use of subtractive color mixing

Question 17

To explain what his red-green color blindness was like, Pedro commented that he ______.

A) saw gray when he saw things that were colored red or green
B) was unable to identify the differences in details between the US and UK flags
C) saw two different lights on a traffic light being similarly colored
D) was very light-sensitive

Question 18

What is the first step in forming vision?

A) determining the color of an object
B) detecting the boundaries of an object
C) awareness of the object
D) determining where in space the object is located

Question 19

At what level of the visual system do the Mach band and Hermann grid illusions occur?

A) retina
B) thalamus
C) primary visual cortex
D) visual association areas

Question 20

In lateral inhibition, the greater the stimulation of a receptor, the ______ the inhibition of its neighbor, and thus the ______ the perception.

A) more; darker
B) more; lighter
C) less; darker
D) less; lighter

Question 21

Which of the following is a main difference between the receptive fields of ganglion cells and the receptive fields of cortical cells?

A) Those of ganglion cells are arranged side by side, while those of cortical cells have a circular arrangement.
B) Those of ganglion cells have a circular arrangement, while those of cortical cells are arranged side by side.
C) Those of ganglion cells detect bars of light, while those of cortical cells detect spots of light
D) none of these

Question 22

The type of arrangement of the receptive fields of cortical cells provide us with what type of visual information?

A) the border of an object that is lighter or darker than its background
B) spots of light-dark contrasts
C) differences in colors of objects in the environment
D) none of these

Question 23

As Hubel and Weisel discovered, orientation cells are arranged in such a way that each section of cortex includes a column made up of a complete 360-degree set of orientation cells. These columns are about a distance of ______.

A) 0.2-0.5 mm
B) 0.3-0.6 mm
C) 0.4-0.8 mm
D) 0.5-1.0 mm

Question 24

The edges of an object represent ______, while the surface of the object represents ______

A) no change in brightness; high-frequency change in brightness.
B) high-frequency change in brightness; no change in brightness.
C) high-frequency change in brightness; low-frequency change in brightness
D) low-frequency change in brightness; no change in brightness

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding the function of complex cells is TRUE?

A) Some cells respond to low frequencies found in an object's border.
B) Some cells respond to high frequencies that give depth to the features of a face.
C) Some cells respond to alternating light and dark bars.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 26

The ______ theory postulates that the visual system performs a Fourier frequency analysis of the brightness variations in a scene and not just to detect edges.

A) spatial frequency
B) Hubel and Wiesel
C) Mach band
D) combined

Question 27

You are looking at your friend's pictures on his smartphone. One of them is really blurry, but you still can tell who it is. What is missing from this picture?

A) low-frequency details
B) high-frequency details
C) both low- and high-frequency details
D) neither low- nor high-frequency details

Question 28

Evidence from a study showing cells responding to faces are located in a large area within the temporal lobe provides evidence for ______.

A) modular processing
B) distributed processing
C) disparity processing
D) higher-order processing

Question 29

Which of the following is a main difference between the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways of vision?

A) Parvocellular cells are larger than magnocellular cells.
B) Parvocellular cells are more numerous than magnocellular cells.
C) Magnocellular cells more numerous in the fovea of the eye compared to parvocellular cells.
D) Magnocellular cells have smaller receptive fields than parvocellular cells.

Question 30

Individuals who are completely color blind MOST likely show lack of functioning in the ______.

A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) magnocellular system
C) parvocellular system
D) dorsal pathway

Question 31

Processing contrasts in brightness for depth perception is a function of ______.

A) V1 cells
B) ventral pathway
C) parvocellular system
D) magnocellular system

Question 32

The response of the magnocellular system to movement is most evident when we perceive visual information coming in from our ______.

A) retinal fovea
B) blind spot
C) retinal periphery
D) optic chiasm

Question 33

After initial processing in V1, to which other lobe does the visual information from the parvocellular system travel?

A) occipital lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 34

After initial processing in V1, to which other lobe does the visual information from the magnocellular system travel?

A) occipital lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 35

Area V5 receives most of its input from the ______.

A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) parietal lobe
C) magnocellular system
D) parvocellular system

Question 36

Visual information from the dorsal and ventral streams eventually travels to which cortical area?

A) prefrontal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) occipital Lobe
D) lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 37

Which of the following statements is evidence of damage to the ventral stream?

A) trouble reaching accurately for an object
B) problems walking around objects in a path
C) trouble grasping an object
D) problems identifying an object

Question 38

Regarding location, the visual movement areas of the brain are close to an area that analyzes input from a structure that monitors ______.

A) memory consolidation
B) auditory processing
C) eye movements
D) body motion

Question 39

The dorsal stream is also called the ______ pathway due to its role in action.

A) why
B) when
C) how
D) where

Question 40

The kind of deficit caused by impairment of a visual processing area is called ______.

A) ataxia
B) aphasia
C) dementia
D) agnosia

Question 41

Stephen had a stroke, but he was rushed to the hospital in time to reverse most of the effects of the stroke. However, he did notice that he could no longer recognize his wife or family members by face. If his doctor performed an MRI scan of his brain, what brain area would most likely have been affected by the stroke?

A) primary visual cortex
B) V5/MT
C) fusiform face area
D) posterior parietal cortex

Question 42

When it comes to face processing, what type of information produces activity in the left fusiform gyrus?

A) faces of animals
B) discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar faces
C) human faces
D) face-like images

Question 43

When it comes to face processing, what type of information produces activity in the medial temporal lobe?

A) faces of animals
B) discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar faces
C) human faces
D) face-like images

Question 44

What is the estimated prevalence rate of individuals showing symptoms of prosopagnosia without any known history of brain damage?

A) 1%
B) 1.5%
C) 2%
D) 2.5%

Question 45

According to recent research, symptoms of prosopagnosia appear to be due to decreased ______.

A) communication of the FFA with temporal and frontal cortex areas
B) responding in the inferior temporal lobe
C) responding in the facial memory areas of the brain
D) responding in the FFA

Question 46

In one study, what happened in the FFA of the brain of human participants who learned to recognize greebles?

A) The FFA did not activate to greebles as it does to human faces.
B) The FFA activated to greebles as it does to human faces.
C) The FFA activated significantly more to greebles compared to human faces.
D) The FFA showed inhibitory responding to greebles compared to human faces.

Question 47

Jerry has been blind for several decades. If you show him a picture of a bear that is snarling and about to attack, he says he cannot see anything. Nevertheless, for some reason he feels a bit scared about the picture. What did Jerry just experience?

A) James-Lange blindness
B) magnocellular transference
C) blind sight
D) cortical fear

Question 48

What is the result of damage to the VWFA?

A) trouble identifying whole words
B) trouble identifying faces
C) trouble identifying tools
D) trouble identifying houses

Question 49

What is the approximate location of the visual word form area in the brain?

A) near to Wernicke's area
B) near to Broca's area
C) in the inferior temporal cortex
D) in the superior temporal cortex

Question 50

In adults with dyslexia, the VWFA is typically ______ during reading.

A) overactivated
B) underactivated
C) just as responsive as that of a normal adult
D) dysregulated

Question 51

Color agnosia is ______.

A) the loss of ability to perceive color due to damage to the cone receptors
B) the ability to see more color than the average individual due to hyperactivity in the cone receptors
C) the loss of ability to perceive color due to damage in the brain
D) the ability to see more color than the average individual due to hyperactivity in the brain

Question 52

What is a main difference between in color perception between V1 and V4 cells?

A) V1 cells respond to wavelength, while V4 cells respond to color.
B) V1 cells respond to color, while V4 cells respond to wavelength.
C) Both V1 and V4 cells process wavelength.
D) Both V1 and V4 cells process color.

Question 53

It is hypothesized that the receptive fields of V4 cells are similar to those of ______.

A) the ganglion cells
B) the V1 cells
C) the simple cells
D) the complex cells

Question 54

The receptive fields of V4 cells are ______.

A) wavelength coded
B) small and circular
C) large and columnar
D) color opposed

Question 55

Which of the following statements about V5 functioning is FALSE?

A) It is the first visual area in the brain that detects movement.
B) It helps direct reaching movement.
C) It helps direct eye movement when tracking moving objects.
D) It integrates information about movement.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a stroke patient who had damage to her V5?

A) She was still able to make visually guided finger movements.
B) She found it easier to detect movement of people in a room if there were more than two persons present.
C) She was still able to make visually guided eye movements.
D) She was able to distinguish between stationary and moving objects only in her periphery.

Question 57

Problems with radial movement include an inability to detect when an object is ______.

A) approaching you
B) moving away for you
C) moving in a circular motion
D) moving upward or downward

Question 58

Which structure seems most implicated in radial movement?

A) V5
B) MST
C) V4
D) MT

Question 59

A patient with neglect symptoms typically ______ due to damage to the right posterior ______ area.

A) ignores the left half of the body; parietal
B) ignores the right half of the body; frontal
C) has nerve damage to medial portions of the spinal cord; temporal
D) has agnosia for movement bilaterally; parietal

Question 60

When asked to draw a picture, patients with neglect will ______.

A) complete the drawing using the right hand only.
B) complete the drawing using the left hand only.
C) draw only one side of the picture.
D) draw a complete picture but with very little details.

Question 61

When experiencing a happy moment like a birthday party, we integrate the sounds, smells, tastes, and emotions into a singular event. This process is called ______.

A) synesthesia
B) binding
C) summation
D) schizophrenia

Question 62

Which of the following brain areas has NOT been suggested as the main area where binding takes place?

A) the insular cortex
B) the superior temporal gyrus
C) the parietal cortex
D) the frontal lobe

Question 63

Because of the various hypothesized brain areas for where binding may be occurring, it is suggested that visual awareness may be more ______.

A) modular
B) distributed
C) localized
D) restricted

Question 64

It has been observed that after a stimulus occurs, activity between V1 and V5 continues back and forth for a period of about ______.

A) a few hundred nanoseconds
B) a few hundred seconds
C) a few hundred milliseconds
D) 1 minute

Question 65

Disrupting the back-and-forth communication between the ______ and ______ regions affects perception of movement.

A) V1; V2
B) V2; V4
C) V1; V5
D) V2; V5

Question 66

As stated in the application, ______ is a condition in which stimulating one sense results in an experience in another sense (such as tasting colors).

A) change blindness
B) synesthesia
C) gustatory vision
D) schizophrenia

Question 67

Synesthesia is the result of ______.

A) decreased communication among brain areas
B) insufficient binding of sensory information
C) over-binding of sensory information
D) too much inhibition of neural pathways

Question 68

Some of the genes that have been implicated in synesthesia are involved in ______.

A) axon guidance and cortical development
B) memory consolidation
C) neurogenesis
D) neural pruning

Question 69

The fovea is where the blind spot is located.

Question 70

Color agnosia is the inability to perceive color due to damage to the cone receptors.

Question 71

Describe what happens when light strikes a photoreceptor. Include the effects on photopigments and release of transmitter by photoreceptors.

Question 72

Describe the visual pathways. Include in your answer cells and layers of the retina and their projections to the thalamus and to cortical areas.

Question 73

Describe how colors are detected and processed in the retina before being sent to the brain.

Question 74

Describe how colors are detected and processed in the magnocellular and parvocellular systems, in complete and partial color blindness, and in color constancy.

Question 75

Describe the concept of receptive fields and the functions of simple and complex cells.

Question 76

Delineate the functions of the magnocellular and parvocellular visual systems. Include information on origins and destinations.

Question 77

Describe some forms of blindness and the treatments being developed to restore sight in these individuals.

Question 78

Define object agnosia, prosopagnosia, color agnosia, and movement agnosia. What causes these syndromes?

Question 79

Define lateral inhibition and, using an example, describe how it works to define an object's edge.