Deck 14: Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Question 1

In preindustrial societies, children entered the adult world when they matured physically or when they began a vocational apprenticeship.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In adolescent boys, follicle-stimulating hormone initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Luteinizing hormone contributes to faster body growth, oilier skin, and the development of body odor during adolescence.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In boys, the ovaries increase the manufacture of androgens, particularly testosterone, which stimulate growth of male genitals.

Question 5

In girls, testosterone influences growth of the clitoris as well as of the bones and of pubic and axillary hair.

Question 6

In males, the secondary sex characteristics include the testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.

Question 7

In the context of the adolescent growth spurt, fat accumulates twice as rapidly in boys as in girls.

Question 8

The adolescent growth spurt typically lasts about 2 years.

Question 9

Girls with a higher percentage of body fat in early childhood and those who experience unusual weight gain between ages 5 and 9 tend to show earlier pubertal development than their peers.

Question 10

Early maturation decreases the likelihood of accelerated skeletal maturation.

Question 11

Compared to early maturing boys, late maturing boys feel more inadequate, self-conscious, rejected, and dominated.

Question 12

Early maturing girls tend to be particularly vulnerable to risky behavior and the influence of deviant peers.

Question 13

The pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood begins in the rear portions of the brain and moves forward.

Question 14

Cognitive stimulation in adolescence makes a critical difference in the brain's development.

Question 15

Exercise decreases the likelihood an adolescent will participate in risky behavior.

Question 16

A person affected with anorexia deliberately refuses food needed for sustenance yet cannot stop doing so even when rewarded or punished.

Question 17

People with bulimia are usually overweight and are likely to engage in frequent binging but without subsequent fasting.

Question 18

Alcohol is a potent, mind-altering drug with major effects on physical, emotional, and social well-being.

Question 19

Marijuana smoke helps increase perception, alertness, and attention span in school children.

Question 20

The earlier young people start to use a drug, the more frequently they are likely to use it and the greater their tendency to abuse it.

Question 21

Which of the following characterizes adolescence?

A) In preindustrial societies, children entered the adult world when they got married.
B) As a result of the globalization of adolescence, adolescence has become the same the world over.
C) Adolescence involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
D) In most parts of the world, entry into adulthood has become shorter and clearer than in the past.

Question 22

In the context of the globalization of adolescence, which of the following is true about adolescence in different cultures?

A) In India, adolescents fail to maintain strong family ties.
B) In the United States, adolescents are spending less time with their parents and confiding in them less.
C) In Niger and other African countries, teenage girls strive to be as thin as possible and are obsessed with their weight.
D) In Western countries, obesity in adolescence is considered beautiful.

Question 23

In the context of the globalization of adolescence, which of the following is true about adolescence in non-Western countries?

A) In Latin America, puberty brings more restrictions on boys than on girls.
B) In Istanbul, a girl must learn the proper way to serve tea when a suitor comes to call.
C) In Asia, sexual exploits of girls are tolerated by parents and admired by peers.
D) In Laos, a boy spends close to 3 hours a day husking, washing, and steaming rice.

Question 24

During puberty, an increase in ________ in the hypothalamus leads to a rise in two key reproductive hormones, which are follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

A) insulin levels
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
C) dehydroepiandrosterone
D) blood sugar or blood glucose levels

Question 25

In girls, increased levels of ________ lead to the onset of menstruation.

A) luteinizing hormone
B) melatonin
C) serotonin
D) follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 26

Which of the following is true of puberty in humans?

A) In boys, follicle-stimulating hormone initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione.
B) The first stage of puberty occurs between ages 4 and 6.
C) Puberty is marked by the activation of the adrenal glands and the maturing of the sex organs.
D) Girls have higher levels of androgens, and boys have higher levels of estrogen.

Question 27

During the first stage of puberty, the ________ located above the kidneys secrete gradually increasing levels of androgens, principally dehydroepiandrosterone.

A) pituitary glands
B) adrenal glands
C) thyroid glands
D) lacrimal glands

Question 28

The increasing level of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the first stage of puberty results in

A) an accumulation of leptin.
B) reduced axillary hair.
C) faster body growth.
D) reduction in body odor.

Question 29

In the second stage of puberty, a girl's ovaries increase their output of ________, which stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts and pubic and underarm hair.

A) estrogen
B) ghrelin
C) leptin
D) melatonin

Question 30

Which of the following occurs in the second stage of puberty?

A) In boys, the testes increase the manufacture of testosterone.
B) The adrenal glands stop secreting dehydroepiandrosterone.
C) In girls, the ovaries increase their output of androgens.
D) There is a reduction in body growth.

Question 31

In the context of pubertal development, according to Wu, Mendola, and Buck (2002), which of the following statements is true about race and ethnicity?

A) A higher percentage of Hispanic girls enter puberty when compared with African American girls at 7 years of age.
B) African American girls enter puberty earlier than do white girls.
C) A higher percentage of white girls enter puberty when compared with Hispanic girls at 7 years of age.
D) White girls enter puberty earlier than do Mexican American girls.

Question 32

Identify a true statement about the second stage of puberty.

A) In boys, the testes increase their output of estrogen, resulting in temporary breast enlargement.
B) Melatonin stimulates growth of male genitals, muscle mass, and body hair.
C) Leptin stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts and pubic and underarm hair.
D) In girls, testosterone influences growth of the clitoris as well as of the bones and of pubic and axillary hair.

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of primary sex characteristics?

A) the growth of axillary hair
B) the breasts of females
C) the growth of pubic hair
D) the ovaries of females

Question 34

According to Susman and Rogol (2004), which of the following is typically the first external signs of puberty in girls?

A) coarse and oily skin
B) the enlargement of the vagina
C) the development of body odor
D) breast tissue and pubic hair

Question 35

Identify a true statement about the adolescent growth spurt.

A) It refers to a sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity.
B) It generally begins in boys at about age 8 and in girls at age 16.
C) It begins immediately after a young person attains sexual maturity and lasts for about 5 years.
D) It remains unaffected by the presence of androgens and estrogen.

Question 36

In the context of the adolescent growth spurt, between the ages of 11 and 13, girls on average are ________ than boys.

A) weaker
B) happier
C) shorter
D) heavier

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent growth spurt?

A) Boys' growth spurt usually occurs 2 years earlier than that of girls.
B) During the growth spurt, parts of the body are likely to be out of proportion for a while.
C) The growth spurt in boys and girls involves similar changes in form and shape.
D) Boys between ages 11 and 13 tend to be taller, heavier, and stronger than girls the same age.

Question 38

The principal sign of sexual maturity in boys is

A) the production of sperm.
B) the widening of the shoulders.
C) the accumulation of fat under their skin.
D) the deepening of their voice.

Question 39

The first ejaculation that occurs at an average age of 13 in boys is known as

A) menarche.
B) menstruation.
C) spermarche.
D) follicle stimulation.

Question 40

A nocturnal emission is

A) a sign of maltreatment in boys.
B) a result of delayed onset of puberty.
C) associated with frequent masturbation.
D) an involuntary ejaculation of semen.

Question 41

Polina, a 12-year-old girl, has been experiencing significant physical changes in the past year. Presently, she does not complain of any sort of itching and swelling on the vaginal walls. During the course of the day, she finds spots of blood on her panties and feels awful because she is experiencing this for the first time. Which of the following is Polina experiencing in this scenario?

A) menarche
B) spermarche
C) menopause
D) andropause

Question 42

The secular trend involving increased adult height and weight in the United States is least likely to be caused by

A) cultural diversity.
B) improved health care.
C) better nourishment.
D) a higher standard of living.

Question 43

Which of the following is true about influences on pubertal timing?

A) Both boys and girls start puberty and reach full sexual maturity at almost the same time.
B) The average age of sexual maturity is earlier in developing countries than in developed countries.
C) Undernutrition has been associated with delayed onset of puberty and a reduced puberty growth spurt.
D) Children who are healthier, better nourished, and better cared tend to mature later than their counterparts.

Question 44

Studies suggest that an accumulation of ________, a hormone associated with obesity, is likely to be the link between body fat and earlier puberty in girls.

A) dehydroepiandrosterone
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
C) leptin
D) melatonin

Question 45

In the context of the studies conducted by S. E. Anderson et al. (2003) and Lee et al. (2007), who among the following girls is most likely to attain sexual maturity later than the others?

A) Zoya, whose mother smoked when she was pregnant with Zoya
B) Riya, who is regularly exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals
C) Salma, who has an average weight body
D) Marwa, who was raised in a developed country

Question 46

In the context of the studies conducted by Maisonet et al. (2010), who among the following is most likely to experience menarche later than the others?

A) Simone, who shares a distant and conflicting relationship with her father
B) Amanda, whose mother abuses her physically
C) Miranda, who was raised by a single mother
D) Alyssa, who has an elder brother and a younger sister

Question 47

Which of the following is true about the various factors that influence pubertal timing?

A) Having a high body mass index in childhood or being obese appears to accelerate puberty rather than delay it.
B) Being overweight, rather than either thin or obese, results in a delayed start to puberty in boys.
C) Those children who are exposed to high stress when young tend to reach pubertal milestones earlier than those who are not.
D) Girls with close supportive paternal relationships tend to reach menarche earlier than girls with absent, distant, or conflictual relationships with their fathers.

Question 48

In the context of the implications of early and late maturation, compared with their counterparts,

A) early maturing girls are less likely to suffer from eating disorders or demonstrate precocious sexual activity.
B) early maturing boys demonstrate a higher incidence of conduct and behavioral disorders during adolescence.
C) late maturing boys are unlikely to have conflict with parents or get into trouble at school.
D) late maturing girls are at increased risk for poor psychological outcomes.

Question 49

In the context of the adolescent brain, the pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood

A) reduces the brain's efficiency.
B) begins in the rear portions of the brain and moves forward.
C) results in an increase in density of gray matter.
D) occurs very quickly and reaches the frontal lobes before adolescence.

Question 50

The ________ during childhood results in a reduction in density of nerve cells, thus increasing the brain's efficiency.

A) significant increase in the number of neuronal connections
B) underdevelopment of frontal cortical systems
C) decrease in white matter
D) pruning of unused dendritic connections

Question 51

Which of the following is true of brain structures in adolescents?

A) The pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood results in a reduction in density of gray matter, thus decreasing the brain's efficiency.
B) The fully developed frontal cortical systems associated with motivation, impulsivity, and addiction may help explain why adolescents tend to seek thrills and novelty.
C) By mid- to late adolescence, young people have fewer but stronger, smoother, and more effective neuronal connections, making cognitive processing more efficient.
D) Adolescents process information similarly as adults do.

Question 52

Melatonin is a hormone that is associated with

A) sleep.
B) obesity.
C) sexual maturation.
D) menstruation.

Question 53

The timing of secretion of the hormone ________ is a gauge of when the brain is ready for sleep.

A) melatonin
B) serotonin
C) leptin
D) estrogen

Question 54

Identify a true statement about sleep needs and problems of adolescents.

A) White and Hispanic students are the most likely to be sleep deprived.
B) Insufficient sleep is not associated with an increased risk for obesity and diabetes.
C) Sleeping in on weekends does not make up for the loss of sleep on school nights.
D) Most U.S. adolescents age 13 to 18 sleep regularly for a minimum of 8 to 10 hours per 24-hour period.

Question 55

Compared to children in their early and middle childhood, most adolescents

A) consume less foods that are high in fat.
B) eat more nutritious foods.
C) consume less foods that are high in cholesterol.
D) eat fewer fruits and vegetables.

Question 56

Which of the following is true about the prevalence of overweight and obesity?

A) Within high-income countries, such as Greece and Italy, teen girls are more likely to be overweight than teen boys.
B) Among older adolescents, obesity is 50 percent more prevalent in those from affluent and rich families than those from poor families.
C) In the United States, 13- to 15-year-olds are about twice as likely to be overweight as their age-mates in 14 other industrialized countries.
D) Mexican American girls and boys and non-Hispanic black girls are less likely to be overweight than non-Hispanic white adolescents.

Question 57

Which of the following is true of obesity?

A) Weight-loss programs that use behavioral modification techniques have not shown any success.
B) Overweight teenagers are unlikely to remain obese in adulthood.
C) Overweight teenagers tend to be in poorer health than their peers.
D) Undernutrition and overweight are mutually exclusive.

Question 58

Which of the following is true about body image in adolescents?

A) Asian American boys and girls have the lowest levels of body dissatisfaction.
B) Overall, boys tend to be more satisfied with their bodies than girls.
C) Girls express the most dissatisfaction when underweight rather than when overweight.
D) Usually, boys tend to be more satisfied when overweight than with an average weight body.

Question 59

As part of a study, five hundred 15-year-old girls across different cultures in the United States are asked to fill an online questionnaire. The questionnaire includes open-ended questions about their views on dieting and ideal body weight and asks them to rate their levels of body satisfaction on a scale of 1 to 5. In the context of the study conducted by Buccianeri et al. (2016), who among the following is most likely to report the highest levels of body dissatisfaction?

A) Maria, who is a white girl
B) Natalia, who is a Hispanic girl
C) Amaira, who is an Asian American girl
D) Hannah, who is an African American girl

Question 60

As part of a study, five hundred 15-year-old boys and girls across different cultures in the United States are asked to fill an online questionnaire. The questionnaire includes open-ended questions about their views on dieting and ideal body weight and asks them to rate their levels of body satisfaction on a scale of 1 to 5. In the context of the studies conducted by Gillen and Lefkowitz (2012) and Wardle et al. (2004), who among the following is most likely to be satisfied with his or her body and least likely to be concerned about weight and dieting?

A) Ellison, who is an Asian American boy
B) Chloe, who is an African American girl
C) Charlotte, who is a white girl
D) William, who is a white boy

Question 61

In the context of nutrition and eating disorders, which of the following is an early warning sign of anorexia nervosa in adolescent girls?

A) excessively inactive lifestyle
B) excessive bleeding during menstrual cycles
C) determined, secret dieting
D) setting higher weight goals after reaching an initial desired weight

Question 62

Kyra, a 16-year-old girl, is severely underweight but thinks that she is too fat. She exercises daily for 3 hours and cuts her food into very small pieces while eating. She has not gotten her periods for the last 6 months. She is usually depressed and sounds confused. In this scenario, Kyra is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) dyslexia.
D) pica.

Question 63

Which of the following is most likely associated with anorexia nervosa?

A) lack of exercise
B) dissatisfaction after losing weight
C) self-induced vomiting and purging
D) poor academic achievement

Question 64

A person with anorexia

A) is typically an underachiever in school.
B) is typically a perfectionist.
C) usually thinks he or she is too thin.
D) often goes on huge, short-lived eating binges.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about anorexia nervosa is true?

A) People with anorexia are typically overweight.
B) In Western countries, males are more likely than females to have anorexia nervosa.
C) Anorexia is, paradoxically, both deliberate and involuntary.
D) Anorexia involves frequent binging but without subsequent fasting, exercise, or vomiting.

Question 66

Unlike people with anorexia, people with bulimia

A) tend to engage in repetitive, perfectionist behavior.
B) are obsessed with their weight and shape.
C) score high on self-esteem and extroversion.
D) tend to indulge in excessive exercising.

Question 67

Sallie studies at a professional dance academy in Chicago. She often eats huge quantities of food to overcome feelings of sadness and insecurity. Soon after these binges, she forces herself to expel the food through vomiting or by using laxatives. Even though she has a normal weight, Sallie is always preoccupied with her figure. She is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) substance dependence.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) insomnia.
D) bulimia nervosa.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true about the treatment for anorexia?

A) Medications such as fluoxetine are used during primary therapy.
B) The immediate goal of the treatment is to get patients to eat and gain weight.
C) After the treatment, teens who participate in individual therapy show more lasting gains than those who participate in family therapy.
D) The patients are taught ways to avoid the temptation to binge eat and purge using certain medications.

Question 69

In the context of treatment and outcomes of eating disorders, identify a true statement about anorexia nervosa.

A) Among the surviving anorexia patients, almost 90 percent make a full recovery.
B) More than 50 percent of anorexia patients drop out of treatment before achieving an appropriate weight.
C) Mortality rates among those affected with anorexia nervosa have been estimated at about 10 percent of cases.
D) Recovery rates for anorexia nervosa are better than recovery rates for bulimia nervosa.

Question 70

________ is the repeated, harmful use of a substance and is likely to lead to ________, which may be physiological, psychological, or both and is likely to continue into adulthood.

A) Substance deprivation; substance abuse
B) Substance abuse; substance dependence
C) Substance dependence; substance abuse
D) Substance deprivation; substance dependence

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true about alcohol and tobacco use?

A) Adolescents exposed to alcohol and drugs before the age of 15 are less likely than others to continue substance abuse.
B) Adolescents who believe that their parents disapprove of smoking are less likely than others to smoke.
C) Having an alcoholic parent significantly decreases the risk of early alcohol use in adolescents.
D) The influence of older siblings who drink alcohol reduces the likelihood of alcohol use in adolescents.

Question 72

Which of the following is true about depression during adolescence?

A) At least one in five persons who experience bouts of depression in childhood or adolescence are at risk for bipolar disorder.
B) Depression rates generally decrease with increasing age.
C) Adolescent boys, especially early maturing boys, are more likely to be depressed than adolescent girls.
D) Depression in young people necessarily appears as sadness rather than as irritability, boredom, or inability to experience pleasure.

Question 73

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are

A) antidepressant medications.
B) odorous chemicals that attract mates.
C) estrogen mimics found in many plastics.
D) reproductive hormones.

Question 74

According to Child Trends DataBank (2015), which of the following is the second leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States?

A) depression
B) sexually transmitted diseases
C) cancer
D) homicides

Question 75

Which of the following is true about firearm-related deaths?

A) Having a firearm in the home and being the victim of a homicide are mutually exclusive.
B) The homicide rate for white male teens is more than 20 times higher than that of African American male teens.
C) Firearm-related deaths are less common in the United States than in other industrialized countries.
D) Adolescent boys are eight times more likely to be fatally shot than girls.

Question 76

According to Minino (2010), which of the following is the third leading cause of death among U.S. 15- to 19-year-olds?

A) Accidents
B) Cancer
C) Homicides
D) Suicides

Question 77

According to the study conducted by Kegler (2017), which of the following is true about suicides?

A) Suicide is the most leading cause of death among U.S. 15- to 19-year-olds.
B) Suicide rates continued to rise through 2015, with firearms remaining the most common method used.
C) In 2004, suicide rates dropped significantly, with the largest decreases among teenage girls.
D) Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths have low rates of suicide or attempted suicide.

Question 78

A group of teenagers witnesses a fatal accident in an amusement park that involves their classmates. After the accident, they live in constant fear. Their academic scores drop significantly, and they are perpetually depressed and stressed. The group consists of Aniyah, an African American girl; Liam, a Native American boy; Paul, an Asian American boy; and Jeanne, a Hispanic girl. According to the AAP Committee on Adolescence (2000), who among the following is least likely to attempt suicide in the near future?

A) Jeanne
B) Paul
C) Aniyah
D) Liam

Question 79

Which of the following statements regarding adolescent suicide is correct?

A) Among all ethnic groups, African American girls have the highest suicide rate.
B) Young people who attempt suicide tend to have histories of emotional illness.
C) Among all ethnic groups, white adolescents have the lowest suicide rate.
D) Suicide rates are low among homosexual and bisexual adolescents.

Question 80

Discuss the hormonal changes that affect both boys and girls during puberty.