Deck 11: Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Growth during middle childhood increases considerably.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Girls retain less fatty tissue than boys during middle childhood, a characteristic that will persist through adulthood.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Primary teeth begin to fall out at about age 6 and are replaced by permanent teeth at a rate of about four teeth per year for the next 5 years.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Untreated dental caries can result in pain, difficulties chewing food, missed school, problems with concentration, and discomfort with appearance.

Question 5

During middle childhood, there is a decrease in the density of gray matter, which is made of glial cells.

Question 6

In the frontal lobes of the human brain, gray matter volume peaks at age 11.

Question 7

White matter density of the brain steadily decreases during middle childhood.

Question 8

Nutritionists recommend a varied diet for children, including plenty of grains, fruits and vegetables, and high levels of complex carbohydrates such as whole grains.

Question 9

As children grow older, pressures and opportunities for unhealthy eating decrease.

Question 10

Persistent snoring, at least three times per week, may indicate that a child has sleep paralysis.

Question 11

Surgical removal of adenoids and tonsils in children with sleep-disordered breathing has been found to worsen neurobehavioral deficits and reduce quality of life.

Question 12

Motor skills stop improving in middle childhood.

Question 13

Rough-and-tumble play peaks in early childhood.

Question 14

Obesity has become a major health issue for children worldwide.

Question 15

The adverse health effects of being overweight for children are similar to those faced by adults.

Question 16

The causes of asthma increases are uncertain, but there is likely to be a genetic predisposition.

Question 17

Adherence to ancient beliefs about illness is common in many parts of the nonindustrialized world, but it is not limited to them.

Question 18

Neurobiological deficits are likely to be important in determining whether a particular child with antisocial tendencies will become severely and chronically antisocial.

Question 19

Although separation anxiety is normal in older children, it is a cause for concern when it is found in infants.

Question 20

The exact causes of childhood depression are unknown.

Question 21

Sally is an 8-year-old girl. Her primary teeth have been falling out at a rate of about four teeth each year after she turned 6 years. This process will probably continue until she is about ________ years old.

A) 15
B) 13
C) 11
D) 8

Question 22

Identify a true statement about gray matter in the brain.

A) It is composed of closely packed neurons in the cerebral cortex.
B) It is made of glial cells, which provide support for neurons.
C) Its volume typically shows an S-shaped curve.
D) Its overall volume decreases prepuberty.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of gray matter in the brain?

A) The overall volume of gray matter increases by postpuberty.
B) The amount of gray matter in the frontal cortex is likely linked with differences in IQ.
C) Gray matter is made of glial cells and of myelinated axons.
D) Gray matter volume in the caudate peaks at age 7 in boys and age 10 in girls.

Question 24

Brain development in middle childhood indicates that there is a loss in the density of gray matter. This process reflects the

A) myelination of neural connections.
B) decrease in axons in the nerve cell body.
C) thinning of the temporal and frontal lobes.
D) pruning of unused dendrites.

Question 25

The caudate is a part of the basal ganglia involved in

A) regulating metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system.
B) mediating higher cognitive functions, attention, and emotional states.
C) regulating respiration and spatial understanding.
D) processing visual information.

Question 26

The parietal lobes of the brain deal with

A) emotional expression.
B) language.
C) motor movements.
D) spatial understanding.

Question 27

During middle childhood, there is a loss in the density of gray matter in the brain. This is balanced by

A) the pruning of unused dendrites.
B) an increase in fatty tissue.
C) the demyelination of neural connections.
D) a steady increase in white matter.

Question 28

In the context of brain development, which of the following is most likely to happen to the brain of a child between ages 6 and 13?

A) Striking growth occurs in connections between the temporal and parietal lobes.
B) Cortical thickening occurs in the rear portion of the frontal and parietal cortex in the brain's left hemisphere.
C) The volume of gray matter in the cerebellum peaks.
D) The connections between neurons lose their thickness.

Question 29

Changes in the density of the white matter in the corpus callosum may underlie the advances seen in ________ during late childhood.

A) fine motor control
B) language skills
C) spatial understanding
D) IQ

Question 30

According to Raznahan et al. (2011), overall, the volume of the cortex peaks in

A) infancy to early childhood.
B) late adolescence to middle adulthood.
C) middle childhood.
D) late childhood to early adolescence.

Question 31

To avoid overweight and prevent cardiac problems, children should

A) get only about 35 to 45 percent of their total calories from fat.
B) get at least 15 to 20 percent of their calories from added sugars.
C) consume less than 10 percent of their total calories from saturated fat.
D) consume less than 20 percent of their total calories from complex carbohydrates.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the eating habits of children in their middle childhood?

A) Most children get almost a third of their daily calories from fruits and raw vegetables.
B) Approximately 20 percent of children skip breakfast, a habit associated with a greater risk of obesity.
C) African American and white children are less likely than Hispanic and Asian children to eat fast food.
D) Approximately two-thirds of children eat at fast-food restaurants on any given day.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of fast-food consumption by children in their middle childhood?

A) The socioeconomic status of parents directly impacts children's fast-food consumption.
B) Race and ethnicity do not seem to impact fast-food consumption among children.
C) Approximately one-third of children eat at fast-food restaurants on any given day.
D) Hispanic and Asian children are more likely than white children to eat fast food.

Question 34

Sleep needs decline from about ________ hours a day for 3- to 5-year-olds to a little more than ________ hours a day for ages 6 to 13.

A) 8.5; 6
B) 15; 12
C) 11; 9
D) 12.5; 10

Question 35

Which of the following is a common sleep problem during middle childhood?

A) anorexia nervosa
B) narcolepsy
C) insomnia
D) sleep paralysis

Question 36

Identify a true statement about sleep problems in children.

A) Children who snore sleep 2 to 3 hours less than children who do not snore.
B) Exposure to media screens and physical inactivity do not seem to impact sleep.
C) Children who snore tend to have higher scores on developmental test scores than children who do not snore.
D) Increased television viewing is associated with fewer hours of sleep in children.

Question 37

Persistent snoring, at least three times per week, may indicate that a child has ________, a condition that has been linked to behavioral and learning difficulties.

A) restless legs syndrome
B) sleep-disordered breathing
C) sleep paralysis
D) nocturia

Question 38

Which of the following is true of obstructive sleep apnea?

A) It is a severe form of insomnia.
B) Its primary symptom is resistance to going to bed.
C) It can be treated with continuous positive airway pressure therapy.
D) It is common during middle childhood because children are allowed to set their own bedtimes.

Question 39

Which of the following is true of children's activities during recess?

A) During recess, boys favor games that include verbal expression.
B) Most of the recess activities involve socializing with peers.
C) Children opt to play in cement or concrete surfaces rather than in natural or green areas.
D) Children tend to increase their activity levels as the temperature rises.

Question 40

In the context of recess activities, boys

A) prefer to play in cement or concrete surfaces rather than in natural areas.
B) play more physically active games than girls do.
C) favor games such as hopscotch and jump rope.
D) tend to engage in lower levels of rough-and-tumble play than girls do.

Question 41

Aaron and Jonathan study in second grade. During recess, they race and try to catch each other. When one catches hold of the other, they wrestle and grapple with each other and fall on the ground, laughing and screaming all the way. This behavior exemplifies

A) organized sports.
B) evolutionary play.
C) dominance assertion.
D) rough-and-tumble play.

Question 42

Which of the following is true of children's participation in organized sports?

A) Children's participation in organized sports is high at 77.4 percent.
B) Children from low-income families are more likely to engage in organized sports than those from high-income families.
C) Six- to nine-year-olds need rules that are less flexible than those for older children while playing organized sports.
D) Six- to nine-year-olds need shorter instruction time than older children while playing organized sports.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of overweight in children?

A) Girls are slightly more likely to be overweight than boys.
B) Asian children show higher rates of overweight and obesity than Caucasian (white) children.
C) Health risks likely begin at a lower weight for Asian children than for those of other ethnicities.
D) Overweight is most prevalent among Caucasian (white) boys and Hispanic black girls.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about childhood obesity has been substantiated by research?

A) Adoption studies suggest that heredity is not an important factor that influences obesity.
B) As children get older, activity levels decrease significantly.
C) A positive correlation exists between activity levels and weight gain.
D) Television viewing has been shown to be unrelated to weight gain.

Question 45

________ is a prime result of rising obesity rates among children.

A) Childhood diabetes
B) Hypotension
C) Childhood arthritis
D) Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Question 46

Which of the following is true of overweight children?

A) Obese boys typically have lower levels of cardiometabolic risk factors than obese girls.
B) Overweight children are five times less likely to be obese in adulthood than children who are not obese.
C) The risk for depression is higher for overweight children than for children who are not overweight.
D) The adverse health effects of being overweight for children are different from those faced by adults.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of the recommendations for the prevention and treatment of overweight in children?

A) Treatment should begin early and promote permanent changes in lifestyle.
B) Prevention and intervention programs should focus exclusively on overweight children's health.
C) Effective prevention and intervention programs should promote only weight loss.
D) Schools should ensure that children and adolescents get 30 to 60 minutes of physical exercise each week.

Question 48

Chronic medical conditions refer to

A) infections and warts.
B) occasional, short-term illnesses.
C) recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions that require special health services.
D) diseases for which there are no known cures and treatment in modern medicine or in alternative medicine.

Question 49

Agnes, a 10-year-old girl, was diagnosed with bipolar disorder 3 years ago. She has been undergoing therapy and medical treatment since then. In this scenario, Agnes has a(n)

A) chronic medical condition.
B) acute medical condition.
C) degenerative medical condition.
D) idiopathic medical condition.

Question 50

Which of the following is true of the risk of chronic medical conditions during middle childhood?

A) Children who have overweight mothers are at a higher risk of developing chronic medical conditions than other children are.
B) Caucasian children are at a higher risk of developing chronic medical conditions than black children are.
C) Boys are at a lower risk of developing chronic medical conditions than girls are.
D) Children who are of Hispanic origin are at a lower risk of developing chronic medical conditions than Asian American children are.

Question 51

Which of the following statements about asthma is correct?

A) It is an acute medical condition that lasts for a short period of time.
B) It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood.
C) It is more likely to be diagnosed in black children than in white children.
D) It is now widely regarded as a neurological condition.

Question 52

________ is the result of an insulin deficiency that occurs when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed.

A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Asthma
C) Hypertension
D) Obstructive sleep apnea

Question 53

________ is characterized by insulin resistance and used to be found mainly in overweight and older adults.

A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Asthma
C) Hypertension
D) Type 2 diabetes

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of type 2 diabetes?

A) It results from defective insulin production.
B) It accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all diabetes cases reported in the United States.
C) It accounts for almost all diabetes in children under age 10.
D) It has increased among children as childhood obesity has increased.

Question 55

Which of the following is a treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A) continuous positive airway pressure therapy
B) surgical removal of adenoids and tonsils
C) glucose-lowering medication
D) anti-inflammatory medication

Question 56

Which of the following is true of hypertension?

A) It is characterized by defective insulin production or ineffective insulin action.
B) It is now widely regarded as a neurological condition.
C) It is extremely rare among ethnic minorities.
D) It is considered an "evolving epidemic" of cardiovascular risk.

Question 57

Which of the following refers to involuntary audible or silent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables?

A) stuttering
B) apnea
C) echopraxia
D) asthma

Question 58

Which of the following is true of persistent developmental stuttering?

A) It is four times more common in girls than in boys by fifth grade.
B) It is unaffected by parental reactions.
C) It is especially noticeable at the beginning of a word or phrase.
D) It usually begins when a child is between 7 and 10 years of age.

Question 59

Identify a true statement about the factors associated with children's health.

A) Poor children living in two-parent families are more likely than those in single-parent families to miss school because of illness or injury.
B) Poor children of parents with high educational status are more likely than other children to experience delayed medical care.
C) Poor children living with parents with low educational status are more likely than other children to have chronic conditions.
D) Poor children in minority families are more likely than other children to have access to a regular health care facility.

Question 60

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017c), which of the following is the leading cause of death among school-age U.S. children?

A) jaundice
B) type 1 diabetes
C) accidental injuries
D) genetic disorders

Question 61

Children typically outgrow temper tantrums and disobedient, disregardful, argumentative, hostile, or deliberately annoying behaviors by middle childhood. When such a pattern of behavior persists after age 8, children may be diagnosed with

A) school phobia.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) separation anxiety.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 62

Justin, a 9-year-old boy, has been given detention several times within the last 8 months for unruly and disruptive behavior during class. His teachers have reported that he often talks back and is rude toward them. He disobeys his parents and frequently fights with his siblings. Justin does not have any friends at school, as other children are put off by his behavior. He is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) oppositional defiant disorder.
B) school phobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) pervasive developmental disorder.

Question 63

Which of the following is a characteristic of children with oppositional defiant disorder?

A) fear of going to school
B) popularity with peers
C) avoidance of social situations, such as speaking in class
D) hostility toward adult authority figures

Question 64

A child diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder is likely to

A) be quiet and submissive.
B) have very few friends.
C) have an unrealistic fear of going to school.
D) come from a close-knit, caring family.

Question 65

Which of the following is a symptom of conduct disorder in children?

A) vandalism
B) fear of social situations
C) extreme apathy
D) suicidal thoughts

Question 66

Louie studies in sixth grade. He often steals money from his parents to buy cigarettes. For the past 6 months, he has been lying to his parents and missing his classes. He often bullies smaller children in his neighborhood and gets into physical fights with his classmates. He gets caught stealing from the school cafeteria and is sent to the school counseling center. Louie is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following?

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) separation anxiety
C) school phobia
D) conduct disorder

Question 67

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?

A) conduct disorder
B) school phobia
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) dyslexia

Question 68

True school phobia in children is usually more closely related to

A) oppositional defiant disorder.
B) eating disorders.
C) separation anxiety disorder.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 69

Martin is 10 years old. Since the death of his grandmother 6 months ago, he has been reluctant to be away from his mother. He finds it difficult to sleep at night without his mother next to him. Martin refuses to stay over at any of his friends' houses. While he is at school, he worries that his mother might not be there when he goes home. Based on the given information, Martin is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) separation anxiety disorder.
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C) oppositional defiant disorder.
D) dependent personality disorder.

Question 70

Separation anxiety disorder involves excessive anxiety for at least ________ concerning separation from home or from attachment figures.

A) 8 weeks
B) 6 months
C) 4 weeks
D) 9 months

Question 71

Which of the following is true of separation anxiety disorder?

A) One of the symptoms of this disorder in children is externalizing behaviors.
B) It is a disorder that occurs primarily in infants.
C) It involves excessive anxiety in children for at least 9 weeks concerning separation from home.
D) Children may develop this disorder spontaneously or after a stressful event.

Question 72

Which of the following is a symptom of social phobia?

A) extreme fear of speaking in class
B) vandalism
C) snatching things from other children
D) constant hand-washing

Question 73

Which of the following is true of social phobia?

A) It is most likely to affect children who come from close-knit, caring families.
B) It runs in families, suggesting a genetic component.
C) Children with social phobia tend to have neurological deficits that affect their ability to show empathy.
D) Children with social phobia are spiteful and deliberately annoy others.

Question 74

Unlike separation anxiety, social anxiety

A) is normal in infancy.
B) is unlikely to result from traumatic experiences.
C) is seen in children from close-knit families.
D) tends to increase with age.

Question 75

Children with generalized anxiety disorder

A) are unconcerned with meeting others' expectations.
B) tend to be self-assured.
C) worry about everything.
D) rarely seek approval.

Question 76

Which of the following is true of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) It involves worry that is not focused on any specific aspect of the individual's life.
B) It involves an obsession with repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that often involve irrational fears.
C) It involves extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations.
D) It involves excessive anxiety for at least 4 weeks concerning separation from home or from attachment figures.

Question 77

Claire asks her friends to ring her doorbell only three times. She refuses to open the door unless the doorbell is rung exactly three times. She also taps the floor five times before leaving her house. Claire believes that if she does not follow these routines, she will become contaminated. Claire is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) childhood depression.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 78

Which of the following is true of anxiety disorders?

A) Children with anxiety disorders often show hostility toward adult authority figures.
B) Anxiety disorders clearly lack a genetic component.
C) Children with anxiety disorders tend to be angry and resentful.
D) Anxiety disorders are twice as common among girls as among boys.

Question 79

Jenny, an 11-year-old girl, feels that her life is meaningless since her parents' divorce 3 months ago. She has lost a lot of weight since then. She feels extremely tired and listless for the past few months. She does not find anything interesting and has no desire to eat or to spend time with her friends. Jenny is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) childhood depression
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 80

Which of the following is true of childhood depression?

A) It is an anxiety disorder.
B) It involves normal, temporary sadness.
C) It involves feelings of worthlessness and a prolonged sense of friendlessness.
D) It involves compulsive behaviors, such as constant hand-washing.