Deck 53: Immune Systems

Question 1

Which of the following best characterizes the process of clonal selection that occurs after exposure to a particular pathogen?

A) B cells show the ability to adapt the specific type of receptors they produce and so all B cells in the body undergo an alteration to respond to a particular infection.
B) Only a small subset of B cells will have receptors that bind a particular pathogen and it is specifically these cells that are stimulated to multiply to fight the infection.
C) Pathogens typically reproduce clonally and "clonal selection" refers to the process of selection among pathogen lines to determine which are successful during host infection.
D) All of the statements are accurate characterizations of the process of clonal selection

Answer 1

Only a small subset of B cells will have receptors that bind a particular pathogen and it is specifically these cells that are stimulated to multiply to fight the infection.

Question 2

All cells in our body (e.g., a neuron or muscle cell) possess a type of protein that the immune system uses to identify them as our own cells. This protein is

A) CD4.
B) lactoferrin.
C) MHC I.
D) MHC II.
E) antigen.

Answer 2

MHC I.

Question 3

Which of the following DOES NOT correctly complete this statement: The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is important in

A) distinguishing self from non-self.
B) recognizing infected cells.
C) identifying bacterial pathogens.
D) identifying abnormal cells.
E) presenting antigenic determinants.

Answer 3

identifying bacterial pathogens.

Question 4

The reason(s) that the body has such difficulty combating HIV infection and preventing progression to AIDS is because

A) HIV mutates slowly.
B) HIV targets both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
C) HIV blocks antigen recognition by macrophages.
D) HIV destroys MHC molecules.
E) HIV blocks the inflammatory response.

Question 5

Antigens specifically associate with an antibody's

A) hinge region.
B) heavy chain constant regions only.
C) variable regions of the heavy chains and light chains combined.
D) light chain variable regions only.
E) tail.

Question 6

______ release the cytokines IL-1 and TNF, which activate _______.

A) Helper T cells, B cells
B) Macrophages, complement
C) Helper T cells, antigen presenting cells
D) Macrophages, helper T cells
E) Non-antigenic cells, CD4 cells

Question 7

Cell mediated immunity is mostly the function of

A) cytotoxic T cells.
B) B cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) complement cells.
E) mast cells.

Question 8

The protection provided through transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus is an example of

A) active immunity.
B) passive immunity.
C) cell-mediated immunity.
D) clonal selection.
E) autoimmunity.

Question 9

Which type of phagocytic immune cell would you find in the nasal epithelium?

A) monocyte
B) macrophage
C) basophil
D) mast cell
E) natural killer cell

Question 10

The initial stages of the inflammatory response are characterized by

A) the release of cytokines.
B) vasodilation.
C) leukocyte movement through the capillary wall.
D) the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells.
E) All of these statements are correct.

Question 11

What is "social immunity"?

A) The immunity acquired by disease transmission from nest mate to nest mate.
B) The immunity acquired by lining colony nests with antimicrobial secretions.
C) The prevention of infection by quick removal of dead and diseased animals from the nest.
D) The transfer of infection resistance from immunized to susceptible organisms.
E) The immunity acquired by dilution of a pathogen's effectiveness in a large population.

Question 12

You are trying to determine if honeybees have social immunity to nosema, an economically devastating parasite that attacks adult honeybees. You mark some honeybees with a spot of red dye and expose them to a solution containing a sublethal dose of the parasites. Another set of honeybees is exposed to the same solution without parasites. After this exposure, you mix some of the unmarked bees with the marked bees (Mixed Group). The rest of the unmarked bees are not mixed with other bees (Unmixed Group). When you expose both the Mixed and Unmixed groups of bees to a lethal dose of the parasite, all the bees die. What might you conclude from this experiment?

A) The marked honeybees exposed the unmarked bees to a lethal dose of the parasite.
B) There is no social immunity for nosema in honeybees.
C) There is social immunity, but only at a sublethal dose.
D) There is no social immunity, but there is humoral immunity.
E) There is both social and nonspecific immunity for nosema in honeybees.

Question 13

You are trying to determine if honeybees have social immunity to nosema, an economically devastating parasite that attacks adult honeybees. You mark some honeybees with a spot of red dye and expose them to a solution containing a sublethal dose of the parasites. Another set of honeybees is exposed to the same solution without parasites. After this exposure, you mix some of the unmarked bees with the marked bees (Mixed Group). The rest of the unmarked bees are not mixed with other bees (Unmixed Group). If honeybees can develop social immunity to nosema, what are the expected results of your experiment?

A) The marked honeybees will mostly survive, but the unmarked bees of both groups will mostly die.
B) The unmarked honeybees in the Mixed Group will have a higher survival rate than those in the Unmixed Group.
C) The unmarked honeybees in the Mixed Group will have a lower survival rate than those in the Unmixed Group.
D) The unmarked honeybees in the Mixed Group will have a higher survival rate than the marked honeybees.
E) There is no way to predict the results based on the information given.

Question 14

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?

A) tonsils
B) spleen
C) lymph node
D) bone marrow
E) circulatory system

Question 15

Immunoglobulins inactivate microbes in all of the following ways except via

A) perforating the microbial cell membrane.
B) binding toxins.
C) linking microbes to complement proteins.
D) opsonization.
E) perforating membranes or binding toxins.

Question 16

The activation of B cells involves

A) activation of B helper cells.
B) activation of complement.
C) secretion of interferon.
D) secretion of IL-2.
E) binding of helper T cells to class I MHC proteins.

Question 17

During inflammation, nitric oxide secreted from endothelial cells causes swelling of the surrounding tissue.

Question 18

IgA antibodies are involved in passive immunity.

Question 19

RAG-1 is an enzyme involved in creating immunoglobulin light chains.

Question 20

Hypermutation refers to the process by which immunoglobulin gene domains recombine to form a diverse array of antibodies.

Question 21

The only cell type that can present antigens to helper T cells is the macrophage.

Question 22

Cytotoxic T-cell activation requires the presentation of the same antigen by macrophages and (somatic) body cells.