Deck 48: Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Respiratory surfaces in all vertebrates have

A) moist epithelia.
B) large surface areas.
C) thin epithelia.
D) a very high degree of vascularization.
E) All of the answers for this question are correct.

Answer 1

All of the answers for this question are correct.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a reason respiration in water is challenging?

A) Water is very dense relative to air.
B) Water holds relatively little oxygen compared to air.
C) Water moving over thin respiratory epithelial surfaces can create osmotic challenges.
D) Dessication of respiratory surfaces is a significant problem.
E) All the choices except "dessication of respiratory surfaces" are correct.

Answer 2

All the choices except "dessication of respiratory surfaces" are correct.

Question 3

All of the following respiratory surfaces are associated with capillary beds EXCEPT the

A) gills of fishes.
B) alveoli of the lungs.
C) tracheae of insects.
D) skin of earthworms.
E) All of the answers for this question are correct.

Answer 3

tracheae of insects.

Question 4

Which one of the following statements about gills operating in water is FALSE?

A) Water can support delicate gill structures.
B) Most fish actively pump water over their gills.
C) Keeping membranes moist is not a problem.
D) Water carries more oxygen than air and this requires gills be more efficient than lungs.
E) Gills have evolved many times and take different forms in aquatic animals.

Question 5

The openings to the ___________ system (respiratory system) in insects are termed _______.

A) spiracle, tracheae
B) tracheal, bronchi
C) spiracle, alveoli
D) tracheal, spiracles
E) tracheal, stomata

Question 6

Which of the following respiratory systems is not dependent on the animal's circulatory system to function efficiently?

A) vertebrate lungs
B) fish gills
C) tracheal systems in insects
D) the skin of earthworms
E) All of the systems noted here are closely associated with the circulatory system.

Question 7

Which of the following vertebrates relies on a positive pressure filling mechanism to move air into their lungs?

A) human
B) eagle
C) bullfrog
D) crocodile
E) mouse

Question 8

The actual sites of gas exchange in the mammalian lung are termed

A) alveoli.
B) lamellae.
C) parabronchi.
D) bronchi.
E) epiglotti.

Question 9

The lungs of mammals are encased in what is specifically referred to as the

A) pleural sac.
B) pericardial cavity.
C) alveolar cavity.
D) bronchial space.
E) pharyngeal cavity.

Question 10

The force necessary to fill the lungs in a mammal is provided by the

A) diaphragm.
B) intercostal muscles.
C) buccal muscles.
D) diaphragm and buccal muscles.
E) diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Question 11

Boyle's law of gas behavior predicts that as the volume of the lungs ___, the pressure of gases within the lungs must ____.

A) increase, decrease
B) increase, increase
C) decrease, decrease
D) increase, not change
E) decrease, not change

Question 12

The physiologist J. Soum surgically sealed off an air sac of a pigeon and injected carbon monoxide into it. What did he observe and conclude from this experiment?

A) The bird died demonstrating the toxicity of this gas.
B) The bird was fine, demonstrating this gas is not actually toxic.
C) The bird died, indicating diffusion of gases across the air sac into the blood.
D) The bird showed no ill effects, indicating diffusion of gases from the air sac into the blood.
E) The bird showed no ill effects, indicating gases do not diffuse from the air sac into the blood.

Question 13

Birds have

A) a backcurrent lung.
B) an air sac lung.
C) a parabronchial lung.
D) a negative pressure lung.
E) a tracheal lung.

Question 14

When Dr. Schmidt-Nielsen and his colleagues followed a "pulse" of 100% inhaled oxygen through the respiratory system of an ostrich, the oxygen pulse went to the

A) posterior air sacs to the lung and then to the anterior air sacs before being exhaled.
B) anterior air sacs to the lung and then to the posterior air sacs before being exhaled.
C) lung and then to the anterior air sacs and finally the posterior air sacs before being exhaled.
D) lung and then to the posterior air sacs and finally the anterior air sacs before being exhaled.
E) lung and then back out with exhalation-the air sacs were not involved.

Question 15

The sensors in the brainstem breathing control centers respond primarily to the concentration of

A) oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) bicarbonate ions.
D) hemoglobin.
E) hydrogen ions.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of hemoglobin?

A) It is a large protein with four subunits.
B) It is packaged into red blood cells.
C) It binds four O₂ molecules cooperatively.
D) O₂ is bound to heme group containing iron atom.
E) It contains an oxygen binding group that includes a copper atom.

Question 17

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is _______ by lowered blood pH and this ______ oxygen delivery to tissues.

A) increased, increases
B) increased, decreases
C) decreased, increases
D) decreased, decreases
E) not affected, does not affect

Question 18

Being heterozygous for the hemoglobin gene variant that causes the disease sickle-cell anemia can be advantageous in what situation?

A) in areas where malaria is endemic
B) when iron intake is too low in the diet
C) in elite athletes because it slightly decreases oxygen affinity
D) when a person has anemia caused by other factors
E) when a person is at high altitude

Question 19

The hormone that helps us respond to low oxygen levels by promoting an increase in red blood cell counts is

A) erythropoietin.
B) hemopoeitin.
C) renin-angiotensin.
D) adrenocorticotropin.
E) estradiol.

Question 20

Diving mammals like whales and seals experience frequent periods when they are not able to breathe air. Which of the following is a muscle adaptation they show to this challenge?

A) increased myoglobin concentrations
B) increased capillary densities
C) increased amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) increased expression of acetylcholine receptors
E) All of the choices for this question are correct.

Question 21

Smoking is a major contributor to which of the following diseases?

A) lung cancer
B) cardiovascular disease
C) emphysema
D) esophageal cancer
E) All of the answers for this question are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following diseases affecting respiratory function is caused by an infectious organism?

A) lung cancer
B) emphysema
C) asthma
D) cystic fibrosis
E) pneumonia

Question 23

All gases are equally soluble in water.

Question 24

The lungs of a bird expand as it inhales and contract as it exhales.

Question 25

When Schmidt-Nielsen and his colleagues followed a "pulse" of air through the respiratory system of an ostrich, it took two full cycles of inhalation and exhalation for this pulse to pass through and be exhaled.

Question 26

Chemoreceptors for oxygen normally play the most important role in regulating breathing rate.