Deck 45: Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Question 1

Which of the following is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the mammalian digestive system?

A) pharynx
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine
E) pancreas

Answer 1

small intestine

Question 2

Digestion of which major nutrient type begins in the stomach?

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) nucleic acids
D) proteins
E) vitamins

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

Digestion of which major nutrient type depends heavily on the process of emulsification?

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) nucleic acids
D) proteins
E) bile salts

Answer 3

lipids

Question 4

The diarrhea that is a symptom of diseases like cholera is due to problems in the function of which digestive organ?

A) stomach
B) small intestine
C) large intestine
D) appendix
E) gall bladder

Question 5

All of the following statements about digestion are correct EXCEPT:

A) Digestion is catalyzed by enzymes.
B) During digestion, nucleic acids are split into nucleotides.
C) During digestion, fats are split into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
D) Most digestion occurs in the stomach.
E) During digestion, polysaccharides and disaccharides are split into monosaccharides.

Question 6

Which of the following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely to be released initially as zymogens?

A) protein-digesting enzymes
B) fat-solubilizing bile salts
C) acid-neutralizing bicarbonate
D) carbohydrate-digesting enzymes

Question 7

Which of the following nutrient types enters lacteals following digestion?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) nucleic acids
D) vitamin C
E) lipids

Question 8

Which of the following enzymes would you find in a cow's gut, but not in yours?

A) cellulase
B) pepsin
C) collagenase
D) carboxypeptidase
E) acetylcholinesterase

Question 9

Which of the following is common to both extracellular and intracellular digestion?

A) the ability to phagocytose food particles
B) a slow speed of digestion
C) the presence of a digestive cavity
D) the ability to consume both large and small food items
E) None of these characteristics are common to both extra- and intracellular digestion.

Question 10

Bile is crucial for ______ digestion because of its function in _____.

A) protein, protecting the stomach lining
B) fat, solubilizing glycerol:fatty acid bonds
C) nucleic acids, uncoiling DNA strands
D) fat, emulsification
E) protein, lyophilization

Question 11

Which of the following nutrient types will not enter capillaries immediately after crossing the small intestine epithelium (i.e., they take a different path)?

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) protein
D) nucleic acids
E) vitamin D

Question 12

Which of the following is not a protective mechanism seen in the stomach?

A) rapid division by and replacement of epithelial cells
B) secretion of proteinases as zymogens
C) mucus secretion
D) salivary amylase
E) All of these are mechanisms which protect the stomach

Question 13

One of the ways in which the smooth muscle contractions of the digestive tract are controlled is by

A) mass movements.
B) the nervous system.
C) propulsion.
D) peristalsis.
E) chyme secretion.

Question 14

Which of the following bacteria is known to be a contributing factor in the development of stomach ulcers?

A) Clostridium tetani
B) Vibrio cholerae
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) Staphylococcus aureus
E) Escherichia coli

Question 15

Digestion and absorption allow vertebrates to use nutrients to

A) make ATP.
B) repair tissue damage.
C) deliver oxygen to cells.
D) form bone.
E) perform all of the functions given.

Question 16

Humans are susceptible to scurvy because

A) they cannot synthesize amino acids.
B) they do not have enough adipose tissue for vitamin A storage.
C) they cannot synthesize vitamin C.
D) they have a high incidence of fruit allergies.
E) constant seasickness and nausea on long voyages leads to weakness and anemia.

Question 17

Angiomax? (bivalirudin) is an anticoagulant currently approved in the United States for use in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty procedures. This drug was developed using scientists' knowledge of animal feeding strategies. Which type of organism would most likely be the source of this drug?

A) baleen whales that filter large amounts of seawater
B) scavengers that must eat rotten meat
C) herbivores that must digest fibrous material
D) fluid feeder that drinks blood
E) sessile feeder that traps food on sticky surfaces

Question 18

Which of the following is not an advantage of extracellular digestion?

A) The interior of cells is protected from hydrolytic enzymes.
B) Very large portions of food can be consumed at once and digested over a long period of hours to weeks.
C) Specialized regions of the cavity can segregate digested food from nondigested food.
D) Digestion can be regulated by hormones.
E) Vacuoles allow for direct phagocytosis by individual cells.

Question 19

The large intestine concentrates undigested material by

A) squeezing excess salts and water from the undigested material via contraction of muscles in the intestine wall.
B) absorption of salts and water across the epithelial surface of the lumen.
C) ingestion of excess salts and water by intestinal bacteria.
D) storing excess salts and water in the cecum.
E) transporting excess salts and water back to the small intestine for absorption.

Question 20

Place the portions of the large intestine in the correct order from entry to exit.
(1) ascending colon
(2) cecum
(3) rectum
(4) descending colon
(5) transverse colon
(6) sigmoid colon
(7) anus

A) 1,4,5,6,2,3,7
B) 2,1,5,4,6,3,7
C) 1,5,4,6,2,7,3
D) 2,6,5,4,1,7,3
E) 1,5,4,6,2,3,7

Question 21

Oral rehydration solutions that contain both salt and glucose are highly effective in treating severe dehydration caused by diarrhea and vomiting. However, glucose or salt alone are not effective. This is because water passively follows

A) sodium and glucose, which are cotransported across the gastrointestinal epithelium.
B) glucose and sodium, which are transported by facilitated diffusion.
C) glucose, which provides the energy for the active transport of salt.
D) ATP, which is required to transport sodium unless glucose is available for cotransport.
E) glucose that is broken down quickly in the mouth by saliva and cotransported with salt via diffusion across the epithelial cells of the oral cavity.

Question 22

People who are lactose intolerant

A) produce inactive lactase.
B) have a genetic polymorphism of the lactase gene that turns off lactase production after weaning.
C) must drink soy (non-dairy) formula as infants.
D) have a mutation in the promoter region of the lactase gene.
E) have mutations in regulatory regions of the lactase gene.

Question 23

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?

A) lipase, triglyceride breakdown
B) micelles, chylomicron production
C) epithelial cells, triglyceride synthesis
D) chylomicrons, triglyceride transport
E) bile salts, emulsification

Question 24

How did Bayliss and Starling demonstrate that the small intestine secretes chemical signals that stimulate the pancreas to respond to acid?

A) They injected acid into a dog's small intestine after dissecting away all the nerves.
B) They exposed a dog's small intestine to a cell extract made from a second dog's small intestine that had been exposed to acid.
C) They cut out a piece of the small intestine and exposed it to acid.
D) They injected pancreatic secretions from a dog previously exposed to acid into the small intestine of a second dog.
E) They injected acid into the pancreas after removing all of its innervation.

Question 25

The small intestine releases the hormone secretin in response to acid.

Question 26

People who are allergic to wheat are at risk for vitamin B deficiency.

Question 27

In the stomach, proteins are cleaved into amino acids by aminopeptidases.

Question 28

In omnivores, including humans, the cecum is an important organ for digestion of cellulose.

Question 29

Frugivores are a type of herbivore.