Deck 29: Plants and the Conquest of Land

Question 1

The Kingdom Plantae arose from:

A) a choanoflagellate
B) a chytrid
C) a charophycean
D) a zygomycete
E) a stramenopile

Answer 1

a charophycean

Question 2

Organisms in the same clade are:

A) monophyletic
B) convergent
C) divergent
D) polyphyletic
E) syntopic

Answer 2

monophyletic

Question 3

Which of the following do green algae and plants NOT have in common?

A) plastids
B) chlorophyll a
C) chlorophyll b
D) beta-carotene
E) heterocysts

Answer 3

heterocysts

Question 4

The ten phyla of living land plants include:

A) (1) liverworts, (2) hornworts, (3) mosses, (4) lycophytes, (5) pteridophytes, (6) cycads, (7) ginkgos, (8) conifers, (9) gnetophytes, and (10) angiosperms
B) (1) liverworts, (2) hornworts, (3) mosses, (4) lycophytes, (5) pteridophytes, (6) cycads, (7) ginkgos, (8) conifers, (9) gnetophytes, and (10) flowering plants
C) (1) Hepatophyta, (2) Anthocerophyta, (3) Bryophyta, (4) Lycopodiophyta, (5) Pteridophyta, (6) Cycadophyta, (7) Ginkgophyta, (8) Coniferophyta, (9) Gnetophyta, and (10) Anthophtya
D) (1) liverworts, (2) hornworts, (3) mosses, (4) lycophytes, (5) ferns, horsetails, and whisk-ferns, (6) cycads, (7) ginkgos, (8) conifers, (9) gnetophytes, and (10) flowering plants
E) all the other choices provided are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes the life cycles of charophyceans and mosses?

A) The diploid generation of charophyceans consists of only one cell whereas the diploid generation of mosses is multicellular.
B) The haploid generation of charophyceans consists of only one cell whereas the haploid generation
C) The haploid and diploid generations of charophyceans both consist of only one cell whereas both generations of mosses are multicellular.
D) The haploid and diploid generations of both charophyceans and mosses are unicellular.
E) All of the choices provided are incorrect.

Question 6

A sporic life cycle is NOT characteristic of which of the following groups?

A) ginkgos
B) angiosperms
C) mosses
D) conifers
E) charophyceans

Question 7

Which of the following statements best describes the female gamete of mosses?

A) It is haploid.
B) It lacks flagella.
C) It is produced by the gametophyte generation.
D) It is larger than the male gamete.
E) All of the other choices provided are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of mosses for living on land?

A) delayed meiosis
B) enclosure of gametes in gametangia
C) enclosure of zygotes in the gametophyte
D) wind dispersal of gametes
E) wind dispersal of spores

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of vascular tissue in plants?

A) physical support of the plant
B) transport of water
C) transport of minerals
D) transport of organic compounds
E) transport of gametes

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a tracheophyte?

A) a fern
B) a liverwort
C) a horsetail
D) a conifer
E) an oak tree

Question 11

The phloem:

A) transports water from the roots to the stems and leaves
B) transports food between the leaves and the roots
C) transports minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves
D) transports carbon dioxide from the leaves to the stems and roots
E) All of the other choices provided are correct

Question 12

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the xylem?

A) It transports water from the roots to the stems and leaves.
B) It transports food between the leaves and the roots.
C) It transports minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves.
D) It transports both water and minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves.
E) It transports water from roots to leaves and food from leaves to roots.

Question 13

The polyester polymer on the leaves of vascular plants that protects them from pathogens is called:

A) lignin
B) cutin
C) chitin
D) cellulose
E) All of the other choices offered are incorrect

Question 14

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the stomata on the leaves of vascular plants?

A) They regulate intake of carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis.
B) They regulate release of oxygen to the air.
C) They regulate loss of water.
D) They are open or closed depending on environmental conditions.
E) They regulate the absorption of light by the chlorophyll.

Question 15

Which of the following comparisons between the moss life cycle and fern life cycle is NOT valid?

A) Both kinds of plants have flagellated sperm that need water to reach the female gamete.
B) The sporophyte generation is much larger than the gametophyte generation in ferns but is smaller than the gametophyte generation in mosses.
C) The spores are produced in capsules on stalks in mosses but in small structure called sori on the underside of leaves in ferns.
D) Both kinds of plants depend on wind for dispersal of spores.
E) The gametes are produced in gametangia in mosses but on the underside of leaves in ferns.

Question 16

Spermatophytes are:

A) all the kinds of plants that produce sperm
B) all the living and fossil seed plants
C) all the plants that have tracheids and phloem
D) all the woody plants
E) all the plants with a sporic life cycle

Question 17

Why are introns important in understanding the evolutionary history of organisms?

A) Transcribed intron sequences are removed during mRNA processing before translation occurs and since selection operates only on expressed traits, introns often change more slowly than do protein-coding genes.
B) Transcribed intron sequences only are expressed in an anoxic environment and hence their presence indicates organisms that evolved before the Earth had oxygen in its environment.
C) Introns respond to natural selection faster than do protein-coded genes and therefore provide information about the rate of evolution.
D) Introns and protein-coded genes operate in the same way but there are more introns than protein-coded genes and consequently introns provide better patterns.
E) All of the other choices provided are incorrect.

Question 18

Which of the following comparisons of the cellular features of complex charophycean algae and land plants is NOT true?

A) Land plants inherited phragmoplasts from complex charophyceans.
B) Land plants inherited plasmodesmata from complex charophyceans.
C) Land plants inherited xyloglucans from complex charophyceans.
D) Land plants inherited the ability to make cellulose from complex charophyceans.
E) Land plants inherited CesA genes from complex charophyceans.

Question 19

The earliest land plants appeared in the fossil record:

A) about 500 million years ago
B) about 300 million years ago
C) about 100 million years ago
D) a billion years ago
E) about 10 million years ago

Question 20

All of the following kinds of plants have at least some members that are vascular plants EXCEPT:

A) spermatophytes
B) lignophytes
C) tracheophytes
D) bryophytes
E) embryophytes

Question 21

Which of the following best describes the advantages of retaining the young sporophyte as an embryo within the parent?

A) The embryo is protected from desiccation.
B) The embryo grows better because of nutrients supplied by parental tissues.
C) The embryo is protected from pathogens.
D) The embryo is protected from ultraviolet light.
E) All of the choices provided are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following statements best characterizes a euphyll?

A) It differs from a lycophyll by having a branched, rather than a single, vascular system.
B) It is believed to have evolved from a branch that flattened and developed photosynthetic tissue between the branches.
C) It is also called a megaphyll because it is large compared to a lycophyll.
D) It evolved separately from the photosynthetic appendages of moss gametophytes.
E) All of the choices provided are correct.

Question 23

Which of the following statements describes the differences between pollination and fertilization?

A) Pollination is the transport of pollen from a microsporangium to a stigma whereas fertilization is the fusion of a sperm with an egg.
B) Pollination is the production of pollen whereas fertilization is the fusion of a sperm with an egg.
C) Pollination is the transport of pollen from a microsporangium to an ovule whereas fertilization is the fusion of the pollen with an ovule.
D) There is no difference; the two terms are synonymous.
E) All of the other choices provided are incorrect.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is NOT a correct description of an advantage that seeds have over spores?

A) Seeds can remain dormant and survive unfavorable conditions.
B) Seeds are produced in greater numbers than spores.
C) Seeds are tougher and can resist abrasion better than spores.
D) Seeds are more resistant to pathogens.
E) Production of seeds does not require water as a medium for sperm transport.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is NOT true of megaspores?

A) Megaspores produce female gametophytes.
B) Megaspores are larger than microspores.
C) A megaspore is a kind of spore of a seed plant.
D) The cells of the walls of the megasporangium are diploid but the megaspores themselves are haploid.
E) Megaspores are diploid.

Question 26

Which of the following statements does NOT describe characteristics of heterospory?

A) Heterospory involves production of spores on two different parts of the same plant.
B) Heterospory involves production of two different kinds of spores, one growing into male gametophytes and the other into female gametophytes.
C) Heterospory increases the chance of cross-fertilization.
D) Heterospory increases the potential for genetic variation and aids evolutionary flexibility.
E) Heterospory only occurs in vascular plants.

Question 27

Gametophytes that are completely enclosed within the walls of a spore are known as:

A) endosperm
B) endosporic gametophytes
C) micropyles
D) rosettes
E) phragmoplasts

Question 28

Seeds appeared in the fossil record by:

A) 100 million years ago
B) 365 million years ago
C) 545 million years ago
D) 780 million years ago
E) a billion years ago

Question 29

Woody plants and herbaceous plants are the two major monophyletic clades of the seed plants.

Question 30

Lignophytes are seed plants that have become extinct whereas spermatophytes are those that are still living.

Question 31

Terminal complexes in the cellular membranes of plants produce cellulose and are known as rosettes.

Question 32

Pteridophytes and seed plants collectively are known as euphyllophytes.