Deck 8: Female Offenders in Correctional Systems

Question 1

Of the offending population, only ______ are women.

A) 20%
B) 7%
C) 15%
D) 40%

Answer 1

7%

Question 2

Currently, which country incarcerates more women?

A) Russia
B) China
C) England
D) United States

Answer 2

United States

Question 3

Which state houses the largest female inmate population in the United States?

A) Florida
B) Texas
C) California
D) New York

Answer 3

Texas

Question 4

______ work in the late 1770s helped to draw attention to the plight of women, and, with the developments in prisons in Pennsylvania, the issue of women inmates was squarely addressed.

A) John Howard's
B) William Penn's
C) Elizabeth Howard's
D) John Penn's

Question 5

In the 1920s, which New York Prison did not have separate cells for the 25 or so women serving sentences up to 14 year?

A) Auburn
B) Sing Sing
C) Bedford Hills
D) New Gate

Question 6

Which of the following was a Quaker prison reform activist and an advocate for women who were incarcerated during these early years?

A) Rachel Welch
B) Elizabeth Fry
C) Sarah Smith
D) Rhoda Coffin

Question 7

Which religious group was instrumental in effecting positive change in American prisons?

A) Catholics
B) Muslims
C) Quakers
D) Baptists

Question 8

In 1817, which individual organized a group of women activists into the Association for the Improvement of the Female Prisoners in Newgate?

A) Rhoda Coffin
B) Sarah Smith
C) Elizabeth Fry
D) Rachel Welch

Question 9

The ______ hypothesis contends that there is a bias in the criminal justice system against giving women harsh punishments. This is true so long as the offenses that they commit are considered "gender appropriate," or consistent with the stereotyped role that women are expected to maintain.

A) chivalry
B) female
C) delinquent
D) male

Question 10

Which era viewed women from a lens of inflexible femininity where women were to be considered pious and naive of the evils of the world?

A) Victorian
B) Classical
C) New Age
D) Traditional

Question 11

Women who fell outside of "proper" expectations for women were considered abnormal and those who fell well outside of these expectations were considered ______.

A) pious
B) innocent
C) protected
D) evil

Question 12

When a woman committed a more gender-based crime, such as prostitution, substance abuse, or theft, she was ______.

A) considered abnormal
B) considered evil or abhorrent
C) often given a light sentence or simply avoided official action
D) often given a harsher sentence than what might be given to a man

Question 13

By 1940, how many states had separate women's prisons?

A) 23
B) 9
C) 36
D) 14

Question 14

At first, as central penitentiaries were first built, the most common form of custodial confinement for women was ______.

A) solitary confinement in a women's prison
B) attachment to juvenile detention centers
C) attachment to male prisons
D) confinement in separate women's prisons

Question 15

Early separate women's prisons were established largely for ______.

A) reform
B) administrative convenience
C) punishment
D) deterrence

Question 16

Early women in custodial prisons were frequently convicted of felony charges, most commonly for crimes against property, often ______.

A) petty theft
B) embezzlement
C) burglary
D) grand theft

Question 17

Data from New York's Auburn Prison on homicide between 1909 and 1933 reveal the special nature of women's "violent" crime: most of the victims of murder by women were ______.

A) their own children
B) adult women
C) adult men
D) adolescent males

Question 18

In many cases, issues related to long-term spouse abuse are at the heart of what ultimately turns out to be an instance of ______--the female partner killing her abuser in reaction to years of mistreatment.

A) abuser-turned-victim
B) victim-turned-abuser
C) abuser-turned-perpetrator
D) victim-turned-perpetrator

Question 19

Which group was active in the social purity movement and declared in 1906 that women who committed crimes were often immigrants who were immoral menaces to sons and daughters throughout society, polluting American values with promiscuous behavior?

A) Auburn Prison Association
B) Women's Prison Association of New York
C) Association for Improvement of the Female Prisoners in Newgate
D) Philadelphia Prison Society

Question 20

Even in the 1900s, social views related to women and criminality were tied to moralistic outlooks regarding their ______.

A) sexuality and identity as mothers
B) moral behavior
C) history of domestic violence
D) physical and sexual abuse histories

Question 21

Prison camps emerged in the South after 1870, and the overwhelming majority of women in these camps were ______.

A) Caucasian
B) Asian
C) Hispanic
D) African American

Question 22

An 1880 census indicated that in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, ______ of the 220 imprisoned African American women were leased out.

A) 59%
B) 48%
C) 37%
D) 26%

Question 23

According to Bloom, Owen, and Covington (2003) of women who are incarcerated, approximately what percent were unemployed at the point of incarceration?

A) 78%
B) 61%
C) 58%
D) 44%

Question 24

Which of the following is not one of the motivating factors that drive female offenders to commit property crimes?

A) poverty
B) abuse of alcohol
C) abuse of drugs
D) jealousy

Question 25

Approximately ______ million minor children have a mother who is under criminal justice supervision.

A) 1.3
B) 4.3
C) 2.4
D) 9.4

Question 26

A significant aspect of the female coping mechanism inside prisons is their development of ______ environments with the other female prisoners.

A) gang-like
B) employer-like
C) family-like
D) corporate-like

Question 27

Behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other are known as ______.

A) domestic violence
B) incarceration violence
C) common behaviors
D) normal behaviors

Question 28

A study on self-reported prior abuse conducted by Harlow (1999) found that ______ of females had experienced abusive treatment, compared to 16.1% of males.

A) 65.8%
B) 57.2%
C) 42.9%
D) 33.8%

Question 29

According to the Women's Prison Association (2003), the percentage of women in state and federal prisons who are infected with HIV/AIDS is 3.6%, which is ______ the national rate of infection.

A) 3 times
B) 6 times
C) 9 times
D) 12 times

Question 30

Which of the following is not true regarding research on female offenders and drugs?

A) Female offenders are less likely to have experienced childhood sexual victimization.
B) Female offenders are more likely to show signs of mental distress, especially depression.
C) Most female offenders have histories where they started alcohol use early in their youth.
D) The use of drugs and alcohol is an unhealthy means of "medicating" or coping with noxious experiences faced by female offenders.

Question 31

Of those women who do commit homicides, the vast majority of these homicides involve the killing of ______.

A) children
B) friends
C) parents
D) intimates

Question 32

Female chronic offenders are similar to male chronic offenders in that they are likely to be ______.

A) a minority group member
B) single
C) a substance abuser
D) all of these

Question 33

How do female chronic offenders tend to differ from male chronic offenders?

A) Female chronic offenders are more likely to be a minority group member.
B) Female chronic offenders are more likely to be single.
C) Female chronic offenders show differences in years of education in that they typically have more.
D) Female chronic offenders are more likely to be substance abusers.

Question 34

According to Brown (2003), when both genders are compared, for what type of offenses are males more likely to be sentenced to prison than for females?

A) violent offenses
B) drug offenses
C) property offenses
D) none of these

Question 35

Which of the following is true regarding the research on the types of violent offenses that women are most likely to commit?

A) Stranger-victims are the highest category of victims for female offenders.
B) They are less likely to kill someone they know.
C) They are most likely to kill an acquaintance, spouse, or boyfriend/girlfriend.
D) Both women and men are more likely to kill women.

Question 36

What is held as a primary causal factor in predicting female criminal behavior?

A) prior drug use
B) prior record
C) economic factors
D) prior victimization, particularly through domestic violence

Question 37

While some may scoff at the chivalry hypothesis and with feminist thought on criminality, which of the following is not one of the three key points that is hard to refute?

A) Most crimes against women are committed by male perpetrators.
B) Women tend to only commit violent crimes against their own children.
C) Women tend to only attack men when they have been victimized.
D) Women commit far fewer crimes that are about power and control.

Question 38

What is a very common mental illness among the incarcerated and is even more pronounced among the female offending population because this disorder tends to have higher prevalence rates among females in general?

A) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
B) depression
C) schizophrenia
D) anxiety

Question 39

Research by Messina and Grella (2006) found that female offenders were more likely to have childhood traumatic events, and that problems in which of the following areas were exponentially higher among women with multiple adverse childhood events?

A) health and mental health
B) substance abuse
C) criminal behavior
D) all of these

Question 40

According to a study by James and Glaze (2006) that examined mental health issues among inmates in prisons and jails throughout the United States, an estimated ______ of females in state prisons, compared to 22% of male inmates, had a recent history of mental health problems.

A) 19%
B) 24%
C) 36%
D) 48%

Question 41

According to a study by James and Glaze (2006) that examined mental health issues among inmates in prisons and jails throughout the United States, among female state prison inmates, what percentage indicated that they had been diagnosed with some type of mental health disorder during the past 12 months?

A) 59%
B) 44%
C) 38%
D) 23%

Question 42

The average female inmate is more than ______ farther from her family than a male inmate.

A) 160 miles
B) 120 miles
C) 80 miles
D) 40 miles

Question 43

Which of the following is not one of the requirements that the Michigan Department of Corrections was required to provide to female inmates as a result of the ruling in Glover v. Johnson (1988)?

A) paralegal training and access to an attorney to remedy past inadequacies in law library facilities
B) 4-year college programming
C) prison industries that previously existed only at male facilities
D) access to programming that had previously only been provided to male inmates

Question 44

What is the name of the commission seen as an internal state "watchdog" agency that was tasked with providing recommendations to the state governor and legislature in California?

A) Knapp Commission
B) Little Hoover Commission
C) Little River Commission
D) California Internal Affairs Commission

Question 45

The foremost principle in responding appropriately to women is to acknowledge the implications of ______ throughout the criminal justice system.

A) race
B) economics
C) gender
D) disparity

Question 46

In 2011, 902 allegations of sexual victimization (______) were substantiated (i.e., determined to have occurred upon investigation).

A) 19%
B) 90%
C) 10%
D) 40%

Question 47

Findings of the 2014 PREA data collection and analysis found that females committed ______ of all substantiated incidents of staff sexual misconduct and a quarter of all incidents of staff sexual harassment.

A) more than half
B) half
C) less than half
D) a quarter

Question 48

In a study of 110 programs that deal with female offenders, it was found that programs conducive to treatment success of female offenders used female role models and paid particular attention to ______.

A) gender concerns common to both male and female offenders
B) gender-specific concerns not common to male offenders
C) economic concerns common to both male and female offenders
D) treatment modalities that are helpful to both male and female offenders

Question 49

Specific recommendations regarding treatment programs for female offenders include which of the following?

A) Treatment plans must be individualized in structure.
B) Female offenders must be able to acquire needed life skills.
C) Treatment programs must address victimization issues.
D) all of these

Question 50

Which state established a gender-specific female program to provide integration of treatment services designed to focus on dual diagnosis of female offenders?

A) Idaho
B) Kansas
C) Iowa
D) Washington

Question 51

Dolan et al. (2003) noted that treatment for a woman with a dual diagnosis and a history of violence is optimized when it does all of the following except ______.

A) it focuses on the woman's strengths
B) it acknowledges the women's role as a spouse
C) it improves interactions between the parent and child
D) it provides comprehensive, coordinated services for the mother and her children

Question 52

The ______ program is an excellent example of how most programs for female offenders should be structured because it is comprehensive and demonstrates how the multitude of issues pertinent to female offenders can be addressed within a single facility while utilizing a wide array of services within the community.

A) Maryland
B) Idaho
C) Montana
D) Iowa

Question 53

While the total number of female offenders incarcerated decreased steadily over the past few decades, recently there has been a slight increase in this growth.

Question 54

The War on Drugs has helped fuel the growth in the female inmate population.

Question 55

Pennsylvania incarcerates the greatest number of women.

Question 56

Elizabeth Fry was one of the first persons in the United States and Europe to truly highlight the plight of women in prison.

Question 57

When discussing female offenders, it becomes clear that most are minority members with few options and limited economic resources.

Question 58

Approximately 1.3 million minor children have a mother who is under criminal justice supervision.

Question 59

Among female offenders aged 18-19, African American females were 3.1 times more likely than Caucasian females and 2.2 times more likely than Latina females to be in prison in 2016.

Question 60

Incarcerated women report being subjected to the most violence at ages 25-36.

Question 61

The case of Hoover v. Johnson (1998) involved the Michigan Department of Corrections and the issue of parity in service programming between female and male offenders.

Question 62

The Little River Commission an internal state "watchdog" agency that was tasked with providing recommendations to the state governor and legislature in California.

Question 63

Research from a range of disciplines has shown that safety, respect, and dignity are fundamental to behavioral change and that to improve behavioral outcomes for women, it is critical to provide a safe and supportive setting for supervision.

Question 64

Substance abuse, HIV/AIDS, and pregnancy are three critical, interrelated issues in the lives of women offenders.

Question 65

In some cases, female correctional staff will become involved with male inmates, and there are instances where female staff have sexually exploited female inmates, though this is somewhat rare.

Question 66

Based on the research and specific needs of female offenders, it is obvious that treatment considerations for female offenders can be quite complicated.

Question 67

One of the recommendations regarding treatment programs for female offenders indicates that female offenders do not need life skills training as they are almost always well-equipped in this area.

Question 68

A Texas program established a gender-specific female program to provide integration of treatment services designed to focus on dual diagnosis of female offenders.

Question 69

Dolan et al. (2003) note that treatment for a woman with a dual diagnosis and a history of violence is optimized when, among other things, it focuses on the woman's strengths.

Question 70

The Iowa program is an excellent example of how most programs for female offenders should be structured because it is comprehensive and demonstrates how the multitude of issues pertinent to female offenders can be addressed within a single facility while utilizing a wide array of services within the community.

Question 71

Discuss how the stereotypes regarding appropriate conduct for women came from their ideas about their "proper" place in society and what happened when women fell outside of these expectations.

Question 72

Discuss the importance of the work of Sarah Smith and Rhoda Coffin in the 1870s.

Question 73

Describe a significant aspect of the female coping mechanism inside of prison.

Question 74

Discuss the problem of HIV/AIDS among women inmates.

Question 75

Discuss the types of violent offenses that female offenders are most likely to commit.

Question 76

Why is depression a factor with female inmates?

Question 77

In the case of Glover v. Johnson (1988), what was the Michigan Department of Corrections decreed to provide for female inmates within its jurisdiction?

Question 78

What are three critical, interrelated issues of female offenders?

Question 79

According to Dolan et al. (2003), treatment for women with a dual diagnosis and a history of violence is optimized when it does which four things?

Question 80

Who was Elizabeth Fry? Why is her work noteworthy? How did she advocate for early women in prison?