Deck 4: Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics

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Question
Energy that is contained within the chemical bonds of a substance such as ATP may be classified as __________.

A) kinetic energy
B) mechanical energy
C) free energy
D) potential energy
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Question
When exercise becomes intense, pyruvate accepts additional hydrogens, forming __________.

A) acetyl CoA
B) lactate
C) pyruvic acid
D) alpha-ketoglutarate
Question
Most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation comes from __________ of the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein consumed in the diet.

A) oxidation
B) nitrogen removal
C) reduction
D) the phosphorous molecules
Question
Highly specific __________ catalyze hydrogen's release from the nutrient substrate.

A) dehydrogenase coenzymes
B) hydrogen removers
C) hydrogenators
D) kinases
Question
The process of __________ phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

A) reductive
B) oxidative
C) catabolic
D) synthetic
Question
Glucose breaks down relatively rapidly to two molecules of pyruvate in a process called __________.

A) glycolysis
B) the citric acid cycle
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycogenolysis
Question
__________ is the term used to describe cleavage of glucose from stored glycogen.

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid cycle
C) Gluconeogenesis
D) Glycogenolysis
Question
The liver cells conserve the potential energy in the lactate and pyruvate molecules formed during exercise as the carbon skeletons of these molecules become synthesized to glucose in the __________.

A) glucose-alanine cycle
B) citric acid cycle
C) Cori cycle
D) electron transport system
Question
The most important function of the citric acid cycle is to generate __________.

A) large quantities of ATP from each glucose molecule
B) large quantities of NAD
C) large quantities of FAD
D) electrons (H+)
Question
The process called __________ splits the triacylglycerol molecule into glycerol and three water-insoluble fatty acid molecules.

A) lipogenesis
B) the citric acid cycle
C) lipolysis
D) glycogenolysis
Question
Citric acid cycle degradation of fatty acids depends on sufficient __________ availability to combine with the acetyl-CoA formed during β\beta -oxidation.

A) oxaloacetate
B) citrate
C) isocitrate
D) pyruvate
Question
During extreme carbohydrate depletion, the acetate fragments produced in β\beta -oxidation cannot readily enter the citric acid cycle. The liver converts these compounds to __________.

A) ATP
B) glucose
C) pyruvate
D) ketone bodies
Question
__________ describes the formation of lipid that occurs mostly in the cytoplasm of liver cells.

A) Lipogenesis
B) The citric acid cycle
C) Lipolysis
D) Glycogenolysis
Question
The term to describe reactions that require oxygen is __________.

A) chemical
B) anaerobic
C) aerobic
D) mechanical
Question
The purpose for energy released in macronutrient breakdown is to __________.

A) convert amino acids to glucose
B) phosphorylate ADP to reform ATP
C) move from higher potential energy to lower potential energy
D) phosphorylate NAD+ to FAD
Question
When deaminated, some amino acids yield intermediate products for the synthesis of __________.

A) essential proteins
B) glucose
C) nonessential proteins
D) polypeptides
Question
Without the availability of __________ for phosphorylation to ATP, electrons do not travel down the respiratory chain to oxygen.

A) ADP
B) vitamin D
C) GTP
D) creatine
Question
The first law of thermodynamics states that __________.

A) ADP synthesis creates energy
B) energy is neither created nor destroyed, but transforms from one form to another
C) energy becomes lost with the production of work
D) energy output always exceeds energy input
Question
Toward the end of prolonged physical effort (with glycogen reserves low), circulating FFAs supply nearly __________% of the total energy required.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80
Question
All of the following represent forms of biologic work except __________.

A) mechanical work of muscle contraction
B) osmotic work of fluid movement
C) chemical work for synthesizing cellular molecules
D) transport work that concentrates various substances in the intracellular and extracellular fluids
Question
Anaerobic and aerobic breakdown of ingested food nutrients provides the __________ for synthesizing the body's chemical fuel.

A) energy
B) hydrogen
C) oxygen
D) atoms
Question
Exercise performance is greatly influenced by:

A) the ability to extract energy from body proteins
B) the availability of amino acids
C) the diffusion of the water molecule
D) the ability to extract energy from stored macronutrients
Question
At rest for a 70-kilogram person, oxygen uptake averages about __________ mL·kg-1·min-1 or 1 metabolic equivalent (MET).

A) 2.0
B) 2.5
C) 3.0
D) 3.5
Question
__________ is the process by which the plant pigment chlorophyll absorbs solar energy to synthesize glucose.

A) Photosynthesis
B) Cellular respiration
C) Biologic work
D) Mechanical work
Question
Which of the following donates or loses electrons when oxidized?

A) A substrate
B) An enzyme
C) An oxidizing agent
D) A reducing agent
Question
The intracellular mediator __________ activates lipase to regulate lipid breakdown.

A) insulin
B) phosphocreatine
C) cyclic AMP
D) adenosine triphosphatase
Question
The enzyme __________ catalyzes triacylglycerol breakdown to one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.

A) lipodehydrogenase
B) fatty acid transferase
C) hormone-sensitive lipase
D) adipocytase
Question
During __________, the chemical energy stored in glucose, lipid, or protein molecules is extracted in the presence of oxygen.

A) aerobic anabolism
B) photosynthesis
C) chemical work
D) cellular respiration
Question
__________ generated by muscle contraction provides the most obvious example of energy transformation.

A) Mechanical work
B) Chemical work
C) Transport work
D) Anaerobic work
Question
The biologic work of concentrating substances in the body is known as __________.

A) mechanical work
B) chemical work
C) transport work
D) anaerobic work
Question
__________ energy and __________ energy constitute the total energy of any system.

A) Kinetic, biologic
B) Kinetic, cellular
C) Potential, biologic
D) Potential, kinetic
Question
Releasing __________ energy transforms it into kinetic energy of motion.

A) chemical
B) potential
C) cellular
D) biologic
Question
__________ are intramuscular high-energy phosphates.

A) ADP and PCr
B) ADP, AMP, and PCr
C) ATP and PCr
D) ATP, ADP, AMP, and PCr
Question
Carbohydrates in the body __________.

A) mainly function to supply energy for cellular work
B) are the only macronutrient used for energy
C) mainly function to build tissues
D) are the only macronutrient that undergoes deamination
Question
The term __________ reaction describes a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction.

A) potential
B) kinetic
C) coupling
D) redox
Question
Energy transformations in the body largely depend upon __________.

A) mechanical reactions
B) lactic acid reactions
C) oxidation-reduction reactions
D) adenosine triphosphate reactions
Question
The body's special carrier for free energy is __________.

A) adenosine triphosphate
B) adenosine diphosphate
C) adenosine monophosphate
D) high-energy phosphate
Question
The bonds linking the two outermost phosphates of ATP are known as __________.

A) high-energy bonds
B) adenosine bonds
C) low-energy bonds
D) pyruvate bonds
Question
In the degradation of one mole of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the outermost phosphate bond splits and liberates approximately __________ of free energy.

A) 1.2 kilocalories
B) 3.4 kilocalories
C) 6.4 kilocalories
D) 7.3 kilocalories
Question
Substrate-level phosphorylation is an __________ reaction.

A) aerobic
B) anaerobic
C) oxidation
D) reduction
Question
The onset of intense exercise triggers __________ for energy.

A) PCr hydrolysis
B) ATP condensation
C) PCr condensation
D) ADP hydrolysis
Question
PCr hydrolysis reaches a maximum in about ___________.

A) 10 seconds
B) 1 minute
C) 10 minutes
D) 1 hour
Question
The splitting of an ATP molecule takes place immediately and without __________.

A) oxygen
B) hydrogen
C) nitrogen
D) water
Question
__________ and glycogen represent the major energy sources to maintain continual ATP resynthesis at rest.

A) Amino acids
B) Glycerol
C) Fatty acids
D) Alcohols
Question
__________ places a limit on the rate of glycolysis.

A) Amylase
B) Oxidative kinase
C) Creatine kinase
D) Phosphofructokinase
Question
The body stores only __________ of ATP at any one time.

A) 40 to 60 grams
B) 80 to 100 grams
C) 120 to 200 grams
D) 200 to 300 grams
Question
Other than ATP, __________ is an intracellular high-energy phosphate compound that releases a large amount of energy when bonds split.

A) adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
B) adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
C) phosphocreatine (PCr)
D) phosphate
Question
Energy release from the intramuscular energy-rich phosphates ATP and PCr sustains all-out exercise for approximately __________.

A) 1 to 2 minutes
B) 1 to 2 seconds
C) 5 to 8 minutes
D) 5 to 8 seconds
Question
Aerobic energy from glucose metabolism occurs in __________.

A) the citric acid cycle
B) substrate-level phosphorylation
C) glycolysis
D) lactate formation
Question
__________ refers to energy transfer through phosphate bonds.

A) Phosphocreatine
B) Hydrolysis
C) Phosphorylation
D) Respiratory oxidation
Question
The net amount of ATP generated from the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule is __________.

A) 28
B) 32
C) 36
D) 42
Question
The enzyme __________ regulates and limits the breakdown of stored glycogen for energy.

A) glycogen phosphorylase
B) glycogen synthetase
C) phosphofructokinase
D) glycogen dehydrogenase
Question
The most plentiful source(s) of potential energy in the body is/are __________.

A) glucose
B) glycerol
C) fatty acids
D) amino acids
Question
Excessive protein catabolism __________.

A) occurs during glycolysis
B) increases water needs
C) forms free fatty acids
D) occurs during β\beta -oxidation
Question
The coenzyme FAD, which serves as an important electron acceptor in oxidizing food fragments, contains what vitamin?

A) Riboflavin
B) Niacin
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin C
Question
Early scientist involved in the discovery of ATP.

A) Balke
B) Taylor
C) Saltin
D) Lohmann
Question
Fuel sources that supply substrate for oxidation and subsequent ATP formation include all of the following except:

A) glucose derived from liver glycogen
B) triacylglycerol and glycogen molecules stored within muscle cells
C) free fatty acids derived from triacylglycerol in liver and adipocytes that enter the bloodstream for delivery to active muscle
D) intracellular nitrogen skeletons of amino acids
Question
The first stage of glucose degradation within cells involves a series of chemical reactions collectively termed __________.

A) gluconeogenesis
B) glycogenolysis
C) glycogen phosphorylase
D) glycolysis
Question
In the presence of __________, glucose joins with other glucose molecules to form glycogen.

A) glycogen synthase
B) glycogen phosphorylase
C) lactate dehydrogenase
D) aerobic glycolysis
Question
In carbohydrate catabolism, the oxidation of hydrogen at about the same rate that it becomes available is known as __________.

A) glycogen synthase
B) aerobic glycolysis
C) anaerobic glycolysis
D) glycogen phosphorylase
Question
The citric acid cycle degrades the __________ to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms within the mitochondria.

A) acetyl-CoA substrate
B) pyruvate molecule
C) glucose molecule
D) ATP substrate
Question
__________ tissue serves as an active and major supplier of fatty acid molecules.

A) Renal
B) Cardiac
C) Muscle
D) Adipose
Question
All of the following hormones augment lipase activation and subsequent lipolysis and FFA mobilization from adipose tissue except:

A) epinephrine
B) glucagon
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
Question
β\beta -Oxidation of fatty acids provides the same two-carbon acetyl unit as acetyl generated from __________ breakdown.

A) glucose
B) linoleic acid
C) protein
D) amino acid
Question
When intense, long-duration exercise depletes glycogen reserves, __________ serves as the primary fuel for exercise and recovery.

A) lipid
B) glucose
C) amino acid
D) glycerol
Question
The hormone __________ influences the activity of glycogen phosphorylase to cleave glucose from glycogen.

A) glucagon
B) epinephrine
C) gastrin
D) secretin
Question
The liver removes nitrogen from amino acids during __________.

A) deamination
B) translocation
C) gluconeogenesis
D) transamination
Question
Glycogen depletion could occur in all of the following scenarios except:

A) prolonged exercise
B) inadequate energy intake
C) increased intake of whole grains
D) diabetes
Question
Dietary protein consumed in excess converts to __________.

A) lipid
B) muscle tissue
C) glycerol
D) pyruvate
Question
Under anaerobic glycolysis, nonoxidized hydrogens combine temporarily with pyruvate to form __________.

A) glycogen
B) lactate
C) water
D) carbon dioxide
Question
When protein provides energy, the body must eliminate the __________-containing amine group from protein breakdown.

A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) nitrogen
D) carbon
Question
__________ cannot contribute to glucose synthesis because the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is not reversible.

A) Amino acids
B) Pyruvate
C) ADP
D) Fatty acids
Question
Aerobic chemical reactions generate energy rapidly for short durations without oxygen.
Question
Photosynthesis serves as the plant's mechanism for synthesizing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Question
The bonds between the phosphates of an ATP molecule are considered low-energy bonds.
Question
Cells store only a small quantity of ATP.
Question
Cells store approximately four to six times more PCr than ATP.
Question
The citric acid cycle serves as the final common pathway where the electrons extracted from hydrogen pass to oxygen.
Question
Free fatty acids are stored directly within the muscle fiber in close proximity to the mitochondria.
Question
The glycerol and fatty acid molecules contain similar amounts of potential energy.
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Deck 4: Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics
1
Energy that is contained within the chemical bonds of a substance such as ATP may be classified as __________.

A) kinetic energy
B) mechanical energy
C) free energy
D) potential energy
potential energy
2
When exercise becomes intense, pyruvate accepts additional hydrogens, forming __________.

A) acetyl CoA
B) lactate
C) pyruvic acid
D) alpha-ketoglutarate
lactate
3
Most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation comes from __________ of the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein consumed in the diet.

A) oxidation
B) nitrogen removal
C) reduction
D) the phosphorous molecules
oxidation
4
Highly specific __________ catalyze hydrogen's release from the nutrient substrate.

A) dehydrogenase coenzymes
B) hydrogen removers
C) hydrogenators
D) kinases
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k this deck
5
The process of __________ phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

A) reductive
B) oxidative
C) catabolic
D) synthetic
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
Glucose breaks down relatively rapidly to two molecules of pyruvate in a process called __________.

A) glycolysis
B) the citric acid cycle
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycogenolysis
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k this deck
7
__________ is the term used to describe cleavage of glucose from stored glycogen.

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid cycle
C) Gluconeogenesis
D) Glycogenolysis
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
The liver cells conserve the potential energy in the lactate and pyruvate molecules formed during exercise as the carbon skeletons of these molecules become synthesized to glucose in the __________.

A) glucose-alanine cycle
B) citric acid cycle
C) Cori cycle
D) electron transport system
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k this deck
9
The most important function of the citric acid cycle is to generate __________.

A) large quantities of ATP from each glucose molecule
B) large quantities of NAD
C) large quantities of FAD
D) electrons (H+)
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k this deck
10
The process called __________ splits the triacylglycerol molecule into glycerol and three water-insoluble fatty acid molecules.

A) lipogenesis
B) the citric acid cycle
C) lipolysis
D) glycogenolysis
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k this deck
11
Citric acid cycle degradation of fatty acids depends on sufficient __________ availability to combine with the acetyl-CoA formed during β\beta -oxidation.

A) oxaloacetate
B) citrate
C) isocitrate
D) pyruvate
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k this deck
12
During extreme carbohydrate depletion, the acetate fragments produced in β\beta -oxidation cannot readily enter the citric acid cycle. The liver converts these compounds to __________.

A) ATP
B) glucose
C) pyruvate
D) ketone bodies
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13
__________ describes the formation of lipid that occurs mostly in the cytoplasm of liver cells.

A) Lipogenesis
B) The citric acid cycle
C) Lipolysis
D) Glycogenolysis
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k this deck
14
The term to describe reactions that require oxygen is __________.

A) chemical
B) anaerobic
C) aerobic
D) mechanical
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k this deck
15
The purpose for energy released in macronutrient breakdown is to __________.

A) convert amino acids to glucose
B) phosphorylate ADP to reform ATP
C) move from higher potential energy to lower potential energy
D) phosphorylate NAD+ to FAD
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k this deck
16
When deaminated, some amino acids yield intermediate products for the synthesis of __________.

A) essential proteins
B) glucose
C) nonessential proteins
D) polypeptides
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k this deck
17
Without the availability of __________ for phosphorylation to ATP, electrons do not travel down the respiratory chain to oxygen.

A) ADP
B) vitamin D
C) GTP
D) creatine
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18
The first law of thermodynamics states that __________.

A) ADP synthesis creates energy
B) energy is neither created nor destroyed, but transforms from one form to another
C) energy becomes lost with the production of work
D) energy output always exceeds energy input
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19
Toward the end of prolonged physical effort (with glycogen reserves low), circulating FFAs supply nearly __________% of the total energy required.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
20
All of the following represent forms of biologic work except __________.

A) mechanical work of muscle contraction
B) osmotic work of fluid movement
C) chemical work for synthesizing cellular molecules
D) transport work that concentrates various substances in the intracellular and extracellular fluids
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Unlock for access to all 132 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
21
Anaerobic and aerobic breakdown of ingested food nutrients provides the __________ for synthesizing the body's chemical fuel.

A) energy
B) hydrogen
C) oxygen
D) atoms
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k this deck
22
Exercise performance is greatly influenced by:

A) the ability to extract energy from body proteins
B) the availability of amino acids
C) the diffusion of the water molecule
D) the ability to extract energy from stored macronutrients
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k this deck
23
At rest for a 70-kilogram person, oxygen uptake averages about __________ mL·kg-1·min-1 or 1 metabolic equivalent (MET).

A) 2.0
B) 2.5
C) 3.0
D) 3.5
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24
__________ is the process by which the plant pigment chlorophyll absorbs solar energy to synthesize glucose.

A) Photosynthesis
B) Cellular respiration
C) Biologic work
D) Mechanical work
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25
Which of the following donates or loses electrons when oxidized?

A) A substrate
B) An enzyme
C) An oxidizing agent
D) A reducing agent
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26
The intracellular mediator __________ activates lipase to regulate lipid breakdown.

A) insulin
B) phosphocreatine
C) cyclic AMP
D) adenosine triphosphatase
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k this deck
27
The enzyme __________ catalyzes triacylglycerol breakdown to one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.

A) lipodehydrogenase
B) fatty acid transferase
C) hormone-sensitive lipase
D) adipocytase
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28
During __________, the chemical energy stored in glucose, lipid, or protein molecules is extracted in the presence of oxygen.

A) aerobic anabolism
B) photosynthesis
C) chemical work
D) cellular respiration
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k this deck
29
__________ generated by muscle contraction provides the most obvious example of energy transformation.

A) Mechanical work
B) Chemical work
C) Transport work
D) Anaerobic work
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k this deck
30
The biologic work of concentrating substances in the body is known as __________.

A) mechanical work
B) chemical work
C) transport work
D) anaerobic work
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31
__________ energy and __________ energy constitute the total energy of any system.

A) Kinetic, biologic
B) Kinetic, cellular
C) Potential, biologic
D) Potential, kinetic
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32
Releasing __________ energy transforms it into kinetic energy of motion.

A) chemical
B) potential
C) cellular
D) biologic
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33
__________ are intramuscular high-energy phosphates.

A) ADP and PCr
B) ADP, AMP, and PCr
C) ATP and PCr
D) ATP, ADP, AMP, and PCr
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34
Carbohydrates in the body __________.

A) mainly function to supply energy for cellular work
B) are the only macronutrient used for energy
C) mainly function to build tissues
D) are the only macronutrient that undergoes deamination
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k this deck
35
The term __________ reaction describes a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction.

A) potential
B) kinetic
C) coupling
D) redox
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k this deck
36
Energy transformations in the body largely depend upon __________.

A) mechanical reactions
B) lactic acid reactions
C) oxidation-reduction reactions
D) adenosine triphosphate reactions
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37
The body's special carrier for free energy is __________.

A) adenosine triphosphate
B) adenosine diphosphate
C) adenosine monophosphate
D) high-energy phosphate
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38
The bonds linking the two outermost phosphates of ATP are known as __________.

A) high-energy bonds
B) adenosine bonds
C) low-energy bonds
D) pyruvate bonds
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39
In the degradation of one mole of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the outermost phosphate bond splits and liberates approximately __________ of free energy.

A) 1.2 kilocalories
B) 3.4 kilocalories
C) 6.4 kilocalories
D) 7.3 kilocalories
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40
Substrate-level phosphorylation is an __________ reaction.

A) aerobic
B) anaerobic
C) oxidation
D) reduction
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41
The onset of intense exercise triggers __________ for energy.

A) PCr hydrolysis
B) ATP condensation
C) PCr condensation
D) ADP hydrolysis
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42
PCr hydrolysis reaches a maximum in about ___________.

A) 10 seconds
B) 1 minute
C) 10 minutes
D) 1 hour
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43
The splitting of an ATP molecule takes place immediately and without __________.

A) oxygen
B) hydrogen
C) nitrogen
D) water
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44
__________ and glycogen represent the major energy sources to maintain continual ATP resynthesis at rest.

A) Amino acids
B) Glycerol
C) Fatty acids
D) Alcohols
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k this deck
45
__________ places a limit on the rate of glycolysis.

A) Amylase
B) Oxidative kinase
C) Creatine kinase
D) Phosphofructokinase
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46
The body stores only __________ of ATP at any one time.

A) 40 to 60 grams
B) 80 to 100 grams
C) 120 to 200 grams
D) 200 to 300 grams
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47
Other than ATP, __________ is an intracellular high-energy phosphate compound that releases a large amount of energy when bonds split.

A) adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
B) adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
C) phosphocreatine (PCr)
D) phosphate
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48
Energy release from the intramuscular energy-rich phosphates ATP and PCr sustains all-out exercise for approximately __________.

A) 1 to 2 minutes
B) 1 to 2 seconds
C) 5 to 8 minutes
D) 5 to 8 seconds
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49
Aerobic energy from glucose metabolism occurs in __________.

A) the citric acid cycle
B) substrate-level phosphorylation
C) glycolysis
D) lactate formation
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k this deck
50
__________ refers to energy transfer through phosphate bonds.

A) Phosphocreatine
B) Hydrolysis
C) Phosphorylation
D) Respiratory oxidation
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51
The net amount of ATP generated from the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule is __________.

A) 28
B) 32
C) 36
D) 42
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52
The enzyme __________ regulates and limits the breakdown of stored glycogen for energy.

A) glycogen phosphorylase
B) glycogen synthetase
C) phosphofructokinase
D) glycogen dehydrogenase
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k this deck
53
The most plentiful source(s) of potential energy in the body is/are __________.

A) glucose
B) glycerol
C) fatty acids
D) amino acids
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k this deck
54
Excessive protein catabolism __________.

A) occurs during glycolysis
B) increases water needs
C) forms free fatty acids
D) occurs during β\beta -oxidation
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55
The coenzyme FAD, which serves as an important electron acceptor in oxidizing food fragments, contains what vitamin?

A) Riboflavin
B) Niacin
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin C
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56
Early scientist involved in the discovery of ATP.

A) Balke
B) Taylor
C) Saltin
D) Lohmann
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57
Fuel sources that supply substrate for oxidation and subsequent ATP formation include all of the following except:

A) glucose derived from liver glycogen
B) triacylglycerol and glycogen molecules stored within muscle cells
C) free fatty acids derived from triacylglycerol in liver and adipocytes that enter the bloodstream for delivery to active muscle
D) intracellular nitrogen skeletons of amino acids
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58
The first stage of glucose degradation within cells involves a series of chemical reactions collectively termed __________.

A) gluconeogenesis
B) glycogenolysis
C) glycogen phosphorylase
D) glycolysis
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59
In the presence of __________, glucose joins with other glucose molecules to form glycogen.

A) glycogen synthase
B) glycogen phosphorylase
C) lactate dehydrogenase
D) aerobic glycolysis
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60
In carbohydrate catabolism, the oxidation of hydrogen at about the same rate that it becomes available is known as __________.

A) glycogen synthase
B) aerobic glycolysis
C) anaerobic glycolysis
D) glycogen phosphorylase
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61
The citric acid cycle degrades the __________ to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms within the mitochondria.

A) acetyl-CoA substrate
B) pyruvate molecule
C) glucose molecule
D) ATP substrate
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62
__________ tissue serves as an active and major supplier of fatty acid molecules.

A) Renal
B) Cardiac
C) Muscle
D) Adipose
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63
All of the following hormones augment lipase activation and subsequent lipolysis and FFA mobilization from adipose tissue except:

A) epinephrine
B) glucagon
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
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64
β\beta -Oxidation of fatty acids provides the same two-carbon acetyl unit as acetyl generated from __________ breakdown.

A) glucose
B) linoleic acid
C) protein
D) amino acid
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65
When intense, long-duration exercise depletes glycogen reserves, __________ serves as the primary fuel for exercise and recovery.

A) lipid
B) glucose
C) amino acid
D) glycerol
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66
The hormone __________ influences the activity of glycogen phosphorylase to cleave glucose from glycogen.

A) glucagon
B) epinephrine
C) gastrin
D) secretin
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67
The liver removes nitrogen from amino acids during __________.

A) deamination
B) translocation
C) gluconeogenesis
D) transamination
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68
Glycogen depletion could occur in all of the following scenarios except:

A) prolonged exercise
B) inadequate energy intake
C) increased intake of whole grains
D) diabetes
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69
Dietary protein consumed in excess converts to __________.

A) lipid
B) muscle tissue
C) glycerol
D) pyruvate
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70
Under anaerobic glycolysis, nonoxidized hydrogens combine temporarily with pyruvate to form __________.

A) glycogen
B) lactate
C) water
D) carbon dioxide
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71
When protein provides energy, the body must eliminate the __________-containing amine group from protein breakdown.

A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) nitrogen
D) carbon
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72
__________ cannot contribute to glucose synthesis because the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is not reversible.

A) Amino acids
B) Pyruvate
C) ADP
D) Fatty acids
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73
Aerobic chemical reactions generate energy rapidly for short durations without oxygen.
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74
Photosynthesis serves as the plant's mechanism for synthesizing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
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75
The bonds between the phosphates of an ATP molecule are considered low-energy bonds.
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76
Cells store only a small quantity of ATP.
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77
Cells store approximately four to six times more PCr than ATP.
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78
The citric acid cycle serves as the final common pathway where the electrons extracted from hydrogen pass to oxygen.
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79
Free fatty acids are stored directly within the muscle fiber in close proximity to the mitochondria.
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80
The glycerol and fatty acid molecules contain similar amounts of potential energy.
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