Deck 13: Body Composition Assessment

Question 1

Derived from body mass related to stature to evaluate the "normalcy" of one's body weight.

A) Waist to hip ratio
B) Body mass index (BMI)
C) Percent body fat
D) Obesity index

Answer 1

Body mass index (BMI)

Question 2

Complication associated with obesity.

A) Impaired glucose tolerance
B) Frequent urination
C) Bladder infections
D) Kidney infections

Answer 2

Impaired glucose tolerance

Question 3

The reference man is taller and heavier, his skeleton weighs more, and has __________ content than the reference woman.

A) a lower muscle mass and lower total fat
B) a larger muscle mass and larger total fat
C) a lower muscle mass and higher total fat
D) a larger muscle mass and lower total fat

Answer 3

a larger muscle mass and lower total fat

Question 4

__________ consists of the fat stored within the marrow of bones, internal organs, muscles, and tissues of the central nervous system.

A) Subcutaneous fat
B) Storage fat
C) Essential fat
D) Nonessential fat

Question 5

__________ consists of fat accumulated within adipose tissue.

A) Essential fat
B) Fat in the marrow of bones
C) Lipid-rich tissues of the central nervous system
D) Storage fat

Question 6

__________ provides the basis for determining body composition via hydrostatic weighing.

A) Archimedes' principle
B) Bernoulli's principle
C) Dalton's law
D) Boyle's law

Question 7

Siri equation calculates:

A) body density
B) percent body fat
C) body volume
D) body mass index

Question 8

Measuring skinfold thickness requires grasping a fold of skin and __________ firmly with the thumb and forefingers and pulling it away from the underlying lean tissue.

A) skeletal muscle
B) visceral fat
C) subcutaneous fat
D) smooth muscle

Question 9

Exercise triggers the release of an array of hormones, this one having anti-reproductive properties.

A) Estrogen
B) Cortisol
C) Testosterone
D) Aldosterone

Question 10

Method that measures the resistance to current flow between the source and detector electrodes to estimate body composition.

A) Hydrostatic weighing
B) Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
C) Near-infrared interactance (NIR)
D) Duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Question 11

A state of underhydration decreases accuracy of impedance measures, thus __________ the percent body fat estimate, whereas hyperhydration __________ the estimate.

A) lowering, increases
B) increasing, decreases
C) invalidating, increases the accuracy of
D) increasing the accuracy of, invalidates

Question 12

Employs principles of light absorption and reflection to assess body composition.

A) Hydrostatic weighing
B) Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
C) Near-infrared interactance (NIR)
D) Body mass index (BMI)

Question 13

The generalized density values for the body's fat-free and fat tissues equal __________ g/cm³, respectively.

A) 1.90 and 1.18
B) 1.10 and 0.90
C) 1.10 and 0.77
D) 0.77 and 1.10

Question 14

Most widely accepted clinical tool to assess spinal osteoporosis and related bone disorders.

A) Computed tomography (CT)
B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
D) Body mass index (BMI)

Question 15

According to Behnke's model for the reference man and woman, __________.

A) a woman may jeopardize her health when her body fat goes below 22%
B) a man may jeopardize his health if his body fat goes below 8%
C) a man's average quantity of essential fat averages about 3% of body mass
D) a woman's average quantity of storage fat averages about 26% of body mass

Question 16

American constitutionalist psychologist described body shape (called somatotyping) from nude photographs by placing a person into one of three categories-thin, muscular, or fat-but his work was later criticized for attempting to identify superior and inferior human physiques tied to personality and intellectual pursuits.

A) William H. Sheldon
B) Alexander Thomas
C) William Shockley
D) Lindsey Carter

Question 17

Components of total body fat

A) Essential, storage
B) Visceral, storage
C) Essential, visceral
D) Essential, subcutaneous

Question 18

Body mass index:

A) body mass (kg) ÷ age (years)
B) stature (m²) ÷ body mass (kg)
C) age (years) ÷ body mass (kg)
D) body mass (kg) ÷ stature (m²)

Question 19

Approximately 12% body fat in the average young adult male

A) Storage fat
B) Sex-specific fat
C) Essential fat
D) Visceral fat

Question 20

Female athletes who start training in high school or earlier show a lower lifetime occurrence of __________ compared to less active counterparts.

A) cancer of the pancreas and intestines
B) degenerative arthritis
C) cancer of the breast and reproductive organs
D) cystic fibrosis

Question 21

BMI associated with the lowest health risk

A) 10 to 15
B) 20 to 25
C) 25 to 30
D) 30 to 35

Question 22

Least valid method to assess body composition

A) Near-infrared interactance (NIR)
B) Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
C) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
D) X-ray

Question 23

Dividing body mass by body volume.

A) Fat-free body mass
B) Body fat mass
C) Percent body fat
D) Body density

Question 24

Lean athletes who train intensely and attempt to keep a low body weight and high fat-free mass.

A) Gymnasts
B) Basketball players
C) Ice hockey players
D) Wrestlers

Question 25

Competitive __________ generally have higher body fat levels than distance runners, probably from self-selection related to economically exercising in the different environments rather than real metabolic effects caused by the environments.

A) male and female swimmers
B) male and female gymnasts
C) male pole vaulters
D) female ballet dancers

Question 26

Body weight measured in the air minus body weight in water with temperature correction for water density.

A) Body density
B) Body volume
C) Lean body mass
D) Body specific gravity

Question 27

Delayed onset of menarche in chronically active young women confers health benefits related to __________.

A) osteoporosis
B) hypertension
C) diabetes
D) reproductive system cancers

Question 28

Body mass related to stature

A) BMR
B) BMI
C) TDEE
D) SDA

Question 29

Air displacement plethysmography to assess body volume.

A) Hydrodensitometry
B) NIR
C) BIA
D) BOD POD

Question 30

Can probably alter muscle size by almost the same relative extent as male bodybuilders.

A) Sumo wrestlers
B) Female bodybuilders
C) Male marathon runners
D) Male gymnasts

Question 31

On average, professional football players have __________.

A) less body fat than top collegiate football players
B) more body fat than top collegiate football players
C) about the same body fat as top collegiate football players
D) low lean-to-fat ratios

Question 32

Male and female triathletes possess a physique most similar to elite __________.

A) gymnasts
B) volleyball players
C) jockeys
D) cyclists

Question 33

Male body builders generally average __________ body fat based on underwater weighing to assess body composition.

A) 9% to 10%
B) 3% to 5%
C) 6% to 8%
D) 15% to 17%

Question 34

Central excess fat deposition reflects an altered metabolic profile that increases risk for __________ and __________.

A) type 1 diabetes; hyperinsulinemia
B) hypertriglyceridemia; type 2 diabetes
C) hypertriglyceridemia; hypotension
D) very high HDL; type 1 diabetes

Question 35

Lack of nightly sleep may have __________ with an increased BMI and obesity.

A) a positive association
B) nothing to do
C) a skewed and negative association
D) an inverse, negative association

Question 36

Refers to a condition in which body fat exceeds an age- or sex-appropriate average by a predetermined amount. In most situations, this condition represents the correct term to assess individual and group body fat levels.

A) Overweight
B) Thin
C) Overfatness
D) Obesity

Question 37

A typical beauty model's body weight averages approximately __________ than the national average weight of females of similar age.

A) 10% to 15% lower
B) 20% to 25% lower
C) 25% to 30% lower
D) greater than 30%

Question 38

Obesity defined by the BMI for six heights ranging from 5 feet 6 inches to 6 feet 3 inches

A) $\ge$ 30.0 kg·m^-2
B) $\ge$ 32.0 kg·m^-2
C) $\ge$ 34.0 kg·m^-2
D) $\ge$ 38.0 kg·m^-2

Question 39

Region of the body devoid of all extractable fat

A) Lean body mass
B) Muscle
C) Adipose tissue
D) Fat-free body mass

Question 40

Directly affects inflammation, which negatively affects muscle mass (and strength) and thus contributes to __________.

A) sarcopenic obesity
B) osteopenia obesity
C) arthropenic obesity
D) cytopenic obesity

Question 41

Discovered a fundamental physics principle currently applied to evaluate male and female human body composition.

A) Siri
B) Behnke
C) King Hieron of ancient Syracuse
D) Archimedes'

Question 42

Being above some "average," "ideal," or "desirable" body mass based on weight-for-height tables should not dictate whether someone should __________.

A) gain body weight
B) reduce body weight
C) undergo fasting
D) seek medical attention

Question 43

Which of the following methods to assess body composition involves submersion in water?

A) Hydrostatic weighing
B) Monostatic weighing
C) Polystatic weighing
D) Dual x-ray weighing

Question 44

The rationale for using skinfolds to estimate body fat comes from the relationships among all of the following factors except __________.

A) percentage of lean tissue
B) subcutaneous fat
C) internal fat
D) whole body density

Question 45

Developed the concept of BMI to explain observations of the Belgian population in the 1850s that body mass increased relative to stature squared.

A) Jonathon N. Magelish
B) Albert R. Behnke
C) Adolphe Quetelet
D) Ancel B. Keystone

Question 46

BMI for a person who weighs 100.0 kilograms with stature of 180.0 centimeters (HINT: convert cm to meters)

A) 0.31
B) 30.9
C) 0.33
D) 5.7

Question 47

In the human body, the BIA technique reduces resistance or impedance to electrical current flow.

A) This produces overestimates of FFM and underestimates of % body fat.
B) This produces underestimates of FFM and % body fat.
C) This produces overestimates of FFM and % body fat.
D) This makes it possible to very accurately estimate FFM and % body fat.

Question 48

The BOD POD uses this equation to determine % body fat.

A) Siri
B) Behnke
C) King Hieron of Syracuse
D) Archimedes

Question 49

Visual appraisal of a muscular body shape

A) Ectomorphy
B) Endomorphy
C) Mesomorphy
D) Visual dynamics

Question 50

Sheldon, the developer of the somatographic method, believed this technique:

A) related human biologic traits and physique with future social behaviors.
B) did not determine one's world destiny
C) did not believe knowledge of an individual's body type provided tantalizing clues how to approach various disease and disability treatments
D) could not identify superior and inferior human physiques tied to personality and intellectual pursuits

Question 51

CT scan shows the percentage contribution of these tissue types in a cross section of a body part (such as both thighs).

A) Adipose, connective, epithelial
B) Adipose, tendon, epithelial
C) Adipose and muscle volume
D) Tendon striated strips and myomuscular deposits

Question 52

The concept of reference standards proves useful for statistical comparisons and data interpretations based on population studies of elite athletes, individuals involved in exercise training and physical activity, different racial and ethnic groups, those at the extremes of underweight and obesity, and individuals intent on improving physique status.

Question 53

Height-weight tables provide extremely reliable information about body composition.

Question 54

Body density computes as body volume ÷ body mass.

Question 55

In premenopausal women, menstrual irregularity or absence of menstrual function increases risk of bone loss and musculoskeletal injury in vigorous physical activity.

Question 56

Specific gravity refers to the ratio of the weight of an object in air divided by its loss of weight in water.

Question 57

Body volume computes as the difference between body mass measured in water and body specific gravity.

Question 58

The amount of time a caliper remains on the skin surface does not impact skinfold thickness.

Question 59

The most common anatomic locations for measuring skinfolds include the triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, and upper thigh.

Question 60

Fat stored in the gluteal and femoral regions shows greater metabolic responsiveness and greater risk for heart disease than fat stored in the abdominal region.

Question 61

The percentage of visceral fat in men decreases progressively with age.

Question 62

Bioelectrical impedance analysis measures body composition using principles of light absorption and reflection.

Question 63

Near-infrared interactance may be less accurate than skinfolds in assessing % body fat.

Question 64

MRI effectively quantifies total and subcutaneous adipose tissue in individuals of varying body fatness levels.

Question 65

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) reliably quantifies fat and nonbone regional lean body mass, and the mineral content of the body's deeper bony structures and muscle mass.

Question 66

An increase in physical activity provides a reason for the progressive decrease in body fat associated with aging.

Question 67

Women and men who exercise regularly have lower percent body fat values than the population average for an equivalent age range.

Question 68

Proper assessment of body weight, not body composition, determines a physically active person's ideal body fat to lean body mass ratio.

Question 69

Somatotyping describes body shape by placing a person into a convenient category of thin, obese, or muscular.

Question 70

Successful weightlifters of all races (compared with other athletic groups) have relatively short arms and legs for their stature.

Question 71

The prime components for the highest level of performance blend a genetically optimal physique profile with a lean body composition, a highly developed aerobic system, and proper psychological attitude for prolonged, intensive training.

Question 72

The triathlon combines continuous endurance physical activity in a five mile swim, 100 mile bicycle ride, and 22.6 mile run.

Question 73

Male and female competitive swimmers generally have more body fat than distance runners.

Question 74

Elite Division 1 collegiate football players and NFL professional football players maintain similar body size and body composition.

Question 75

At a given BMI level, Asians have greater body fat content than Caucasians and thus show greater disease risks related to adipose levels.

Question 76

Central fat deposition, independent of fat storage in other anatomic regions, increases these undesirable medical conditions: hypertension; hyperinsulinemia; glucose intolerance; Type 2 diabetes; hypertriglyceridemia and negatively altered lipoprotein profile.

Question 77

An increased incidence of high blood pressure, diabetes, and coronary heart disease occurs when BMI values exceed 27.8 for men and 24.6 for women.

Question 78

Retired legend Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers had a BMI of 26.3 and 2016 NBA champion LeBron James now with the Los Angeles Lakers has a BMI of 27.4. Both players would classify as "overweight" by height-weight standards. One would still conclude that both players are fit, not overweight, and possess a large lean-tissue component.

Question 79

In terms of ethnicity and gender, significantly more black, Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican men and women classify as overweight compared with white counterparts.

Question 80

The reference woman is taller and heavier, her skeleton weighs more, and she has a larger muscle mass and lower total fat content than the reference man.