Deck 1: The Macronutrients

Question 1

The four categories of carbohydrates include all of the following except:

A) monosaccharides
B) disaccharides
C) trisaccharides
D) oligosaccharides

Answer 1

trisaccharides

Question 2

Glucose may be produced by gluconeogenesis, synthesizing it from all of the following except:

A) pyruvate
B) fatty acids
C) glycerol
D) carbon skeletons of specific amino acids

Answer 2

fatty acids

Question 3

The term complex carbohydrate commonly refers to:

A) milk sugar
B) fruit sugar
C) table sugar
D) dietary starch

Answer 3

dietary starch

Question 4

All of the following are nutritious dietary carbohydrate sources except:

A) fruits
B) grains
C) vegetables
D) high-fructose corn syrup

Question 5

The water-insoluble fibers include all of the following except:

A) pectin
B) lignin
C) hemicellulose
D) cellulose

Question 6

Glycogen reserves readily deplete during the following conditions except:

A) carbohydrate loading
B) starvation
C) prolonged strenuous exercise
D) low-carbohydrate diet

Question 7

__________ serves as the major source of carbohydrate energy for active muscles during exercise.

A) Muscle glycogen
B) Blood glucose
C) Glycerol
D) Fatty acid

Question 8

__________ is a process that provides a rapid extramuscular glucose supply.

A) Gluconeogenesis
B) Glycolysis
C) Glycogenolysis
D) Glucogenesis

Question 9

When blood glucose falls below the normal range, the pancreas' alpha cells immediately secrete the hormone __________.

A) glucagon
B) somatostatin
C) epinephrine
D) insulin

Question 10

An amino group shifts from a donor amino acid to an acceptor acid and the acceptor becomes a new amino acid in a process called __________.

A) deamination
B) glucose-alanine cycle
C) transamination
D) Cori cycle synthesis

Question 11

Amino acid molecules lose their nitrogen (amine group) in the liver via a process called __________.

A) deamination
B) glucose-alanine cycle
C) transamination
D) crossamination

Question 12

The __________ for protein, vitamins, and minerals represents a standard for nutrient intake expressed as a daily average.

A) Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (ESADDI)
B) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
C) Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
D) Recommended Daily Dietary Intakes (RDDI)

Question 13

The disaccharide sucrose forms from the union of:

A) glucose and glucose
B) fructose and galactose
C) fructose and fructose
D) glucose and fructose

Question 14

Lipid constitutes the ideal cellular fuel because each molecule carries large quantities of __________.

A) water
B) hydrogen
C) ATP
D) energy per unit weight

Question 15

Blood lipids must bind to __________, or they will not dissolve in the blood plasma.

A) protein
B) fatty acids
C) phosphorous-containing groups
D) glucose

Question 16

The lipoprotein that normally carries between 60% and 80% of the total serum cholesterol and has the greatest affinity for arterial wall cells is called __________.

A) HDL
B) LDL
C) IDL
D) VLDL

Question 17

Synthesis of glucose from other nutrients' structural components is called __________.

A) gluconeogenesis
B) glycogenolysis
C) glycolysis
D) glucogenesis

Question 18

A key point from the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee concluded that drinking a reasonable amount of this beverage is associated with minimal health risk __________.

A) fruit juice
B) coffee
C) beer
D) liquor

Question 19

Lipid molecules __________.

A) have a basic formula of C₆H₁₂O₆
B) always contain six fatty acids
C) occur in plants and animals
D) are soluble in water

Question 20

Which of the following is a rich dietary source of saturated fatty acids?

A) Safflower oil
B) Sunflower oil
C) Palm oil
D) Corn oil

Question 21

Not a benefit of dietary fiber.

A) Delays gastric emptying
B) Facilitates red blood synthesis
C) Interferes with digestive enzymes
D) Inhibits cholesterol synthesis

Question 22

Four grams of lipid contain approximately __________ kcal.

A) 8
B) 16
C) 32
D) 36

Question 23

The RDA represents __________.

A) the maximum quantity of a nutrient required for good health
B) a method for evaluating nutrient quality
C) the average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of 97% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage group
D) the average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage group

Question 24

During prolonged exercise, the alanine-glucose cycle generates between __________ and __________ of the total exercise energy requirement.

A) 1%, 2%
B) 6%, 7%
C) 10%, 15%
D) 20%, 25%

Question 25

A meta-analysis of research trials indicated that for every 10 mg .dL^-1 increase in __________, cancer risk declined by 36%.

A) blood sugar
B) LDL cholesterol
C) plasma amino acids
D) HDL cholesterol

Question 26

Starches with a relatively large amount of amylose __________.

A) contain a long, straight chain of glucose units
B) contain a highly branched linkage of glucose units
C) are digested and absorbed rapidly
D) are digested rapidly and absorbed slowly

Question 27

A well-nourished 80-kg person stores approximately __________ g of carbohydrates.

A) 90
B) 300
C) 500
D) 1600

Question 28

The American Heart Association recommends a cholesterol intake of no more than __________ mg daily.

A) 100
B) 200
C) 300
D) 400

Question 29

Two common forms of plant polysaccharide are __________.

A) fiber and maltodextrin
B) oligosaccharides and protease
C) fiber and lignin
D) starch and fiber

Question 30

Glucose may be synthesized from __________.

A) glycerol in glycogenolysis
B) glycogen in glycolysis
C) amino acids in gluconeogenesis
D) lactic acid in glycolysis

Question 31

The term lipid represents a heterogeneous group of compounds including all of the following except:

A) oils
B) waxes
C) fats
D) meats

Question 32

Cholesterol is a __________.

A) component of bile
B) compound that contains nitrogen
C) component of all hormones
D) compound that contains fatty acids

Question 33

An example of a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide (in the appropriate order) is __________.

A) lactose, sucrose, and glycogen
B) glucose, fructose, and fibrose
C) glucose, maltose, and cellulose
D) fructose, starch, and sucrose

Question 34

Lipoproteins __________.

A) constitute the main form of blood lipid transport
B) are comprised primarily of unsaturated fatty acids
C) are either water soluble or fat soluble
D) are the main form of lipid in the body

Question 35

Gluconeogenesis takes place primarily in the __________.

A) spleen
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) small intestine

Question 36

Shifting an amino group from a donor amino acid to a keto acid is called __________.

A) gluconeogenesis
B) translocation
C) transamination
D) deamination

Question 37

When nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excretion, __________ has been achieved.

A) negative nitrogen balance
B) nitrogen balance
C) isocaloric balance
D) positive nitrogen balance

Question 38

Dietary fibers that show a cholesterol-lowering effect are __________.

A) classified as water insoluble
B) classified as water soluble
C) found primarily in wheat
D) contained only in fruits

Question 39

Consuming a high-fiber diet has been shown to lower occurrence of the following conditions except __________.

A) type 2 diabetes
B) migraine headaches
C) blood cholesterol
D) systemic inflammation

Question 40

To reduce the risk of cancer, the American Cancer Society suggests that no more than __________ of total calories should come from lipids.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 41

__________ makes margarine solid at room temperature.

A) Oxidation
B) Esterification
C) Hydrogenation
D) Unsaturation

Question 42

Rapidly absorbed forms of carbohydrates impose a high __________ on the body.

A) rate of glycolysis
B) glucagon synthesis rate
C) glycemic load
D) rate of gluconeogenesis

Question 43

Excessive ketone formation can result in a harmful condition called __________.

A) ketosis
B) ketogenic shock
C) ketolysis
D) catabolic shock

Question 44

The most plentiful lipids in the body are __________.

A) glycolipids
B) triacylglycerols
C) monoacylglycerols
D) chylomicrons

Question 45

__________ is classified as a derived lipid.

A) Glycerol
B) Cholesterol
C) Fatty acid
D) Phospholipid

Question 46

Consumption of sugary beverages increases the risk of the following diseases except __________.

A) obesity
B) heart disease
C) type 2 diabetes
D) contact dermatitis

Question 47

During intense exercise, __________ serve as the primary fuel source.

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) lipoproteins

Question 48

Glycogen reserves may be depleted by all of the following except:

A) starvation
B) high-carbohydrate diet
C) reduced energy intake
D) strenuous exercise

Question 49

Which of the following foods is considered a higher quality protein:

A) cereals
B) beans
C) meat
D) nuts

Question 50

Scientific evidence indicates that only about __________% of an individual's blood cholesterol level comes from dietary intake. The liver produces the rest of the body's cholesterol.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 51

Frequent and excessive intake of __________ may increase the risk for adult-onset (type 2) diabetes mellitus.

A) animal protein
B) polyunsaturated fatty acids
C) highly refined starch
D) hydrogenated fatty acids

Question 52

All nutrients contain carbon except water and vitamins.

Question 53

Fructose and lactose are two simple sugars that have the same chemical formula as glucose.

Question 54

Eating a diversity of plant foods (grains, fruits, and vegetables) supplies all of the essential amino acids.

Question 55

Simple lipids or "neutral fats" consist primarily of triacylglycerols, the most plentiful lipid in the body.

Question 56

Glucose, a hexose sugar, contains five carbon atoms in its molecular structure.

Question 57

Galactose is the sweetest monosaccharide.

Question 58

Pescovegetarians are at a lower colorectal cancer risk than strict vegetarians.

Question 59

Older adults are typically at risk for the gradual loss of muscle mass, strength, and muscle function, a condition known as sarcopenia.

Question 60

Carbohydrates contain more energy per unit weight than lipids.

Question 61

If energy intake falls below total energy expended during intense training, even protein intake above recommended values may fail to maintain nitrogen balance.

Question 62

Consume more red meat for a more healthful diet.

Question 63

Athletes who train heavily generally have greater difficulty obtaining adequate calories on a vegetarian diet compared to a nonvegetarian diet.

Question 64

The number of near-vegetarian athletes has increased considerably over the last decade.

Question 65

Well-balanced vegetarian diets generally provide abundant carbohydrates.

Question 66

Proteins play a role in regulating the acid-base quality of body fluids.

Question 67

In muscle, enzymes facilitate nitrogen removal from certain amino acids and subsequently pass this nitrogen to other compounds in the biochemical reactions of transamination.

Question 68

Only animals manufacture proteins that contain essential amino acids.

Question 69

The body can obtain more energy from protein than it can from an equal amount of lipids.

Question 70

Excessive protein intake can place added strain on liver and kidney function.

Question 71

Incomplete proteins are higher quality proteins and contain all essential amino acids.

Question 72

Symptoms of hypoglycemia include weakness, hunger, and dizziness.

Question 73

Exogenous cholesterol refers to cholesterol produced by the body.

Question 74

The American Heart Association suggests an intake of no more than 500 mg of cholesterol per day.

Question 75

Cholesterol synthesis occurs only in animals.

Question 76

An amino acid's characteristics are determined by its biologic value.

Question 77

Cholesterol synthesized by the body is called endogenous cholesterol.

Question 78

Maltose is another term for milk sugar.

Question 79

Deamination describes the transfer of an amino group to a non-nitrogen-containing carbon compound.

Question 80

The main source of dietary cholesterol is plant food.