Deck 8: Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and Therapy

Question 1

How would you characterize the relationship that existed between behavior therapists and cognitive therapists in the 1970s?

A) After initial tension between the cognitive and behavioral types, they quickly formed an alliance.
B) Many behaviorists were unhappy with the idea of considering cognition as a focus of therapy.
C) The cognitive types (introspectionists) preceded the behaviorists and resisted their unification.
D) Behaviorists welcomed cognitive therapists into their professional organizations.
E) Cognitive therapists saw themselves as different and therefore distanced themselves from behavior therapists.

Answer 1

Many behaviorists were unhappy with the idea of considering cognition as a focus of therapy.

Question 2

What factors did Judith Beck identify as her reasons for specializing in cognitive therapy?

A) She identified her core schema as linked to her father's cognitive therapy teachings.
B) She noted that she has never developed the skills to make her competent to practice using any other approach.
C) She's uncomfortable using any approach that her father didn't invent.
D) She views it as the most humane, effective, and quickest way to alleviate suffering.
E) Judith Beck doesn't use cognitive therapy.

Answer 2

She views it as the most humane, effective, and quickest way to alleviate suffering.

Question 3

What are the three original and primary forms of cognitive therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) described in the textbook?

A) Self-instructional training, problem-solving therapy, behavioral activation.
B) Stress inoculation training, cognitive therapy, narrative therapy.
C) Reality therapy, logotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy.
D) Rational Emotive Therapy, cognitive therapy, self-instructional training.
E) Transactional analysis, schema therapy, cognitive therapy.

Answer 3

Rational Emotive Therapy, cognitive therapy, self-instructional training.

Question 4

Ellis identified five bedrock components of this theory. Which of the following is NOT one of these five bedrock components?

A) Therapists should follow their clients' lead in identifying irrational thoughts.
B) People dogmatically adhere to irrational thoughts and ideas.
C) Irrational ideas cause people distress and misery.
D) These ideas can be boiled down to a few basic categories.
E) Therapists can teach clients how to give up their misery-causing irrational beliefs.

Question 5

What was the original name of Albert Ellis's therapeutic approach?

A) Self-instructional therapy.
B) Cognitive therapy.
C) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.
D) Rational Emotive Therapy.
E) None of the above.

Question 6

Which early approach to psychotherapy is seen as a predecessor of modern rational or cognitive approaches to therapy?

A) S. Freud's psychoanalytic approach.
B) A. Freud's ego psychology.
C) Adler's individual psychology.
D) Rogers's nondirective counseling.
E) B. F. Skinner's applied behavior analysis.

Question 7

Which phrase best describes Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy approach?

A) Collaborative empirical analysis of ongoing cognitions.
B) Rational argument to overcome irrational thought.
C) Self-talk to guide adaptive behaviors.
D) Reciprocal feedback from the environment, analyzed cognitively.
E) None of these is a good description.

Question 8

Which phrase best describes Donald Meichenbaum's therapy approach?

A) Collaborative empirical analysis of ongoing cognitions.
B) Rational argument to overcome irrational thought.
C) Self-talk to guide adaptive behaviors.
D) Reciprocal feedback from the environment, analyzed cognitively.
E) None of these is a good description.

Question 9

Like behavior therapy, CBT is based on learning theories. However, CBT goes beyond classical and operant conditioning and includes:

A) Social learning theory.
B) Choice theory.
C) Cognitive appraisal theory.
D) Only a and b.
E) Only a and c.

Question 10

Social learning theory emphasizes two main cognitive processes:

A) Human learning is observational in nature, and reciprocal interactions can occur between the individual's behavior and environment.
B) Punishment and extinction.
C) Life and death.
D) The belief or interpretation of a stimulus, and the potential modification of such beliefs.
E) None of the above.

Question 11

One of Albert Bandura's most important social learning theory concepts is:

A) Anger management.
B) Reflective listening.
C) Unconditional positive regard.
D) Self-efficacy.
E) Reciprocal determinism.

Question 12

Which statement is true about self-efficacy?

A) It is the same as self-esteem.
B) It is more specific than self-esteem in that it focuses on an individual's belief or confidence in performing specific skills.
C) Along with collaborative empiricism, it's one of Aaron Beck's most important cognitive concepts.
D) It has very little influence on client behavior and therefore is mostly irrelevant to counseling.
E) Lower self-efficacy is associated with positive self-talk.

Question 13

Factor(s) that can improve self-efficacy is/are:

A) Incentives.
B) Positive feedback.
C) Knowledge and skills.
D) Successful performance accomplishment.
E) All of the above.

Question 14

Observational learning can also be referred to as:

A) Vicarious learning.
B) Modeling.
C) Rational learning.
D) None of the above.
E) Both a and b.

Question 15

According to observational learning theory, which scenario would likely occur when Jane sees her older brother in pain after placing his hand on a hot stove?

A) She would make fun of him.
B) She would place her hand on the hot stove.
C) She would encourage him to do it again.
D) She would refrain from putting her hand on a hot stove.
E) She would be completely unaffected by this event because she needs to directly experience positive reinforcement or punishment to have it cause any changes in her behavior.

Question 16

Chelsea comes to therapy to stop her compulsive hair-pulling. However, she has very little confidence in her ability to do so. Which statement is true about Chelsea?

A) She is highly likely to be successful in her effort to stop her hair-pulling behavior.
B) She suffers from low self-esteem.
C) She has low self-instructional focus.
D) She has low self-efficacy in terms of her ability to stop pulling her hair.
E) She is unlikely to work well with a therapist who uses collaborative empiricism.

Question 17

The essence of cognitive theory can be summarized in one sentence that Ellis attributed to Epictetus:

A) "People are disturbed by things that cannot be understood."
B) "People are disturbed by things, not by what they think."
C) "People are disturbed by emotions caused by response."
D) "People are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them."
E) "People naturally find negative emotions disturbing, and it will cause them to think and behave irrationally."

Question 18

Consistent with cognitive appraisal theory, research shows that individuals with anxiety disorders are likely to:

A) Overestimate the chances of a negative event occurring.
B) Pay very little attention to negative incidents or cues.
C) Minimize the significance of negative events.
D) All of the above.
E) Only a and c.

Question 19

The stimulus-organism-response theory postulates that:

A) There is a conscious thought between an external event and a particular emotional response.
B) Behavior is a function of its consequences.
C) Thought has no influence on response.
D) All of the above.
E) Both a and b are true.

Question 20

Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) labels clients' thoughts that cause distress and misery as:

A) Crazy-making.
B) Rational thinking.
C) Trigger thoughts.
D) Irrational thoughts.
E) Maladaptive thoughts.

Question 21

At its core, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) involves:

A) Mostly listening and reflection.
B) Analysis of rational emotions versus irrational emotions.
C) Identifying irrational ideas and disputing them.
D) Dream analysis.
E) Self-talk designed to facilitate a positive coping response.

Question 22

In Ellis's A-B-C model the "A" refers to:

A) The actual behavior and actual emotion derived from the individual's belief.
B) The activating physiological trigger.
C) The activating event.
D) The individuals' activities linked to their beliefs.
E) The attenuation of individual behavior, emotion, and cognition.

Question 23

The ABCs in REBT are:

A) Antecedent, behavior, consequence of behavior.
B) Antecedent, belief, consequence of behavior.
C) Activating event, behavior, consequent feeling.
D) Activating event, belief, consequent feeling.
E) Actual thought, behavior, cognition.

Question 24

The purpose of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is to help substitute a(n) ______________________, which will result in more positive and more comfortable consequent feelings.

A) Rational belief (rB) for a current irrational belief (iB).
B) Irrational belief (iB) for a rational belief (rB).
C) Maladaptive thought for a irrational belief (iB).
D) Rational belief (rB) for a maladaptive thought.
E) None of the above.

Question 25

In Socratic questioning, the therapist asks questions that help clients focus on:

A) Rational thoughts.
B) Idiosyncratic and maladaptive thoughts.
C) Maladaptive behaviors.
D) Psychopathology.
E) Both b and c.

Question 26

The goal of collaborative empiricism is:

A) To help clients discover inaccurate or maladaptive thoughts.
B) To establish ground rules for CBT.
C) To help the client discover what his or her dreams mean.
D) To help the client analyze his or her emotional state.
E) To use standardized assessment procedures to track treatment outcomes/

Question 27

Key similarity(ies) between Beck's cognitive therapy and Ellis's REBT is/are:

A) Cognition is at the core of human suffering, and the therapist's job is to help clients modify distress-producing thoughts.
B) Cognition is at the core of human suffering, and therapists must coach clients in changing their behaviors.
C) Maladaptive behavior is at the core of human suffering, and therapists must help clients modify distress-producing behaviors.
D) Maladaptive behavior is always a function of early childhood trauma.
E) Deep cognitive schemas are a product of early childhood experiences.

Question 28

Beck's cognitive triad includes which of the following?

A) Negative evaluation of self.
B) Negative evaluation of the world or specific events.
C) Negative evaluation of the future.
D) All of the above.
E) Only a and c.

Question 29

Which of the following is Beck's cognitive model of psychopathology?

A) Cognitive distortions are triggered by external or internal events and produce automatic thoughts. These automatic thoughts are maladaptive and linked to core beliefs or core schema.
B) Activating events trigger maladaptive behaviors, which, in turn, trigger maladaptive cognitions, which trigger future activating events.
C) Negative self-talk generates anxiety, which is subsequently directed inward toward the self. This results in further negative self-talk that degrades into a negative spiral.
D) Negative irrational beliefs are natural, but can get out of control and spiral into deeper and deeper irrational beliefs until it's virtually impossible to change those beliefs without intensive psychotherapy.
E) Both a and c are consistent with Beck's cognitive therapy model.

Question 30

What was the original name of Donald Meichenbaum's therapeutic approach?

A) Rational psychotherapy.
B) Self-instructional therapy.
C) Cognitive therapy.
D) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.
E) Rational Emotive Therapy.

Question 31

CBT is:

A) Agenda driven.
B) Not supported by empirical research.
C) Accepted as empirically valid for virtually all cultural groups.
D) Being quickly overtaken by behavioral approaches.
E) Dominated by the life-span developmental perspective.

Question 32

What's helpful about the CBT process of generating a problem list?

A) It gives therapists a chance to show interest in and compassion for client problems.
B) As clients describe their problems, cognitive and behavioral antecedents and consequences are identified and initial hypotheses are generated.
C) As therapists utilize Socratic questioning to explore problems, clients become oriented to the CBT process.
D) All of the above are true.
E) Only a and c are true.

Question 33

After the first session, Margarita's therapist suggests that she write down whatever thoughts come into her mind when she is feeling a strong emotion. This is an example of which technique?

A) Thinking in shades of gray.
B) Cognitive self-monitoring using a thought record.
C) Emotional resistance.
D) It could be any of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 34

In CBT, the general purpose of a case formulation is to:

A) Help practitioners identify their own cognitive distortions and how those distortions might adversely affect treatment outcomes.
B) Identify a single maladaptive or irrational core belief so that you, the therapist, can work to eliminate that belief.
C) Help practitioners develop a treatment plan that comprehensively addresses individual client issues.
D) Identify underlying psychodynamics that are contributing to maladaptive client behavior patterns.
E) Provide a medical diagnosis that assures the practitioner that there will be insurance reimbursement potential.

Question 35

When the therapist provides information to clients about the nature of their problems, this is called:

A) Psychobabble.
B) Psychoneurology.
C) Psychodynamics.
D) Psychopharmacology.
E) Psychoeducation.

Question 36

The purpose of vertical descent (used in CBT) is to:

A) Hypnotize the client.
B) Develop trust in the therapeutic relationship.
C) Uncover underlying core beliefs.
D) Develop a problem list.
E) Both b and d.

Question 37

Suppose a client has this automatic thought about his therapist: "This is the best therapist I've ever known. He's incredible. He's so insightful." What type of cognitive distortion would Beck most likely consider this to be?

A) Mind reading.
B) Overgeneralization.
C) Personalization.
D) Dichotomous or polarized thinking.
E) Labeling and mislabeling.

Question 38

Identify the cognitive distortion based on the following scenario: Susie sees Alice in the hallway at school and says hello. Alice doesn't reply, or even look up for that matter. Susie believes that she must have done something to cause Alice to be angry with her.

A) Mind reading.
B) Overgeneralization.
C) Personalization.
D) Dichotomous or polarized thinking.
E) Labeling and mislabeling.

Question 39

Which of the following is the best description of the technique of thinking in shades of gray?

A) An art therapy technique emphasizing the transfer of emotional material to calmer, shades of gray.
B) A self-instructional technique designed to help clients cope by encouraging them to think about what is happening, rather than responding emotionally.
C) Taking a client's automatic thoughts, assumptions, or conclusions about a specific performance and placing them on a concrete, measurable scale.
D) Countering the client's selective abstraction with concrete abstraction.
E) None of the above.

Question 40

Albert Ellis thinks that the therapeutic relationship is:

A) The responsibility of the client.
B) The responsibility of B. F. Skinner.
C) Minimally important to therapeutic success.
D) Moderately important to therapeutic success.
E) Extremely important to therapeutic success.

Question 41

Which technique might be most useful with clients who hold on to maladaptive thoughts despite the fact that other, more reasonable interpretations exist?

A) Generating alternative interpretations.
B) False interpretations technique.
C) Stress inoculation training.
D) Collaborative interviewing.
E) Guessing the thought.

Question 42

Rosen and Davison (2003) published an article advocating a shift away from:

A) CBT.
B) Gestalt therapy.
C) Randomized controlled trials as the gold standard of treatment outcomes.
D) Pharmacological interventions for psychiatric disorders.
E) Empirically supported treatment lists, and instead work toward treatment principles.