Deck 5: Person-Centered Theory and Therapy

Question 1

In the 1940s, one of the most distinct components of Carl Rogers's therapy was that:

A) He actually listened to his clients.
B) He used movement therapy and sometimes danced with his clients.
C) He used subception to sense what clients were feeling without them talking.
D) He meditated with his clients.
E) None of the above is true.

Answer 1

He actually listened to his clients.

Question 2

Which description of Carl Rogers's family background is most accurate?

A) He came from a very liberal, atheist family.
B) He came from a very liberal, Christian family.
C) He came from a moderately conservative family.
D) He came from a fundamentalist Christian family.
E) He was adopted and came to the United States on a slow boat from China.

Answer 2

He came from a fundamentalist Christian family.

Question 3

Element(s) of Rankian practice that Rogers wove into his approach is/are:

A) Therapists should seek to educate clients.
B) Therapists should not seek to educate clients.
C) Therapists should foster dependency with clients.
D) Therapists should help clients accept their uniqueness.
E) Both b and d.

Answer 3

Both b and d.

Question 4

Which is the correct order of evolutionary steps of person-centered theory and therapy (PCT)?

A) Nondirective counseling, client-centered therapy, becoming a person, worldwide issues.
B) Becoming a person, becoming a therapist, nondirective counseling, client-centered therapy.
C) Client-centered therapy, nondirective counseling, becoming a person, worldwide issues.
D) There was no specific order of evolution.
E) Rogers never changed in his approach or titling of his brand of therapy.

Question 5

Rogers used the term ____________ to refer to the locus of all psychological experience.

A) Development.
B) Cell.
C) Organism.
D) Life span.
E) Realm of the psyche.

Question 6

According to Rogers, when the self's and organism's experiences and perceptions are consistent, there is:

A) Balance.
B) Psychosis.
C) Enlightenment.
D) Joyousness.
E) Congruence.

Question 7

The developmental goal in Rogers's self theory is:

A) Confronting maladaptive beliefs.
B) Identifying underlying cognitive schemas.
C) For the self to become more fully aware and more able to learn from experience.
D) To diminish the self because of its false egotistical nature.
E) To adapt to external life demands by putting aside the self.

Question 8

If a child consistently experiences disapproval from his or her caretaker, he or she may:

A) Develop negative self-regard.
B) End up believing his or her caretaker regards him or her negatively.
C) Deny the desirable organismic experience that the caretaker has consistently disapproved.
D) All of the above can result.
E) None of the above will result.

Question 9

Which of the following terms refers to a person's unconscious perception of a threatening object or situation?

A) Subception.
B) Repression.
C) Regression.
D) Deception.
E) Retroflection.

Question 10

Rogers believed that repression and conditions of worth can be prevented by:

A) Maintaining full organismic awareness during traumatic events.
B) Avoiding all situations that are threatening or potentially harmful.
C) Having parents who provide unconditional positive regard.
D) Resiliency.
E) Development of protective factors.

Question 11

Somewhat similar to existential therapy, person-centered therapy is designed to:

A) Help clients find the meaning in life.
B) Help clients become more open to their vast array of personal experiences.
C) Help clients identify with their inner child.
D) Help clients confront their false selves.
E) Help client face and embrace the reality of death.

Question 12

Paraphrasing Rogers, Hall and Lindzey (1970) suggested that if more and more true values of a person are replaced by values taken over or borrowed from others:

A) Schizophrenia is likely to develop.
B) Somewhat paradoxically, such a person will develop congruence.
C) The self will become a house divided against itself.
D) Such a person will develop skills for feeling feel confident in what he or she wants.
E) Only a and c are true.

Question 13

Congruence, one of the core conditions of person-centered therapy, is also referred to as:

A) Transparency.
B) Empathy.
C) Acceptance.
D) Genuineness.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

According to Rogers, what should a therapist do when he or she is experiencing negative feelings in the context of the therapeutic relationship?

A) Pause, take a deep breath, and express a positive feeling anyway.
B) Acknowledge it to himself or herself, but avoid displaying or showing the negative feelings.
C) Go to therapy because any negative feelings toward a client are a sign of countertransference that needs to be resolved.
D) Always be real and direct, expressing negative feelings full force.
E) None of the above is an ideal way for dealing with negative reactions to clients.

Question 15

Using theoretically informed observational data and reputable sources in the service of understanding a client is called:

A) Imaginative empathy.
B) Intellectual empathy.
C) Emotional empathy.
D) Unconditional positive regard.
E) None of the above.

Question 16

Subjective empathy might involve asking yourself which of the following questions?

A) "What does my intuition tell me about my client right now?"
B) "When will he or she start talking about emotionally meaningful material?"
C) "How can I be more empathic with my client?"
D) "How was that other client I worked with feeling about this?"
E) "What does the research say about what people tend to feel in similar situations?"

Question 17

"Walking within" occurs when:

A) The client explores his or her unconscious through dream work.
B) The client uses the downward arrow technique to access a condition of worth.
C) The therapist looks at his or her own countertransference.
D) The therapist reflects the client's feeling or experience using first person pronouns.
E) The therapist leads the client into the therapy office.

Question 18

One way to experience (unconditional) positive regard in difficult situations (for example with parent who is abusive toward his or her child) is to:

A) Smile warmly at your client and let the subception process take over.
B) Tell your client that what he or she is saying makes you uncomfortable and then continue on.
C) Find within yourself the positive regard for the suffering human being in the room with you.
D) Ask your client to limit his or her sharing of details to behavior only and to censor the emotions surrounding the behavior.
E) Both a and b would work well together.

Question 19

Which of the following is the most central and deepest core theoretical principle of person-centered therapy?

A) Unconditional positive regard.
B) Congruence.
C) Empathy.
D) Trust in the client.
E) None of the above.

Question 20

According to person-centered theory, what is the best description of psychopathology?

A) Maladaptive thoughts.
B) Perception without awareness.
C) Subception.
D) Failure to learn from experience.
E) Unfinished business.

Question 21

Natalie Rogers believes which of the following about empathy?

A) It's not as important as her father insisted it was.
B) It's impossible to be genuinely empathic.
C) It's perhaps the most underestimated condition leading to positive change.
D) Clients take empathy for granted and therefore it is counterproductive.
E) None of the above.

Question 22

Which statement would be true regarding what Natalie Rogers expressed in her phone conversation with John Sommers-Flanagan?

A) Brief psychotherapy was something she is interested in and views as having great potential.
B) Therapists in the United States tend to have an attitude of "I know more" than the client and therefore take on a role of authority.
C) Most U.S. practitioners understand how to conduct person-centered therapy fairly well.
D) To practice something on somebody else that you haven't practice in depth is inexcusable.
E) Both b and d are true.

Question 23

According to Carl Rogers, assessment and diagnostic procedures are seen as potentially contributing to:

A) Successfully shortening the length of therapy.
B) Client psychopathology.
C) Schizophrenia.
D) The healing process.
E) Client success in therapy.

Question 24

According to the motivational interviewing approach, directly confronting substance-abusing clients generally produces which of the following?

A) Motivation.
B) Insight.
C) Resistance.
D) Empathy.
E) Countertransference.

Question 25

Motivational interviewing:

A) Is used with resistant clients.
B) Is a form of nondirective play therapy.
C) Enhances client self-efficacy.
D) Uses reflective listening skills.
E) Only a, c, and d are true.

Question 26

When Ralph asked his child about her therapy experience, she stated that she played a lot and got to do what she liked. Her therapist was most likely:

A) A person-centered therapist.
B) A therapist practicing individual psychology.
C) A behavioral therapist.
D) A Jungian analyst.
E) None of the above.

Question 27

Learning person-centered therapy is an excellent foundational training for becoming any type of therapist because:

A) It is a requirement for state licensure.
B) It is proven to be empirically better than any other approach.
C) The principles are integrated into virtually every other contemporary therapeutic approach.
D) Multicultural clients tend to prefer less directive therapies.
E) Clients always know and can articulate their problems.

Question 28

The best way to express positive regard is to:

A) Tell your clients that you care about them.
B) Express positive regard in your informed consent.
C) Consistently listen sensitively and compassionately.
D) Directly educate your clients about the PCT approach.
E) Use self-disclosure.

Question 29

According to Rogers, all thoughts and feelings are okay and should be accepted:

A) Except if they are socially inappropriate.
B) But not all behavior is acceptable.
C) But clients should refrain from expressing all their thoughts and feelings in therapy.
D) And you should express them freely and openly with everyone.
E) Only a and c are true.

Question 30

Miller and Rollnick (2002), the developers of motivational interviewing, view ambivalence as:

A) A sign that the therapeutic relationship is heading in the right direction.
B) Normal.
C) Pathological.
D) Necessary to any therapeutic relationship.
E) Something that should be directly confronted in therapy.

Question 31

Miller and Rollnick (1998), the developers of motivational interviewing, described Rogers as collaborative, caring, and supportive and also emphasized that he was:

A) Not nondirective.
B) Completely nondirective.
C) A spiritual giant.
D) The most influential man in the world.
E) Not necessarily effective in his work.

Question 32

Which would be an example of an amplified reflection in response to a client stating, "My drinking isn't that bad"?

A) "You feel that your drinking isn't that big a problem."
B) "You can drink with minimal consequences."
C) "Really? From what I've heard, it seems it is."
D) "You haven't received any consequences whatsoever from your drinking."
E) "Denial is much more than a river in Egypt."

Question 33

Which of the following opening questions is most consistent with person-centered theory?

A) "What specific problem is it that brings you in today?"
B) "I would like to get to know you better. Would you please tell me about your family history, starting with your grandparents?"
C) "Would you please tell me anything you're willing or want to tell me about yourself?"
D) "Okay, last week we discussed some strategies for controlling your anger. Did you have a chance to practice any of them this week?"
E) "If this session is to be successful, what will have to happen?"

Question 34

Your client is crying about having recently broken up from a romantic relationship. Which response is the most consistent with the person-centered approach?

A) "Please take a tissue and have a good cry."
B) "It really hurts when you think about your relationship ending."
C) "What thoughts are coming into your mind right now?"
D) "It might help right now if you could think about the negative experiences you had in your relationship."
E) "When you've been sad and down before, what has helped you feel better?"

Question 35

Person-centered therapy has been shown to have the following limitations in regard to culturally diverse clients:

A) Collectivist cultures are attracted to nondirective approaches.
B) Certain cultures prefer active, advice-oriented counselors.
C) Collectivist cultures may feel uncomfortable with this intense focus on the individual.
D) All of the above.
E) Only b and c.

Question 36

Regarding cultural considerations and values, the person-centered approach:

A) Is a universal therapy and therefore fits well with all cultures.
B) May be too emotionally direct for some cultures.
C) May be too indirect for some cultures.
D) All of the above.
E) Only b and c.

Question 37

Which statement is accurate regarding Rogers's study of hospitalized schizophrenics in Wisconsin?

A) Therapists had very accurate perceptions of the therapeutic relationship.
B) The patients turned out to have more useful or accurate perceptions of the therapy relationship.
C) Both therapists and patients had similar perceptions of the therapy relationship.
D) The patients all made excellent progress in this study.
E) Several patients completely recovered from schizophrenia.

Question 38

Recent research on person-centered therapy suggests which of the following?

A) It is often somewhat less effective than cognitive and behavioral treatment.
B) It is marginally more effective than placebo treatment.
C) It is consistently more effective than no treatment.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 39

Many researchers and practitioners make the mistake of evaluating Rogers's therapeutic conditions as "therapist skills" rather than as:

A) A way of life.
B) Therapist talent.
C) Therapist beliefs.
D) Therapist attitudes.
E) Therapist behaviors.

Question 40

Empirical research suggests that the core conditions as articulated by Rogers are:

A) Necessary and sufficient for positive therapy outcomes.
B) Facilitative of positive therapy outcomes.
C) Unrelated to positive therapy outcomes.
D) A product of an outdated method.
E) Not measurable and therefore of little importance.