Deck 1: Psychotherapy and Counseling Essentials: An Introduction

Question 1

The comment "In psychology, even the rats are white and male" refers to which of the following?

A) Experimental psychologists continue to use only white male rats in their research studies.
B) Psychotherapy is useful only for white males.
C) Most psychological theories were developed by white men of European descent and much of the research historically focused on whites and males.
D) All of the above.
E) Only b and c.

Answer 1

Most psychological theories were developed by white men of European descent and much of the research historically focused on whites and males.

Question 2

For the most part, early treatments for human distress and disturbance consisted of a combination of:

A) Medical-biological procedures.
B) Spiritual procedures.
C) Psychosocial procedures.
D) All of the above.
E) Only b and c.

Answer 2

All of the above.

Question 3

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes relationship and community over individuality, and its beginnings occurred in the context of people's experiences and interactions in personal, political, and professional settings?

A) Biological perspective.
B) Psychosocial perspective.
C) Feminist-multicultural perspective.
D) Religious-spiritual perspective.
E) Relationship and community perspective.

Answer 3

Feminist-multicultural perspective.

Question 4

The biomedical perspective:

A) Utilizes counseling for those dying from a medical condition.
B) Has involved trephining and lobotomies.
C) Focuses primarily on using a psychoanalytic approach.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 5

Trephining involved:

A) The use of monks to counsel clients.
B) Reverse siphoning of gas from the can to the vehicle.
C) Cutting a hole in the skull to release evil spirits.
D) Cutting holes on the skin to produce a behavior change.
E) The sealing up of naturally occurring holes in the skull.

Question 6

Anna O. referred to psychotherapy as:

A) A method that involved "listening to and learning" from her therapist.
B) "The talking cure."
C) Something that was "interesting but, in the end, unhelpful."
D) "The holy grail."
E) "The transference cure."

Question 7

Theories:

A) Explain phenomena.
B) Involve gathering and organizing knowledge.
C) Help scientists make predictions.
D) All of the above.
E) Only a and b.

Question 8

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) utilize ____________ to facilitate emotional regulation.

A) Trephining.
B) Buddhist mindfulness.
C) String cheese.
D) Feminist concepts.
E) Medical interventions.

Question 9

Which statement is least consistent with what Corsini and Wedding believed about counseling and psychotherapy?

A) They are the same qualitatively.
B) They differ only quantitatively.
C) There is no difference whatsoever.
D) There is nothing that a psychotherapist does that a counselor does not do.
E) None of these are consistent with what Corsini and Wedding stated.

Question 10

What is most true about the status of therapy effectiveness?

A) Everyone agrees that therapy is very effective.
B) Most researchers believe therapy is effective, but there are a few critics who question its efficacy.
C) It's unlikely that therapy is effective.
D) There really hasn't been enough research on therapy to say whether it's effective.
E) Effectiveness is the top dog and ineffectiveness is the underdog.

Question 11

What researcher claimed that therapy produced no benefits; on the contrary, it produced an inverse correlation between therapy and recovery? These claims led to an increase in outcome studies.

A) Hans Eysenck.
B) Jay Haley.
C) Siddhartha Guatama.
D) Anton Mesmer.
E) Mary Smith.

Question 12

According to Lambert, which common therapeutic factor(s) account(s) for approximately 15% of therapeutic change?

A) Expectancy.
B) Techniques.
C) Extratherapeutic factors.
D) All of the above.
E) Both a and b (techniques and expectancy) account for 15%.

Question 13

The goal of efficacy research involves tightly controlled experimental trials with high internal validity, whereas effectiveness research:

A) Produces results that are generalizable to real-life situations.
B) Seeks to tightly control all experimental variables.
C) Focuses on collecting data with strong external validity.
D) All of the above.
E) Only a and c.

Question 14

Which of the following is a descriptive term used for treatments that are manualized and shown to be superior to a placebo or other treatments?

A) Medically proven treatments.
B) Research-based treatments.
C) Psychotherapy.
D) Empirically supported treatments.
E) Empirically satisfying treatments.

Question 15

Which theorist(s) has/have claimed that their particular form of therapy can and should be used to predict and control human behavior?

A) Mary Smith.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Both b and c.
E) None of the above.

Question 16

Who wrote that any form of psychotherapy constitutes an oppressive process, since the imbalance of power entitles therapists to judge client thoughts, feelings, and behavior?

A) Mary Smith.
B) Jeffrey Masson.
C) Gene Glass.
D) M. Scott Peck.
E) Karen Horney.

Question 17

Having a reasonable theory and using it faithfully is one of the best ways to:

A) Develop a positive working relationship.
B) Create expectancy or placebo effects.
C) Have a fistful of techniques to use with your clients.
D) All of the above.
E) Only a and c.

Question 18

To be without a theory, to be a "vulnerable, directionless creature," is something most of us would just as soon avoid. This statement best reflects the idea that:

A) Theories provide a clear model or foundation from which therapists can work.
B) The human race is doomed.
C) Theories lead to vulnerable, directionless creature status.
D) All theory is socially constructed.
E) None of the above.

Question 19

The emphasis on establishing empirical support for psychological treatments is partly a product of the need to:

A) Compete for health care dollars.
B) Encourage battle between theoretical approaches.
C) Promote harmony and joy.
D) Stimulate consumers to make free market decisions.
E) None of the above.

Question 20

A good ethical code for the counseling profession has all of the following dimensions EXCEPT to be:

A) Flexible.
B) Educational.
C) Aspirational.
D) Judicial.
E) Both a and b.

Question 21

In general, straightforward theories that address a narrow, more easily defined set of human problems end up having more ___________ than richer, more complex theories.

A) Validity.
B) Outcomes research.
C) Personality research.
D) Qualitative research.
E) None of the above.

Question 22

Which of the following terms is a statistic used to estimate how much change is produced by a particular intervention?

A) Meta-analysis.
B) Bill Nye.
C) Effect size.
D) Validity.
E) R².

Question 23

Eysenck's psychotherapy critique motivated researchers to:

A) Emphasize the importance of confidentiality.
B) Evaluate psychotherapy efficacy with greater scrutiny.
C) Produce more psychotherapy research.
D) Start an anti-Eysenck revolution.
E) Only b and c.

Question 24

Based on research by Smith and Glass (1977) and others, the "Dodo bird effect" has come to be known as which of the following?

A) Different therapists' theoretical orientations and different techniques do not produce different results in a counseling situation.
B) Drilling a small hole in the client's temple on each side of the skull and inserting a dull knife, making the shape of a large bird.
C) Taking a client's biological and spiritual condition into account during therapy.
D) Only b and c.
E) None of the above

Question 25

Smith and Glass concluded that the average client treated with psychotherapy was better off than _____ of clients who received no treatment.

A) 95%.
B) 75%.
C) 50%.
D) 25%.
E) 10%.

Question 26

Which of the following is/are generally NOT true of counseling as compared to psychotherapy?

A) Counseling usually lasts longer than psychotherapy.
B) Counseling is usually cheaper than psychotherapy.
C) Counseling is slightly more directive than psychotherapy.
D) Counseling is generally more overtly surface work.
E) All of these are true about counseling.

Question 27

Lambert's extratherapeutic change factors include which of the following?

A) Client factors.
B) Counseling techniques.
C) Client motivation.
D) All of the above.
E) Only a and c.

Question 28

Of the following, the most essential strategy for developing competence as a therapist is:

A) Working out your own issues.
B) Making sure that you are just a little bit healthier than your clients.
C) Being your professor's favorite student.
D) Reading at least five counseling books a month.
E) Obtaining a PhD instead of a PsyD.

Question 29

Which of the following is/are important aspect(s) of informed consent?

A) Informing clients in what ways you intend to work with them.
B) Involving your client in a dialogue about your therapy approach.
C) Informing your client of your training status and supervision arrangements.
D) All of the above.
E) Only a and b are a part of informed consent.

Question 30

Areas of multicultural competencies include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Becoming completely competent in multicultural counseling.
B) Self-awareness.
C) Multicultural knowledge.
D) Culturally specific techniques.
E) All of the above.

Question 31

One of the most important aspects of confidentiality is:

A) Explaining limits of confidentiality only after a questionable disclosure.
B) Discussing details about your client only with people you can trust.
C) Keeping the identity of your client confidential.
D) Never sharing anything about yourself with your client.
E) Never keeping written records pertaining to your client.

Question 32

It's important to avoid multiple roles in a counseling relationship because:

A) The client has enough roles to work through.
B) The therapist plays too many roles already.
C) There is always a power differential between the client and the therapist.
D) It becomes too easy for the client to take advantage of his or her therapist.
E) Both c and d.

Question 33

In the latest ACA guidelines there is an acknowledgment that:

A) It's necessary to have multiple roles with your clients.
B) Clients don't want to have multiple relationships with their therapists.
C) Multiple relationships can sometimes be helpful to clients.
D) Only PhDs can have multiple roles.
E) All of the above.

Question 34

Which statement(s) is/are NOT true about sex and counseling?

A) In the 1960s and 1970s some mental health professionals claimed sex between client and therapist could be therapeutic.
B) Sexual relations between client and therapist are very rare and therefore have never become an issue.
C) Far too many professional therapists have had sexual relations with their clients.
D) Sexual contact between therapist and client constitutes sexual abuse.
E) Both a and b are true.

Question 35

Lilienfeld (2007) conducted a systematic review of psychotherapy outcomes to identify therapy approaches that produce negative effects. He referred to these therapy approaches as ______________________.

A) Psychiatric hospitalization treatments.
B) Harmful therapeutic interventions.
C) Probabilistic and hostile therapies.
D) Prohibited therapies.
E) None of the above.

Question 36

Experts estimate that approximately ________ of psychotherapy cases end in deterioration.

A) Less than 3%.
B) 3%-10%.
C) 10%-15%.
D) 15%-20%.
E) 20%-25%.

Question 37

Examples of potentially harmful therapies include:

A) Client-centered therapies.
B) Boot camp programs.
C) Scared straight interventions.
D) All of the above.
E) Only b and c.

Question 38

Client factor(s) that can contribute to negative treatment outcomes is/are:

A) Low client psychopathology.
B) Low client motivation.
C) High client psychopathology.
D) All of the above.
E) Only b and c.

Question 39

The ortgeist is:

A) The spirit of the place.
B) The spirit of the time.
C) A mischievous ghost.
D) A Croatian meat dish.
E) Another term for researcher bias.

Question 40

In Chapter 1, being prepared for the unexpected or the spirit of mischievous refers to:

A) Zeitgeist.
B) Poltergeist.
C) Ortgeist.
D) Shadow.
E) Meta-analysis.