Deck 11: Spaces of Salehow and Where Do We Shop

Question 1

Retailing is generally taken to refer to the ______________________ of commodities to the general public for final consumption.

A) Purchase and acquisition
B) Production and manufacturing
C) Distribution and marketing
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Answer 1

Distribution and marketing

Question 2

Many commodities, known as _____________ goods and services, are sold between businesses.

A) Primary
B) Intermediate
C) Secondary
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Answer 2

Intermediate

Question 3

While not every urban center will have some kind of factory, all except the very smallest will have __________________ of some kind.

A) Large department stores
B) Garment districts
C) Retail outlets
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Answer 3

Retail outlets

Question 4

Central place theory attempts to explain the _____________________ of retail activity.

A) Patterns of sales growth and decline
B) Spatial distribution
C) Cultural implications
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 5

A central place is simply a place that offers:

A) Goods and services for sale
B) Access to creative talent
C) Informal retail spaces
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 6

Christaller's model of central places was based on the assumption of the ______________ plane-a flat, featureless world onto which economic life was projected.

A) Gradient
B) Isotropic
C) Modern
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 7

Christaller's model of central places also assumed that individual rational consumers had access to ______________ information about the world around them.

A) Perfect
B) Partial
C) Unfair
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 8

The range of a good in central place theory describes:

A) The distance a good travels from the point production to the point of sale
B) The range of locations that are drawn upon by a firm subcontracting the production of a good to local factories
C) The distance a consumer will travel to purchase a particular good
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 9

The threshold of a good in central place theory describes:

A) The predicted life cycle of any perishable good
B) The minimum level of business required for a retail operation to be viable
C) The maximum viable distance between a producer and the consumers of their goods
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 10

Christaller was able to demonstrate that the requirement of centrality would lead to an orderly spaced ______________ network of central places.

A) But inefficient
B) Hexagonal
C) Domestic
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 11

The post-World War II _______________ of retail capital and related decline of city-center retailing were most evident in the United States.

A) Consolidation
B) Urbanization
C) Concentration
D) Suburbanization
E) Centralization

Question 12

Dynamics such as _________________________ led many to question the contemporary applicability of central place theories.

A) Rising fuel costs
B) Decreasing levels of car ownership
C) Increasingly inefficient transportation networks
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 13

The consumer population has become increasingly differentiated according to:

A) Age
B) Gender
C) Ethnicity
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 14

Branding seeks to add value to goods and services by linking positive associations to the brand name through:

A) Quality
B) Style and sophistication
C) Exclusivity
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 15

The geographies of retailing are multi-scalar in terms of:

A) The globalization of retail activity
B) The shifting urban and regional distribution of retailers
C) The micro-management of individual retail spaces
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 16

In general, international retail investment by the leading retail transnationals is now targeted toward countries in so-called _____________ regions.

A) Emerging
B) Established
C) Core
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 17

The suburbanization of retail capital is often driven by:

A) Property developers
B) Retailers
C) Financiers
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 18

Suburbanization trends in retail provision have been fueled by:

A) Decreasing levels of mobility among consumers
B) Decreasing reliance on travel by car among consumers
C) Population movements from suburban to urban areas
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 19

These low-income areas of some cities are characterized by the lack, or poor quality, of food retail provision:

A) Food deserts
B) Priority investment zones
C) Inner-city ghettoes
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 20

Since the mid-1970s, considerable efforts have been made to regenerate the downtown districts of American cities-central to such initiatives have been so-called:

A) "Urban fairs"
B) "Festival marketplaces"
C) "City bonanzas"
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 21

Online retailers can save money by avoiding the need for store premises, ______________________ costs associated with selecting and delivering goods ordered over the internet.

A) And there are often minimal
B) Which is mainly due to the negligible
C) But there are still considerable
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 22

The biggest challenge to online-only retailers has come from:

A) Store-based retailers who have moved many parts of their business online
B) Internet service providers
C) Warehouse and supply chain capacity
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 23

Shops and restaurants cluster together on certain city streets to benefit from:

A) Large numbers of pedestrians
B) Agglomeration economies
C) The status/reputation of certain streets/districts
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 24

____________________ strategically invest in the urban-built environment in order to generate profits.

A) Consumers
B) Property and retail corporations
C) Urban planners
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 25

Shopping malls are a:

A) Public place and run for profit
B) Public place and not run for profit
C) Private place run for profit
D) Private place not run for profit
E) Communal space run by municipal governments

Question 26

____________ plays a critical role in constructing and disseminating knowledge about commodities and services.

A) Advertising
B) Manufacturing
C) Retailing
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 27

This technique is used in a standard supermarket to enhance sales:

A) Placing attractive fresh produce near the store entrance
B) Using the smells of fresh bread or roasting chicken to entice customers in
C) Placing "impulse" products (e.g., confectionery, magazines) near the checkouts
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of an informal retail space?

A) Movie theater
B) Fast-food drive-through
C) Farmers' market
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 29

Which of the following is not an example of an informal retail space?

A) Yard sale
B) Gas station
C) Second-hand shop
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 30

Prices in informal retail spaces are often:

A) Fixed
B) Negotiated
C) Inflated
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 31

In developed market contexts, informal retail spaces:

A) Tend to operate around the margins of the mainstream
B) Tend to operate directly aside the formal retail sector
C) Tend to be illegal
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 32

Estimates suggest that in the developing world, ____ of employment is provided by informal economic activity.

A) 97%
B) 77%
C) 57%
D) 37%
E) 17%

Question 33

Conversely, similar estimates suggest that in high-income countries, ____ of employment is provided by informal activity.

A) 83%
B) 63%
C) 43%
D) 23%
E) 3%

Question 34

Advertisers can be thought of as an important form of ________________ that seeks to influence the many decisions we make as consumers about what to buy.

A) Online retailer
B) Cultural intermediary
C) Commodity trader
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 35

These are sets of positive associations that consumers link to producers of particular commodities.

A) Fair Trade
B) Sanctions
C) Brands
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 36

_____________ needs to be created for commodities through communicating information about their attributes to final consumers.

A) Demand
B) Supply
C) Financing
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 37

Discuss three trends that have contributed to the suburbanization of retail provision. In which regions have these processes been felt more?

Question 38

Compare and contrast the shopping mall and the public street as retail spaces. List three benefits a retailer may experience in each type of space. Which types of businesses are more likely to inhabit each?