Deck 23: From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism, 1900-1920

Question 1

The characteristics of progressivism included________ .

A) seeking radical changes in American life
B) applying the principle of laissez-faire to big business
C) being fundamentally pessimistic about human nature
D) being unwilling to directly intervene in other people's lives
E) emphasizing the role of the environment in human development

Answer 1

emphasizing the role of the environment in human development

Question 2

Many of the leaders of the progressive movement________ .

A) opposed professional work and workers
B) were rather well educated
C) tended toward radical views of reform
D) opposed the expansion of women's rights
E) were determined to have a negative effect on big business

Answer 2

were rather well educated

Question 3

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for________ .

A) women's suffrage
B) prohibition
C) a federal income tax
D) direct election of senators
E) extending the franchise to 18-year-olds

Answer 3

prohibition

Question 4

Two major suffrage organizations merged in 1890 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association under which person?

A) Alice Paul
B) Anna Howard Shaw
C) Carrie Chapman Catt
D) Lucy Burns
E) Susan B. Anthony

Question 5

The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for________ .

A) women's suffrage
B) prohibition
C) a federal income tax
D) direct election of senators
E) extending the franchise to 18-year-olds

Question 6

Who was the most influential educator of the Progressive Era?

A) Thomas Johnson
B) Eugene V. Debs
C) Robert M. La Follette
D) John Dewey
E) William James

Question 7

The most prominent American socialist during the Progressive Era was________ .

A) "Big Bill" Haywood
B) Gifford Pinchot
C) Eugene V. Debs
D) Upton Sinclair
E) Daniel DeLeon

Question 8

What did progressive reformers of the cities believe were especially crucial to the success of their causes?

A) trained experts
B) bankers
C) politicians
D) basic scientists
E) mayors

Question 9

To progressives, the commissions they championed offered a way to________ .

A) increase their political power
B) reduce the power of reformers
C) end the corrupt alliance between business and politics
D) provide employment for their supporters
E) get regular citizens into political offices

Question 10

Who was the most famous reform governor of the Progressive Era?

A) Robert M. La Follette
B) "Golden Rule" Jones
C) Hiram Johnson
D) Lincoln Steffens
E) Richard Ely

Question 11

Theodore Roosevelt angered southerners by________ .

A) dining with Booker T. Washington at the White House
B) stationing federal troops in southern states to supervise elections
C) threatening to ban college football unless it were made less dangerous
D) ordering the federal bureaucracy to be fully integrated
E) making sure that black athletes were included in the 1908 U.S. Olympic team

Question 12

The Supreme Court's decision in the Northern Securities case________ .

A) paved the way for several other antitrust actions
B) had little effect on the problem of trusts overall
C) was opposed by Roosevelt himself
D) affected only the smaller American trusts
E) was a unanimous decision

Question 13

What role did President Theodore Roosevelt play in the great coal strike of 1902?

A) He played no role at all in settling the dispute.
B) He sympathized completely with the company owners.
C) He decided to support the Pure Food and Drug Act.
D) He essentially decided to support the coal miners.
E) He shut down the mines for two months.

Question 14

Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle led to passage of the________ .

A) Hepburn Act
B) Mann-Elkins Act
C) Meat Inspection Act
D) Elkins Act
E) Clayton Antitrust Act

Question 15

Before becoming president, in what role did William Howard Taft display the greatest strength?

A) administrator
B) politician
C) economic strategist
D) political organizer
E) orator

Question 16

Compared to Roosevelt, William Howard Taft________ .

A) was an activist
B) had less faith in the government's ability to impose reform
C) did not act as aggressively against the trusts
D) had fewer real problems to confront
E) was a more dynamic politician

Question 17

Dividing the Republican party early in Taft's administration was________ .

A) the issue of foreign policy and government
B) the problem of banking regulation
C) a decision concerning the need to lower tariffs
D) the question of campaign strategy
E) split loyalty between Taft and Roosevelt

Question 18

What did William Howard Taft do that alienated progressive Republicans?

A) curbed the power of Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon
B) vetoed a tariff increase
C) dismissed Richard Ballinger
D) campaigned against progressives in the 1910 congressional elections
E) generally became a tool of the conservative Republicans

Question 19

The Sixteenth Amendment________ .

A) established civil rights guidelines
B) authorized the direct election of senators
C) gave women the vote
D) authorized an income tax
E) extended the franchise to 18-year-olds

Question 20

In 1912, Roosevelt's New Nationalism________ .

A) demanded a stronger role for the president and government
B) called for tighter immigration laws
C) represented a repudiation of progressivism
D) was readily accepted by all progressives
E) was resolutely antitrust

Question 21

Why did Woodrow Wilson win the election of 1912?

A) He was more popular than Roosevelt.
B) There was a split in the Republican party.
C) He won the support of William Howard Taft.
D) He won the support of the Socialists.
E) He won the support of progressives.

Question 22

Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom called for________ .

A) the expansion of government
B) less government regulation
C) business competition and small government
D) government restraint of competition
E) civil rights for African Americans

Question 23

What was the most important domestic law of Wilson's administration?

A) Underwood Tariff
B) Dingley Tariff
C) Federal Reserve Act
D) Pure Food and Drug Act
E) Clayton Antitrust Act

Question 24

In the final analysis, Wilson's domestic programs indicated________ .

A) his exclusive belief in New Freedom ideas
B) his outright opposition to Roosevelt's New Nationalism
C) a blending of the two competing doctrines of progressivism
D) his failure as a reformer
E) his determination to win reelection by pleasing as many voters as possible

Question 25

Woodrow Wilson's record on race relations________ .

A) elicited the support of African Americans
B) disappointed African Americans and many progressives
C) won him support in the North
D) showed his consistent opposition to racial discrimination
E) was incredibly liberal

Question 26

Why were businessmen, such as J. P. Morgan, glad to see Roosevelt leave the United States after his White House years?

A) Like him, they believed in America's involvement in World War I.
B) They were tired of his meddling in big business.
C) They hoped he would open new markets for their products in Africa and Europe.
D) They wanted to build support for a different presidential candidate.
E) Like him, they believed in securing more land in the Pacific.

Question 27

What did some in the business community find attractive about progressivism?

A) Nothing; the business community opposed all forms of progressivism.
B) Business owners, like progressives, wanted to clean up city governments and political contests.
C) Progressivism believed in progress and efficiency, two industrial business values.
D) Progressives wanted to control corporate abuses, reform child labor laws, and ensure factory safety- all of which were industrial business values as well.
E) Progressives fought for women's and African American's rights, two things from which industrial businessmen would gain.

Question 28

How did the growing trend of professional associations help the general population in the early years of the twentieth century?

A) Higher standards enforced by associations protected the general population from fraud and malpractice.
B) It became easier to become a professional; all one had to do was buy into an association, so more of the general population could become professionals.
C) Associations ensured that people from any class could become professionals if they had the proper education and training.
D) Associations made the cost of professional services cheaper and easier to access for the general population.
E) Associations made professionals more plentiful and, therefore, easier for the general population to find.

Question 29

Social reform during the early 1900s differed from reforms of previous eras because in previous eras, social reform had been________ , whereas in the early 1900s it was________ .

A) supported exclusively by the government, controlled by private charities
B) supported exclusively by private charities, controlled by the government
C) mixed with morality, free from moral overtones
D) more complex and interrelated, more individualized and simplistic
E) more simplistic and directed at one particular problem, directed at complex and interrelated problems

Question 30

Why did women's movements also lead the temperance crusade?

A) In general, women did not drink alcohol in the early 1900s.
B) In general, men participated in politics while women participated in social reform.
C) Women saw temperance as the first step to suffrage and, therefore, supported it.
D) Women were more involved with social justice activities and saw the direct effects of alcohol abuse on families.
E) Men saw temperance as the first step to women's suffrage and, therefore, opposed it.

Question 31

Which part of the United States continued to oppose suffrage for women and African Americans even after most other states had passed universal suffrage laws?

A) the South
B) the North
C) the West
D) the Southwest
E) the Midwest

Question 32

How did progressive attitudes affect the size of government during the Progressive Era?

A) Progressives believed that local government could best conduct social reforms and supported agencies of experts, so small state and local governments grew.
B) Progressives believed that the federal government could best conduct social reforms and supported agencies of experts, so the national government grew.
C) All governments shrank because progressives believed that charities could best conduct social reforms and opposed agencies of experts.
D) Small state and local governments grew because progressives believed that most voters were too uneducated to understand national issues.
E) Progressives believed in the wisdom of the general masses, so all governments shrank while agencies run by nonpoliticians grew.

Question 33

Why did voting decline during the Progressive Era?

A) Because pessimism marked the Progressive Era, people did not bother voting.
B) Because African Americans and women made up most of the population, their disfranchisement affected voter turnout.
C) People focused on social reforms rather than on politics in the Progressive Era.
D) People focused on moral reforms rather than on politics in the Progressive Era.
E) People relied on interest groups to pressure government into policies they supported, so they did not feel the need to vote.

Question 34

City governments became more like businesses during the early 1900s because they________ .

A) became more corrupt, working for the wealthy and crushing the masses with unfair housing, tax, and employment laws
B) became more supportive of the masses, creating health, housing, and employment programs to help the poor
C) became balanced by competitive political parties and special interest groups, just as big businesses were balanced by unions versus management
D) created systems of managers (elected officials) supported by experts, stressing continuity, efficiency, and results
E) became so embroiled in bureaucracy and regulations that they could not function properly

Question 35

Why did Theodore Roosevelt call Robert La Follette's Wisconsin Idea "the laboratory of democracy"?

A) The Wisconsin Idea improved voter education and participation.
B) The Idea was voted on and approved by all citizens of Wisconsin.
C) Voters gained power to directly elect officials, and the results democratized or equalized education, employment, and public resources.
D) The Idea removed nearly all corrupt officials from local, state, and federal governments in Wisconsin.
E) The Idea became the model for all other states and eventually the rest of the democratic world.

Question 36

In the Brownsville incident, Roosevelt________ .

A) demonstrated disrespect for African Americans and their service in war by dismissing the soldiers without investigating the incident
B) exhibited his bias for military personnel when he ruled in favor of the soldiers without investigating their conduct
C) showed that holding to his beliefs was more important to him than reelection
D) revealed that he was a true pragmatist, able to live in a world with no easy answers, when he dismissed loyal soldiers from the army
E) demonstrated his progressive spirit by seeking the most efficient and systematic removal of the involved soldiers

Question 37

How did Theodore Roosevelt distinguish a "good" trust from a "bad" trust?

A) A good trust stayed within reasonable bounds, whereas a bad trust hurt the general welfare of society.
B) A good trust donated money to Roosevelt's campaign, whereas bad trusts did not.
C) A good trust was well-organized and efficient, whereas a bad trust was cumbersome and inefficient.
D) A good trust employed the masses (immigrants, women, the poor, African Americans); a bad trust only employed white males.
E) A good trust developed products that contributed to society; a bad trust worked in mergers and acquisitions and did not produce any actual products.

Question 38

What did the term "square deal" mean?

A) The coal miners got more money and a shorter workday, but the owners got "squared," or shorted, and got nothing.
B) Like the equal sides of a square, both the miners and the owners got a fair, equitable deal from Roosevelt's negotiations.
C) Because Roosevelt used highly intelligent "square" men to broker the deal between the coal miners and owners, the deal was called a "square deal."
D) By refusing to recognize the coal miners' union, the owners got the "square," or better, part of the deal.
E) Like the four equal sides of a square, the four interested parties (the government, the arbitrator, the coal miners, and the owners) each participated equally in the negotiations.

Question 39

Roosevelt regretted making the statement, "Under no circumstances will I be a candidate for or accept another nomination," because he________ .

A) ran for the office of president in the very next election
B) ran for the office of senator at the end of his life
C) appointed his successor, William Howard Taft, and controlled his actions from behind the scenes
D) decided to run for the presidency eight years later
E) was legally barred from running again after having served two full terms as president

Question 40

In his negotiations to pass the Hepburn Act of 1906, what did Roosevelt reveal about his political strategy?

A) He capitalized on his popularity with the masses to coerce Congress to pass bills.
B) He used his military past to command awe and obedience to his will as president.
C) He employed yellow journalists and muckrakers to attack his opponents.
D) As a young and new president, he relied too heavily on experienced advisors.
E) He would use media exposure and deal-making with Congress to pass bills.

Question 41

Upton Sinclair described the________ as the "wage slaves of the Beef Trust."

A) consumers of unsanitary beef
B) inhumanely treated cows
C) poorly paid meat packers
D) African American indentured servants
E) politicians whom owners bribed

Question 42

Theodore Roosevelt can be considered one of the country's first conservationist presidents because he

A) created 150 million acres in new government preserves
B) loved animals and the remaining wilderness in the United States
C) believed in sequestering public land, so it would not be damaged
D) opposed the use of coal because it damaged the environment
E) was an avid hunter, but confined his big game pursuits to Africa

Question 43

In what way was Theodore Roosevelt not conservation-minded?

A) He approved using federal land preserves in Alaska for coal mining.
B) He supported coal strip mining, which he knew damaged the environment.
C) He preserved federal lands but less so than any other president.
D) He hunted and killed big game, which, even in his time, were becoming scarce.
E) He supported the meatpacking industry's mistreatment of cows.

Question 44

Why did Republican party disputes erupt when Taft took office?

A) Taft began to side with conservative Republicans, emphasizing the differences between them and the Democrats.
B) Roosevelt's forceful personality had concealed or managed the conflicts, but when he left office, the conflicts reemerged.
C) Just before leaving office, Roosevelt had sown seeds of discontent with his conservation, employment, and education reforms.
D) Taft was an unlikable man who quickly created resentment from voters, even those who were in his own political party.
E) Taft was so strong-willed and opinionated that he alienated even members of his own party.

Question 45

In what way was Taft more of a conservationist than Roosevelt?

A) He opposed Ballinger's sale of millions of acres of public land.
B) He opposed Ballinger's sale of Alaskan land to coal companies.
C) He instituted the nation's first recycling program.
D) He was a vegetarian and opposed to hunting animals.
E) He conserved more public land than his predecessor.

Question 46

Why is the Federal Reserve Act considered the most important law Wilson passed?

A) It instituted the first income tax, which still exists today.
B) It settled disputes among Democrats and Republicans.
C) It imposed necessary controls on banks, and still exists today.
D) It won him great public admiration, securing his second term.
E) It made the United States the richest country in the world.

Question 47

What is ironic about Wilson's New Freedom program?

A) It directly contradicted New Nationalism programs.
B) It was more about religion and morality than social change.
C) It helped more people than Taft's and Roosevelt's programs combined.
D) It was essentially based on ideas first proposed by his political rival, Theodore Roosevelt.
E) It was widely supported by the general masses, but in the end served to hurt their interests.

Question 48

In what way did Theodore Roosevelt embody pragmatism?

A) In breaking the trusts, he demonstrated that he believed in natural laws instead of actions.
B) In deciding to run for office a second time (for his third term as president), he demonstrated a belief in the absolute truth of his right to the presidency.
C) In his brokering an agreement between coal miners and owners, he showed that he could pick manageable problems and work to solve them.
D) In his conservation of wilderness in America, he demonstrated his belief in divine laws, meaning that God had given America the land to take care of.
E) In his unequal treatment of African Americans, he demonstrated the pragmatic ability to be "tough- minded" in a world with no easy answers.

Question 49

How can the first three presidents of the early 1900s best be characterized?

A) Roosevelt was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts.
B) Wilson was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts.
C) They all worked on similar progressive programs, such as regulating businesses, conserving land, and instituting social reforms, but ignored racial issues.
D) Taft was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts.
E) They all worked on similar progressive programs, including bank regulation, tariffs, income taxes, and racial reconciliation.

Question 50

Which of the following individuals was probably the least progressive on the race question in America in the early 1900s?

A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) William Taft
D) Booker T. Washington
E) W. E. B. Du Bois

Question 51

Explain the six characteristics of progressivism. How do they reflect the Puritan tradition?

Question 52

To what extent did the progressive movement succeed? To what extent did it fail?

Question 53

How did progressive action at the city, state, and federal levels pave the way for the activist government of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries?

Question 54

How did the progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson alter traditional concepts of presidential power?