Deck 9: Theories of Social Conflict

Question 1

Critical criminology emerged within the discipline of criminology during what decade?

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Answer 1

1970s

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true about the conflict perspective and crime?

A) A consensus model of right and wrong is assumed.
B) Crime is considered a by-product of social inequality.
C) Conflict often exists between the interests of different social classes.
D) The perspective is particularly applicable to stratified, pluralistic, and multicultural societies.

Answer 2

A consensus model of right and wrong is assumed.

Question 3

What sort of orientation do most critical and radical criminologists bring to their work when they become increasingly opposed to class and racial forms of prejudice?

A) A Marxist heritage
B) A communist ideology
C) Functionalist insights
D) Social justice activism

Answer 3

Social justice activism

Question 4

Which of the following Marxist concepts best describes the suffering experienced by the working class?

A) Surplus value
B) Alienation
C) Proletariat
D) Bourgeoisie

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes the Marxist concept of class consciousness?

A) Class-related crime
B) An awareness of one's class status
C) All social institutions are permeated with class
D) Secondary deviation based on primary deviation

Question 6

Which type of Marxism holds that ruling class profit, power, and prestige are directly and easily identifiable in the everyday functioning of the criminal justice system?

A) Instrumental
B) Unorthodox
C) Structural
D) Postmodern

Question 7

Which type of Marxism holds that one way the "haves" control or placate the "have-nots" is through religion?

A) Instrumental
B) Unorthodox
C) Structural
D) Postmodern

Question 8

Of the following, which is NOT a term or concept commonly found in labeling theories of crime?

A) Stigma
B) Master status
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Real self

Question 9

Which major theorist in the history of conflict criminology authored the well-known "Saints and Roughnecks" study?

A) Quinney
B) Lemert
C) Chambliss
D) Braithwaite

Question 10

Braithwaite's (1989) theory of reintegrative shaming is best seen as a modern or recent contribution to which branch of conflict criminology?

A) Labeling theory
B) Structural Marxism
C) Left realism
D) Masculinities theory

Question 11

Marxist criminology redirects attention away from the street crimes of the lower class to what?

A) Hate crimes of the lower class
B) Social harms of street crimes
C) Crimes of the proletariat
D) White collar crime and/or state crime

Question 12

From the viewpoint of one who studies political crime, or state crime, what type of crime is it called when a government does nothing to alleviate a social problem?

A) Crime of negligence
B) Crime of omission
C) Left realism crime
D) Subjectivist crime

Question 13

Who is the most prominent theorist associated with left realism theory in criminology?

A) Quinney
B) Young
C) Simon
D) Adler

Question 14

Labeling theory explains that _________ can lead to later delinquency if a stigmatizing label is applied to the juvenile.

A) primary deviance
B) focusing primarily on lower class victimization
C) white-collar crime
D) none of the above

Question 15

The use of media analysis as a research technique is most closely associated with which type of theory of social conflict?

A) Left realism
B) Cultural criminology
C) Constitutive criminology
D) Feminist criminology

Question 16

Which term within the subjectivist perspective is usually used to refer to a readily identifiable culprit for the social problem at hand?

A) Claimsmaker
B) Threat
C) Folk devil
D) Epidemic

Question 17

Which variety of feminist criminology focuses upon the different socialization experiences for boys and girls?

A) Liberal
B) Radical
C) Marxist
D) Postmodern

Question 18

The two most frequently considered causal factors in feminist criminology are chivalry and _____________.

A) anthropomorphism
B) comorbidity
C) matrifocalism
D) paternalism

Question 19

Which theory of social conflict asserts that men dominate both street and white-collar crime in an attempt to assert their strength and supremacy?

A) Adler's liberation perspective
B) Cohen's folk devils approach
C) Hagan's power-control theory
D) Messerschmidt's masculinities theory

Question 20

According to power-control theory, the incidence of delinquency/crime for females who reside in more egalitarian family structures can be characterized as what?

A) Lower than those in male-dominated households
B) Higher than those in male-dominated households
C) About the same as those in male-dominated households
D) They will not be involved in crime/delinquency

Question 21

Theories of social conflict usually adopt a consensus model where it is believed that there is widespread agreement in society over what is right and what is wrong.

Question 22

Some theories of social conflict see the discipline of criminology as part of the problem in its research focus on lower-class crime.

Question 23

Marx, Bonger, and Quinney all contended that the primary function of criminal law is to protect the property interests of the wealthy.

Question 24

The Marxist term bourgeoisie refers to the social class of a society which controls the means of production.

Question 25

According to labeling theory, the criminal justice system sometimes invokes reintegrative forms of shaming and other times invokes disintegrative forms of shaming.

Question 26

Labeling theory contends that punishment can sometimes lead to more crime.

Question 27

Postmodernism is a movement that began in the humanities and moved to the realm of social science in the 1980s.

Question 28

There is strong empirical support for the liberation perspective in feminist criminology.

Question 29

Of the many varieties of feminism, it is socialist feminism which most supports the creation of an egalitarian society free from class and gender divisions.

Question 30

The KKK were the "folk devils" of the church burnings in the 1990s.

Question 31

According to power-control theory, the incidence of delinquency/crime for females who reside in more egalitarian family structures can be characterized as higher than those in male-dominated households.

Question 32

The issue of whether or not criminological theories can apply to female offenders is a gender ratio issue.

Question 33

The cultural criminology perspective encourages first-hand qualitative observation of offending and victimization.

Question 34

White-collar crime is parallel with street-crime and is being advocated to be punished similarly as well.

Question 35

Marxism identifies the actions of the bourgeoisie (the upper-class or ruling class) as repressive and harmful to the proletariat (the lower-class or working class).

Question 36

Marx argued that _______________ creates conflict through competition for profit.

Question 37

Becker argues that initial acts of delinquency/crime or what he refers to as _______________ _______________ prompt negative reactions from authorities (e.g., police).

Question 38

Tittle and Curan (1988) identified _______________ factors such as race and class that can have an effect on the practices of arrest, due process, and sanctioning.

Question 39

_______________ _______________ seeks to punish offenders and then bring them back into society.

Question 40

State crimes are typically dichotomized as either crimes of negligence or crimes of _______________.

Question 41

_________ is the term used to refer the type of Marxism that holds one way the "haves" control or placate the "have-nots" is through religion.

Question 42

_________ in feminist criminological thought, a condescending concept that devalues women by perpetuating a view of them as feeble and childlike.

Question 43

According to feminist criminology, one general problem criminology traditionally and largely framed by male criminologists and focusing on male offenders. Feminist criminology calls attention to traditional criminology not able to adequately account for female crime and term this a ___________ issue.

Question 44

According to labeling theory, the continued participation in delinquency or crime due to an internalized self-concept reflective of negative labeling is referred to as ___________.

Question 45

___________ is a philosophy that questions traditional means of inquiry and knowledge production and accumulation.

Question 46

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Labeling

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 47

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Secondary deviation

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 48

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Constitutive criminology

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 49

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Structural Marxism

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 50

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Left realism

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 51

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Bourgeoisie

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 52

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Primary deviation

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 53

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Folk devils

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 54

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Patriarchy

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 55

Match the terms with the definition and/or description

-Proletariat

A) The ruling or capitalist class
B) Unambiguously unfavorable symbols whose real or imagined behavior is a threat to social welfare
C) Social order dominated in all respects by males
D) Initial acts of deviance
E) A process of a negative attribute assigned to an individual and resulting in internalization of that negative identity
F) Acknowledges a an indirect relationship between ruling-class and social institutions
G) Stresses the importance of how humans shape their social worlds
H) Lower or working class
I) Suggests relative poverty is a more accurate determinant of crime than absolute poverty
J) Continued participation in delinquency and crime after negatively labeled

Question 56

In what ways are theories of social conflict different from at least one other mainstream theory in criminology; i.e., strain, learning, or control?

Question 57

Discuss the feminist criminologist's issue with criminology's neglect of women offenders and how they are misrepresented through stereotyping.

Question 58

Explain the differences between instrumental (orthodox Marxism) Marxist and structural Marxist views on the criminal law.

Question 59

How does William Chambliss's (1973) study "The Saints and the Roughnecks" depict the labeling process?

Question 60

Explain how primary deviance progresses to secondary deviance according to labeling theory.