Deck 6: How Do Counselors Use Theories

Question 1

Although helping others with their problems is as old as human history, the idea of having a professional sit down and talk with a client in a counseling relationship dates from _____

A) The Middle Ages
B) The 1960s
C) The late 1800s
D) The ancient Greeks

Answer 1

The late 1800s

Question 2

The three major theoretical positions in counseling have historically been _____

A) Cognitive/Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Humanistic/Existential
B) Freudian, Adlerian, Rogerian
C) Medical, Psychological, Psychiatric
D) Individual, Group, Community

Answer 2

Cognitive/Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Humanistic/Existential

Question 3

Psychodynamic theories are based on the belief that _____

A) Thoughts (cognitions) preceded emotions. Therefore, helping clients change their thinking will help change their feelings
B) Setting reasonable goals and helping clients attain them is the basis for therapeutic change
C) Clients must understand the conflicting forces within them and recognize the influence of their past in order to live more consciously
D) Warmth, empathy, and unconditional positive regard are the core conditions for change.

Answer 3

Clients must understand the conflicting forces within them and recognize the influence of their past in order to live more consciously

Question 4

Systems theory is based on the belief that _____

A) Systems of change require raising emotional arousal to influence the other bodily systems of cognition and behavior
B) A change to one part of a family system changes the other members of the family
C) Clients must learn to fight against the oppressive government system that does not allow them freedom to express themselves
D) A systematic approach is necessary to help clients, so counselors should work with other mental health professionals to get the best care for their clients

Question 5

The Personality Dimension that is used to describe whether human beings are able to make their own decisions and choices in the world is _____

A) Freedom vs. Determinism
B) Rationality vs. Irrationality
C) Proactivity vs. Reactivity
D) Homeostasis vs. Heterostasis

Question 6

The Personality Dimension that is used to describe whether change occurs from within the individual or from outer circumstances that control human behavior is _____

A) Freedom vs. Determinism
B) Rationality vs. Irrationality
C) Proactivity vs. Reactivity
D) Homeostasis vs. Heterostasis

Question 7

The belief that people inherently wish for things to remain the same, to maintain the status quo, is _____

A) Proactivity
B) Reactivity
C) Homeostasis
D) Heterostasis

Question 8

The belief that outer circumstances control people's behavior is _____

A) Proactivity
B) Reactivity
C) Homeostasis
D) Heterostasis

Question 9

Functional analysis, a term from Behaviorism, is used to _____

A) Understand a problem, including its antecedents and consequences
B) Introduce components of Freudian analysis into Behaviorism
C) Complete assessments and analyses of client's outcomes in counseling
D) All of the above

Question 10

The theoretical approach that is founded in the belief that clients are the experts in their own lives and counselors should help clients rewrite the narrative of their lives is _____

A) Behavioral Theory
B) Psychodynamic Theory
C) Systems Theory
D) Constructivist Theory

Question 11

All of these are important principles of Cognitive Therapy EXCEPT _____

A) How individuals interpret events affects their behaviors and feelings
B) Understanding an individual's early childhood experiences is important to uncovering the reasons for their current behaviors
C) Mentally healthy people have effective behavior patterns & rational beliefs
D) The major goal of treatment is to uncover dysfunctional beliefs and change them

Question 12

The cognitive triad is a way of describing _____

A) Negative view of self, others, and the world
B) Negative view of counselor, client, and counseling
C) Negative view of cognitions, behaviors, and feelings
D) Negative view of homeostasis, reactivity, and determinism

Question 13

There is increasing attention paid to eclectic/integrative counseling because _____

A) No single theory works for all clients and problems
B) No single theory has emerged as superior to others
C) Common factors are better predictors of outcome than any particular theory
D) All of the above

Question 14

Some of the modern day influences of Carl Rogers include _____

A) Play therapy, an application of Rogerian conditions to children
B) Motivational interviewing, a person-centered approach that focuses on client ambivalence
C) The introduction of relationship-enhancing skills (empathy, congruence) as the basic skills taught in all counseling programs
D) All of the above

Question 15

Setting a goal for a client who is shy to spend at least 15 minutes a week talking to a new person is the type of goal that would most likely be found in _____

A) Behavioral Theory
B) Psychodynamic Theory
C) Systems Theory
D) Constructivist Theory

Question 16

Research on the common factors that transcend all counseling theories demonstrates _____

A) Most of what gets people better in counseling is the specific techniques employed by the counselor
B) Counseling that follows manualized interventions has been demonstrated to be more effective than any other type of counseling
C) The best predictor of client success can be attributed to factors in the counselor-client relationship
D) All of the above

Question 17

In cognitive therapy, the statement "I must be loved by everyone" is an example of _____

A) An irrational belief that can be challenged
B) An emotional response that has no place in therapy
C) An appropriate therapeutic goal
D) A method to help clients feel supported by the counselor

Question 18

All of the following are appropriate steps for new counselors to take to help determine their preferred theoretical stance EXCEPT _____

A) They should read and learn about the theories, withholding judgment as they expose themselves to the ideas
B) They should select a theory that can last their entire professional careers, since most counselors do not change their theoretical approach during their careers
C) They should consider the research evidence for the theory
D) They should engage in self-examination to help understand which theory or theories match with their beliefs about human nature

Question 19

At present, the type of therapy that has more research being conducted about its effectiveness than any other theoretical approach (and is therefore sometimes called the "Blue Chip Growth Selection" of theories is _____

A) Psychodynamic Theory
B) Behavioral Theory
C) Cognitive Theory
D) Constructivist Theory

Question 20

According to research, most counselors report that they are either Behaviorists or Constructivists in their approach.

Question 21

We now understand Rogerian Core Conditions to be necessary but not sufficient for therapeutic change.

Question 22

Licensure laws for mental health counselors exempt biblical counselors from meeting the licensure standards of the state.

Question 23

Solution Focused Brief Therapy has been criticized because the focus on the present and on changes needed to address current problems fails to help clients understand their embedded ways of thinking.

Question 24

The factor that accounts for the largest percentage of therapeutic change is the expectancy effect (placebo).

Question 25

Cognitive therapy has been demonstrated to be effective for a wide variety of client problems in many different settings.

Question 26

How do foundational beliefs about personality help determine the core constructs in counseling theories? In your answer, be sure to include at least three of the continua of personality dimensions that are discussed in the chapter.

Question 27

How does research into the common factors in counseling support an electric/integrated approach to counseling?

Question 28

Select two of the following three counseling theories: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Rogerian/Person-Centered. Compare and contrast the major beliefs about personality and how people change in the two theories you selected.

Question 29

Why is research into the effectiveness of Eclectic/Integrative models of counseling particularly hard to conduct?

Question 30

Compare and contrast the arguments of those who believe counselors should work from a specific theoretical basis with those who believe that counselors should learn many theories and combine aspects of them in their work.