Deck 2: Development Research Traditions and Global Communication

Question 1

For decades, the old paradigm of modernization had ____________ focus, whereas the new focus is on policy matters with ______________ lens.

A) A social and cultural focus; an economic lens
B) A social and political focus; a cultural lens
C) An economic focus; a social and cultural lens
D) An economic and cultural focus; a social and political lens
E) None of the above

Answer 1

An economic focus; a social and cultural lens

Question 2

The bulk of the benefits from aid and treaties tend to go to which of the following?

A) Peripheral nations
B) Semiperipheral nations
C) Core nations
D) NGOs
E) There is a relatively equal distribution among the above nations and organizations

Answer 2

Core nations

Question 3

Some LDCs assumed that the introduction of color television would foster economic and cultural development. Which of the following is a reason this did not succeed?

A) The expense of upgrading broadcast technology
B) Limited uses and applications
C) Lack of access in individual households
D) All of the above
E) None of the above - color television is an example of a development success

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

What is the concept that attempts to deal with the needs, positive strengths and aspirations of journalistic endeavors in the peripheral regions?

A) Electronic colonialism
B) Free press
C) Development journalism
D) Developmental press
E) Promotional journalism

Question 5

Which of the following is not a characteristic of development journalism?

A) It encourages an engineered press
B) It assumes that all efforts need to work in unison to support national goals
C) It is favored by core nations
D) It is favored by totalitarian and military regimes in peripheral nations
E) All of the above are characteristics of development journalism

Question 6

The major Western core-based news agencies, such as Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France Presse, provide about what percentage of all the world's wire service information?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 45%
D) 60%
E) 90%

Question 7

Western core media value freedom of the press, free speech and the free flow of information. However, most LDCs reject these and related values as being:

A) Non-important compared to cultural issues
B) Government-controlled
C) Luxuries
D) Americanization
E) Westernization

Question 8

With regards to communication, peripheral nations tend to:

A) Reject neutrality and objectivity in favor of promoting government objectives
B) Engage in advocacy journalism
C) Embrace the building of plants or offices of global corporations
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is not a reason why many media corporations based in Europe and North America have reduced the number of reporters in Africa, Asia and Latin America?

A) Cost of stationing full-time reporters in foreign countries
B) Ease of airline travel plus portability of equipment for quick response
C) Tension between the cultures
D) Perception of a lack of interest among editors and management concerning routine events in distant lands
E) All of the above are valid reasons

Question 10

Who is the author of The Stages of Economic Growth?

A) Thomas Shannon
B) Walter Rostow
C) Anthony Giddens
D) Everett Rogers
E) Thomas McPhail

Question 11

What conditions hindered development with modernization?

A) Unexpected complexity and depth of traditional behaviors and culture
B) Corrupt regimes
C) The technological divide between core and peripheral nations
D) Political tension between the US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
E) All of the above

Question 12

With modernization, who did Everett Rogers say were "firmly in the driver's seat of development programs"?

A) Politicians
B) Diplomats
C) Economists
D) Sociologists
E) World leaders

Question 13

Scholars have speculated that modernization will lead to what, where communication transports information as easily around the corner as around the world?

A) The Internet
B) The global melting pot
C) The global village
D) Cultural homogeneity
E) None of the above

Question 14

What are defining matrices of the global communication industry?

A) Tastes and values
B) Sales and market share
C) Social control and persuasion
D) Political power and ownership
E) None of the above

Question 15

One research tradition, structuralism, contends the central finding that an exporting corporation establishes ground rules in such a way that the peripheral nations are at a structural disadvantage from the start. Which of the following terms best fits this statement?

A) Capitalism
B) Cultural imperialism
C) World system theory
D) Monopoly
E) Ethnocentrism

Question 16

Professionalism, as a body of research, does not have a parallel counterpart in European communication studies. What is the main difference between how European communication scholars are trained and how North American traditions are trained?

A) European communication scholars are taught through apprenticeships
B) European communication scholars are taught at major US universities
C) European communication scholars are self-taught
D) A combination of all of the above
E) There is no difference

Question 17

Which of the below is not a characteristic of diffusion studies?

A) Using interviews, sample surveys, and content analysis
B) A preoccupation with methodological precision
C) Small samples
D) Macro-theoretical formulations
E) All of the above are characteristics of diffusion studies

Question 18

The repugnance against Americanization has led some critics of US cultural influences to call it:

A) McWesternization
B) Westie
C) Westoxification
D) McDonaldization
E) None of the above

Question 19

Participatory communication is:

A) Seeking to use communication as a grassroots tool and to promote ownership at the community level
B) Trying to bring about social change by using non-formal education methods
C) Attempting to be sensitive to local traditions, culture, and language by engaging locals through planning and implementation
D) Part of the way NGOs are attempting to work with local people in the peripheral regions to share efforts and goals
E) All of the above

Question 20

Academics, professionals, and policymakers are calling development journalism/communication:

A) A success of dominant models
B) A work in progress of dominant models
C) A failure of dominant models
D) A justification of dominant models
E) None of the above

Question 21

During the 1980s, Modernization theory came under heavy fire with critics claiming that it had failed to produce positive economic results in the Third World.

Question 22

Development journalism and communication are attempts to complement the thrust toward electronic colonialism.

Question 23

Television programming and feature films are almost exclusively produced by Western nations.

Question 24

After World War II, it was assumed that as the gross national product increased, so too would the development of communication in peripheral and semiperipheral nations.

Question 25

Western development and modernization projects realized immediately that successful and effective use of communication requires specific knowledge of the availability, accessibility, relationships, and utilization of communication infrastructure and software in communities.

Question 26

With the introduction of modernization, illiteracy on a global scale decreased dramatically.

Question 27

Proponents of development journalism tend to be from core nations.

Question 28

The economic growth model assumes development to be irreversible, like biological evolution.

Question 29

Functionalism attempts to relate communication to the social, ideological, political, cultural, and economic systems in which it operates.

Question 30

The establishment of ground rules by exporting corporations in such a way that the peripheral nations are at a structural disadvantage from the start is a crucial process within world systems theory.

Question 31

Robert Stevenson stated that "Development journalism - very much a part of the New World Information Order debate at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the 1970s - now has a record, and it is not impressive."

Question 32

The introduction of modern technology to LDCs fosters a neocolonial-like dependence on organizations from core nations.

Question 33

US students of communication have sought a conceptual inventory that would provide a complete basis for explaining communication in the context of an overall social system.

Question 34

Most theoretical models of development look equally at internal sources of problems in LDCs and external agencies or practices.

Question 35

The exactness, the neutrality and the objectivity of the US behavior science tradition and communication research are the foundations for forming a macro-theoretical model in regards to power, social interaction, patterns of social organization and the influences of communication on ideological and value systems.

Question 36

Work by communication scholars such as Schiller and Rogers has had a significant impact on aid agencies, foundations and government organizations responsible for implementing development policies.

Question 37

The World Bank is attempting to reposition itself as an institution that understands and fosters the central role of information, knowledge, and communication.

Question 38

Participatory communication seeks to be a top-down process.

Question 39

Ilan Kapoor argues that participatory development (PD) communication is an efficient inclusionary model.

Question 40

Convergence is dramatically changing the commercial environments, the older communication divisions and distinctions, and the strategies of regulators in regards to international communication.

Question 41

In 1998, the World Bank published the World Development Report. What three lessons were stated as being particularly important to the welfare of the billions of people in peripheral countries?

Question 42

What is the likely result of a Blockbuster video store or Walmart opening in a semiperipheral or peripheral nation?

Question 43

Name and describe the three major research traditions in communication.

Question 44

How are a nation's economy and mass media linked?

Question 45

Everett Rogers and Ilan Kapoor have two different views of participatory development (PD) communication. Briefly describe them.

Question 46

How do multinationals, with regards to international communication, perpetuate colonial dependence?