Deck 10: Health Care Ethics and the Near Future

Question 1

Which of the following provides a complete list of the chemical letters that compose the map of the human genome?

A) Human genome project
B) Eugenics project
C) Stem cell research
D) Regenerative medicine

Answer 1

Human genome project

Question 2

A gene that needs to be present in only one parent to have a fifty-fifty chance of affecting each child is called the _________________ gene.

A) recessive
B) recombinant
C) dominant
D) regenerative

Answer 2

dominant

Question 3

____________________ is the practice of manipulating the genes of offspring through either breeding or genetic alteration.

A) Cryogenics
B) Genetic engineering
C) Gene therapy
D) Eugenics

Answer 3

Eugenics

Question 4

Immature cells that function as blank slates capable of becoming any cell in the body are called _______________ cells.

A) heterozygous
B) recessive
C) stem
D) dominant

Question 5

_________________________ medicine is focused on growing specialized tissues for spinal cord injuries, diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and many other currently unthought-of applications.

A) Regenerative ?
B) Specialized
C) Genetic
D) Human enhancement

Question 6

____________________ is a speculative theory that seeks to re-conceive what is human.

A) Prehumanism
B) Posthumanism
C) Agape
D) Standpoint

Question 7

A(n) ______________ is a variant form of a given gene, which may determine a trait such as having type O or type A blood.

A) allele
B) recessive gene
C) stem cell
D) dominant gene

Question 8

Sickle cell occurs only when both parents are carriers of the ____________________ gene.

A) recombinant
B) dominant
C) recessive
D) predisposed

Question 9

In regard to gene therapy, the modification of somatic cells seems less ethically problematic than the modification of ____________________ cells.

A) stem
B) germ line
C) heterozygous
D) recombinant

Question 10

A ________________ carrier is a person who carries a defective gene that, when combined in reproduction with a similar one from another person, may yield a genetic defect.

A) recessive
B) heterozygous
C) diseased
D) genetic

Question 11

As discussed in the chapter, ______________, The Republic, refers to the practice of infanticide for diseased or disabled newborns.

A) Socrates's
B) Plato's
C) Faust's
D) Marlowe's

Question 12

The ______________________ process is the most dramatic tool to date in the growing biotechnological arsenal.

A) gene therapy
B) regenerative medicine
C) recombinant DNA
D) genetic screening

Question 13

Human embryonic ____________ cells are the building blocks of life. Early in pregnancy, they begin to differentiate into all the body's specialized tissues and organs.

A) germ
B) stem
C) regenerative
D) heterozygous

Question 14

A program of _______________ includes not only breeding but genetic intervention, and attempts to improve the gene pool by increasing the numbers of those with positive attributes.

A) positive eugenics
B) negative eugenics
C) cryogenics
D) stem cell research

Question 15

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-Provides a complete list of the chemical letters that compose the map of the human genome

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 16

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-The taking of a somatic cell from an adult animal, inserting it into an egg, and growing an identical twin?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 17

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-A genetically determined susceptibility to certain health problems; does not cause the disease itself but, in combination with behavioral and environmental factors, can increase a person's chances of getting a certain disease?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 18

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-The blank precursor embryonic cells that later differentiate into the cells that form the various tissues of the body?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 19

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-A speculative theory that seeks to re-conceive what is human?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 20

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-The study of methods for controlling the characteristics of future human populations through selective breeding?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 21

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-Modification of these cells would not affect the genetic make-up of one's children.?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 22

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-Modification of these cells would affect the genetic make-up of one's children.?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 23

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-The treatment of genetic diseases by the administration of genes to correct an absent or defective gene?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 24

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-A variant form of a given gene, which may determine a trait such as having type O or type A blood?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 25

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-A term used to describe advancements in medicine based on the opportunities to regenerate tissues?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 26

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-A gene that needs to be present in only one parent to have a fifty-fifty chance of affecting each child

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 27

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-A gene that must be present in both parents for a child to inherit it?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 28

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-The practice of altering DNA by splicing parts of one into another?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 29

Match each item to the statement or sentence listed below.

-A child is said to be this when he inherits one allele for a specific disease, and another that is normal?

A) Clone
B) stem cells
C) Posthumanism
D) genome project
E) Eugenics
F) genetic predisposition
G) Somatic
H) germ line
I) Allele
J) dominant gene
K) recessive gene
L) gene therapy
M) Heterozygous
N) recombinant DNA
O) regenerative medicine

Question 30

In 2008, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) passed protecting individuals from genetic discrimination by health insurers and employers. What does GINA prohibit?

Question 31

Provide a pro or con argument for the posthumanist position.

Question 32

Review the issues raised in the chapter and relate them to the Faust legend.

Question 33

Explain the promise of the human genome project.

Question 34

It is clear that in our culture, being tall has positive social advantages. Refute or defend the idea that we should use growth hormone to increase the height of all children.

Question 35

Create two lists, one for the positive applications of human cloning and the second for why you feel such applications do not overcome the negatives associated with the process.

Question 36

Create a policy statement that provides an ethically suitable direction in regard to cloning humans. Explain the rationale behind the policy.

Question 37

Explain the current state of stem cell research and provide a pro and con argument for its expansion.

Question 38

Provide a utilitarian argument for embryonic stem cell research.

Question 39

Advances in genetic testing have the potential to revolutionize how physicians diagnose and treat patients. Currently there are more than 2,000 genetic tests available to physicians to aid in diagnosis and therapy for more than 1,000 different diseases. For what reasons is gene testing generally performed?

Question 40

Explain what CRISPR is and how it differs from traditional forms of gene therapy.

Question 41

Since the majority of people carry at least one recessive gene for some genetic disease, a radical policy of negative eugenics would eliminate a large portion of the human population. Explain why we might not want to eliminate all genetic disease, and provide an example of why it might be beneficial to be the carrier of a disease.

Question 42

Provide a pro and con argument regarding the creation of genetic tests for diseases that have no cure.

Question 43

Describe the benefits and dangers associated with genetic screening.

Question 44

It is likely that we will soon be able to determine the sex of our children. Provide a pro and con argument regarding this practice.

Question 45

Review the case study in the chapter about the woman who killed her mother and attempted to claim that her actions were perhaps the first sign of Huntington's disease. What was the correct decision? The first, which sent her to jail, the second, which released her, or were both decisions correct?

Question 46

The posthumanists seem to advocate a future in which robots, cyborgs, chimeras, and newly created species exist. Assuming that they are correct, will our current ethical frameworks where we examine problems using duty, consequence, virtue, or divine command ethics still be suitable? Provide the rationale for your answer.

Question 47

If it became a general practice to abort genetically impaired infants, what would be the likely effect on genetically impaired infants who are not aborted? Is this sufficient rationale to restrict abortions done for this reason?

Question 48

Should parents in the future be obligated to use gene therapy-if it were available-to fix any genetic abnormalities in their child?

Question 49

It is difficult to think of a case where humankind acquired knowledge and refrained from using it. To what extent should society restrain the efforts of scientists? What place do ethical considerations have in the decisions of science?