Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Abnormal behavior is behavior that is:

A) deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful.
B) always bizarre and distressing to others.
C) significantly different from normal behavior.
D) culturally unacceptable and very distressing to others.

Answer 1

deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful.

Question 2

Susan is in high school and washes her hands after every class. Her hand washing involves a ritual in which she must wash and dry her hands twice, always with the third paper towel. Her friends are supporting her as she tries to deal with this disorder, while some students just consider her "weird". Susan's behavior would best fit which definition of abnormality?

A) biological
B) personally distressful
C) deviant
D) interactional

Answer 2

deviant

Question 3

Thomas is an excellent salesman and would like to be considered for the higher paid positions in the company. However, all of these positions would require him to fly weekly, and Thomas is deathly afraid of flying. In fact, rather than taking a flight, Thomas drove three days just to go to his brother's wedding, and he missed the annual family reunion because he did not have time to drive there. Thomas' behavior would best fit which definition of abnormality?

A) deviant
B) personally distressful
C) interactional
D) maladaptive

Answer 3

maladaptive

Question 4

Annie puts on a "happy face at work to the extent that no one would know that Annie is deeply depressed. Annie's behavior would best fit which definition of abnormality?

A) deviant
B) personally distressful
C) interactional
D) maladaptive

Question 5

The medical model asserts that abnormal behavior is caused by:

A) environmental factors.
B) sociocultural factors.
C) biological factors.
D) unresolved unconscious conflicts.

Question 6

"Depression is a disease. People who are depressed have a mental illness,"says Jack. It appears that Jack subscribes to the ______ model of abnormal behavior.

A) medical
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) behavioral

Question 7

Paul has been diagnosed with a mental illness. If his psychiatrist is an advocate of the biological approach, she will attribute his condition to:

A) abnormalities in Paul's brain structure.
B) imbalances in neurotransmitters.
C) disordered genes.
D) one or a combination of all of the above.

Question 8

Gayle has been diagnosed with a mental illness. If her psychiatrist is an advocate of the biological approach, he will attribute her condition to:

A) unconscious conflicts.
B) imbalances of neurotransmitters.
C) inappropriate learning.
D) inadequate relationships.

Question 9

If you believe that abnormal behavior is caused by inappropriate learning, distorted thoughts, or inadequate early relationships with one's parents, then you support the ________ approach.

A) sociocultural
B) biological
C) medical
D) psychological

Question 10

Barbara's psychologist believes that Barbara's symptoms of severe anxiety are caused by the unconscious conflicts that she is experiencing as a result of her ineffective early relationship she had with her parents. Barbara's psychologist advocates which psychological perspective?

A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural

Question 11

Simone explains that her client is negatively reinforced for avoiding public places and has developed a learned helplessness concerning his inability to interact with others. Simone advocates which psychological perspective?

A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) biological

Question 12

Cliff agrees that environmental influences are important determinants of psychological disorders, but he also believes that self-efficacy and one's expectancies about the world play an equal role in the development of these disorders. Cliff is advocating which psychological perspective?

A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) social cognitive
D) biological

Question 13

Although the youngest son was brought to a psychologist for therapy, this psychologist has decided that the whole family system has become dysfunctional; and he will need to work with all the members of the family in order to resolve the power struggles and conflicts that are occurring. This psychologist's systems approach in working with the family would best fit within the _________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) social cognitive
D) sociocultural

Question 14

The _______ approach places emphasis on the contexts in which a person lives, including the individual's marriage or family, the neighborhood, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender.

A) psychodynamic
B) sociocultural
C) social cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 15

Most experts on abnormal behavior agree that many psychological disorders are universal, but the ________ and _______ of psychological disorders varies across cultures.

A) duration; etiology
B) cause; prognosis
C) frequency; intensity
D) intensity; etiology

Question 16

That anorexia nervosa is more frequently found in the United States and countries similar to the U.S. supports the frequency of some psychological disorders being:

A) genetically-based.
B) culturally-related.
C) geographically-related.
D) random.

Question 17

Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding mental disorders?

A) Individuals from low-income neighborhoods have the highest rates of mental disorders.
B) Women tend to be diagnosed more than men for externalized disorders, such as substance abuse.
C) Men tend to be diagnosed with internalized disorders, such as anxiety disorders, more often than women.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 18

Men are more likely to be diagnosed with _________, while women are more likely to be diagnosed with __________.

A) anxiety disorders; depression
B) depression; anxiety disorders
C) externalized disorders; internalized disorders
D) internalized disorders; externalized disorders

Question 19

The interactionist approach is also called the ___________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) behaviorial
C) humanistic
D) biopsychosocial

Question 20

Mitzi believes that her client's anxiety is the result of a combination of her inborn reactive temperament, her low self-esteem, and her recent move to a large college campus from a small town. Mitzi's view best fits the:

A) psychodynamic approach.
B) humanistic approach.
C) interactionist approach.
D) sociocultural approach.

Question 21

The classification of mental disorders using the DSM-IV-TR follows the ________ model.

A) medical
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Question 22

The major classification system of mental disorders in the United States is the:

A) Freudian Handbook of Mental Disorders.
B) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
C) Prevalence Handbook of Mental and Personality Disorders.
D) Diagnostic Manual of Abnormal Behaviors.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT among the five axes of the DSM-IV-TR?

A) general medical conditions
B) psychosocial and environmental problems
C) cognitive functioning and intelligence level
D) current level of functioning

Question 24

Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) somatoform disorders.
B) facetious disorders.
C) sleep disorders.
D) personality disorders.

Question 25

Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR includes which of the following?

A) dissociative disorders
B) eating disorders
C) personality disorders
D) somatoform disorders

Question 26

A controversy about DSM-IV-TR is that it:

A) labels as psychological disorders what are often thought of as everyday problems.
B) labels people of faith as abnormal.
C) is unresponsive to societal changes.
D) defines mental disorders by focusing on unconscious conflicts.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the DSM-IV-TR?

A) The DSM labels as psychological disorders what are often thought of as everyday problems.
B) The system focuses strictly on pathology with a bias toward finding something wrong with anyone who . becomes the object of the diagnostic study.
C) It puts labels on people that can reduce a person's self-esteem and lead to discrimination.
D) The system leads mental health professionals to use the same criteria when diagnosing clients.

Question 28

An advantage of a classification system for mental disorders is that it provides a:

A) rationalization for psychiatry.
B) method to eliminate cultural biases in diagnoses.
C) common basis for communicating with one another.
D) method to eliminate socioeconomic biases in diagnoses.

Question 29

Dr. LaHaie uses a classification system to make diagnoses of mental disorders. This helps her to:

A) be sensitive to cultural differences in behavior.
B) be free of cultural bias.
C) consider the unconscious causes of abnormal behavior.
D) make predictions about the course of specific disorders.

Question 30

___________ are psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.

A) Anxiety disorders
B) Somatoform disorders
C) Dissociative disorders
D) Psychotic disorders

Question 31

Bruce has been experiencing dizziness, trembling, a racing heart, profuse sweating, and finds that he is always worrying about something. Bruce is probably suffering from a(n):

A) somatoform disorder.
B) dissociative disorder.
C) anxiety disorder.
D) psychotic disorder.

Question 32

___________ is an anxiety disorder that consists of persistent anxiety lasting at least a month with the individual being unable to specify the reasons for this anxiety.

A) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) Post-traumatic stress disorder
C) Generalized anxiety disorder
D) Panic disorder

Question 33

Helen is nervous most of the time, but does not know why. She does tend to worry about almost everything, including her job, her family, her health, and even minor things, such as whether her make-up "looks okay."Helen would most likely be diagnosed with:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) hypochondriasis.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 34

The etiology of a generalized anxiety disorder includes all of the following EXCEPT having:

A) a genetic predisposition.
B) high levels of the neurotransmitter GABA.
C) parents who were overly strict and critical.
D) a history of uncontrollable stressors.

Question 35

____________ is an anxiety disorder marked by the recurrent sudden onset of intense apprehension or terror.

A) Panic disorder
B) Generalized anxiety disorder
C) Phobic disorder
D) Post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 36

Kerri's friends have told her to seek professional help. Her friends are concerned about Kerri's recurrent sudden attacks of terror and feelings of helplessness, in which she has heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Should Kerri seek professional help?

A) No, these are common traits of nervous people.
B) Yes, Kerri appears to have panic disorder.
C) Yes, Kerri has the signs of generalized anxiety disorder.
D) Yes, Kerri most likely has a dissociative disorder.

Question 37

In the DSM-IV-TR, panic disorder may be diagnosed with or without _______, a cluster of fears centered on public places and an inability to escape or find help should one become incapacitated.

A) agoraphobia
B) acute stress
C) hypochondriasis
D) a fugue state

Question 38

Candace has missed a lot of fun activities since the onset of an anxiety disorder. When she is in crowded places, Candace begins to feel that she is trapped and has to escape. So, she leaves the gathering and hurries home. It is becoming so bad that Candace often refuses to leave the house unless at least one friend is with her. Candace would most likely to diagnosed with:

A) acute stress.
B) a dissociative disorder.
C) agoraphobia.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 39

Research has found which biological contributor(s) for panic disorder?

A) an overreaction to lactic acid
B) genetic predisposition for panic disorder
C) problems involving either or both of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and GABA
D) all of the above

Question 40

Which of the following is FALSE concerning panic disorders?

A) U.S. men are twice as likely as women to have panic attacks.
B) In many instances a stressful life event, separation from a loved one or change in job, has occurred in . the six months prior to the onset of panic disorder.
C) Individuals who experience panic disorder may have an autonomic nervous system that is predisposed to be overly active.
D) A panic attack is associated with an overreaction to lactic acid.

Question 41

The fear-of fear hypothesis suggests that _________ may not represent a fear of public places per se but rather a fear of having panic attacks in public places.

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) dissociative disorder
C) acute stress disorder
D) agoraphobia

Question 42

Edmund Bourne recommends which of these strategies to cope with oncoming symptoms of panic?

A) If panic symptoms begin to intensify when you are dealing with a phobic situation, simply leave the situation until your panic subsides.
B) If panic symptoms come on spontaneously, apart from any phobic situation, it may help to distract yourself by talking to someone or doing simple repetitive tasks.
C) Engage in deep breathing relaxation and positive self-talk.
D) All of the above were recommended by Bourne.

Question 43

A(n) ________ disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

A) generalized anxiety
B) obsessive compulsive
C) phobic
D) fugue

Question 44

Elsa is visiting a new friend. As soon as she walks in the door, her friend's cat begins rubbing her legs. Elsa immediately becomes fearful and tells her friend that she is "allergic"to cats, cannot stay, and will meet her at the movies. As Elsa drives to the movie, she chastises herself for lying to her friend and wonders why she is so afraid of "such a small, harmless little animal." Elsa has a:

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) phobia.
C) dissociative disorder.
D) somatoform disorder.

Question 45

A(n)________ is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in situations, such as giving a speech, eating in a public place, and/or writing while someone watches.

A) specific phobia
B) social phobia
C) fugue
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 46

Morgan has taken every course required for her major, except for speech. Morgan is afraid of getting up even in front of a small group of people and speaking. She is afraid that she will say or do the wrong thing. Morgan has a(n):

A) social phobia.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) somatoform disorder.
D) dissociative disorder.

Question 47

A neural circuit has been proposed for social phobia that includes all of the following EXCEPT the:

A) thalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) pons.
D) cerebral cortex.

Question 48

____________ theorists say phobias develop as defense mechanisms to ward off threatening or unacceptable impulses, while __________theorists say phobias are learned fears.

A) Psychodynamic; behavioral
B) Behavioral; psychodynamic
C) Humanistic; behavioral
D) Humanistic; social cognitive

Question 49

Obsessions are to _______ as compulsions are to _______.

A) behaviors; emotions
B) thoughts; behaviors
C) controllable; uncontrollable
D) anxiety; depression

Question 50

Trina gets up over twenty times a night to check to make sure that the doors are locked and the stove and coffee pot are off. Each time she checks these items; she goes in the same order and clicks every lock or appliance switch three times each. Trina is exhibiting:

A) agoraphobia.
B) a generalized anxiety disorder.
C) an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) a dissociative fugue disorder.

Question 51

Concerning the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which of the following is FALSE?

A) Some regions of the brain become so active that neural impulses generate obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions.
B) Cognitive theorists say that OCD patients do not to turn off negative, intrusive thoughts by ignoring or dismissing them.
C) Increases in the neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in the neural circuitry linked with OCD.
D) There seems to be a genetic component because OCD runs in families.

Question 52

Which of the following is TRUE concerning adjustment strategies for coping with an anxiety disorder?

A) Alcoholism, depression, or other coexisting conditions have such a strong impact on anxiety disorders that it is necessary to treat them at the same time or before treating the anxiety disorder.
B) Since anxiety disorders are common problems, all psychological therapists have experience in this area and will be able to help.
C) Both antianxiety medication and psychotherapy are required to treat each of the anxiety disorders.
D) The treatment of anxiety disorders only requires a few weeks for all but a few individuals.

Question 53

____________ disorders are psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

A) Schizophrenic
B) Somatoform
C) Mood
D) Dissociative

Question 54

You recently read a story about a man who was in a car accident and could not recall any important information about himself, although he had experienced no head injury. One of his relatives saw his picture on TV and called the hospital. The most likely diagnosis for this case would be:

A) conversion disorder.
B) dissociative amnesia.
C) multiple personality disorder.
D) panic disorder.

Question 55

___________ is a disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and assumes a new identity.

A) Conversion disorder
B) Delusional disorder
C) Dissociative fugue
D) Somatization

Question 56

Your textbook discusses the case of Barbara, a 31-year-old woman who one day vanished from her home and was found two weeks later dressed like a teenager, walking the streets of the town she had grown up in. When found, she could not remember any of the last two weeks and did not recognize her husband. Barbara was diagnosed with a disorder known as:

A) somatization.
B) schizophrenia.
C) a gender identity disorder.
D) dissociative fugue.

Question 57

Multiple personality disorder is also known as:

A) schizophrenia.
B) dissociative identity disorder.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) somatization disorder.

Question 58

Tia has two distinct personalities with each personality having its own memories, behaviors, and relationships. One of her personalities will dominate at one time, while the other will take over at another time with the shift usually occurring when Tia is under distress. Tia was diagnosed with:

A) schizophrenia.
B) delusional disorder.
C) dissociative identity disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 59

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

A) The vast majority of individuals diagnosed with DID are adult males.
B) Males diagnosed with DID show more aggression than females with the disorder.
C) Some research on DID suggests that a person's different personalities have different EEG patterns.
D) A very high rate of individuals with DID experienced sexual or physical abuse during early childhood.

Question 60

The two main types of mood disorders are:

A) dissociative disorders and somatoform disorders.
B) depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.
C) depressive disorders and anxiety disorders.
D) personality disorders and somatoform disorders.

Question 61

Carol is a freshman at college and has been doing poorly in her studies and also recently broke up with her boyfriend. Her roommate is very worried about her because for the last three weeks, Carol has been sleeping too much, appears to be losing weight, and does not seem to enjoy doing anything anymore. She has stopped going to class, has quit her part-time job, and has referred to herself as "worthless"on several occasions. Her roommate has also noticed that Carol, who used to be very fussy about her appearance, now does not even comb her hair or put on make-up. Carol's diagnosis would most likely be:

A) major depressive disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) somatization disorder.
D) dissociative disorder.

Question 62

____________ is more chronic and has fewer symptoms than major depressive disorder with the individual being in a depressed mood for most days for at least two years as an adult and having no normal mood lasting longer than two months.

A) Dissociative disorder
B) Somatoform disorder
C) Factitious disorder
D) Dysthymic disorder

Question 63

Which disorder has been called the "common cold"of mental disorders?

A) depression
B) phobias
C) hypochondriasis
D) post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a good recommendation for an individual coping with depression?

A) Recognize that feeling exhausted, worthless, helpless, and hopeless are part of the depression and do not reflect actual circumstances.
B) Break large tasks into small ones, set some priorities, and do what you can as you can.
C) Expect your mood to improve very quickly after seeing a therapist.
D) Try to be with other people and to confide in someone.

Question 65

Which of the following is/are GOOD recommendation(s) for an individual coping with depression?

A) Set realistic goals in light of the depression and assume a reasonable amount of responsibility.
B) Postpone important decisions until the depression has lifted.
C) Try to be with other people and to confide in someone.
D) All of the above are good recommendations for coping with depression.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a good recommendation for the family and friends of an individual who is trying to cope with depression?

A) Help the depressed person to get competent diagnosis and treatment and even accompany the depressed person to the therapist, on occasion.
B) Invite the depressed person for outings and other activities; and be gently insistent if your invitation is turned down.
C) If the depressed person is not better within a week, s/he is probably faking the depression for attention and should be confronted to help them to "snap out of it."
D) Do not push the depressed person to undertake too much too soon.

Question 67

The essential feature of bipolar disorder is:

A) deep depression.
B) extreme mood swings.
C) hallucinations.
D) severe anxiety.

Question 68

Jan feels euphoric and "on top of the world."She has tremendous energy and is only sleeping a couple of hours a night. However, she is also very impulsive and has been spending her life savings in a wild buying spree. Jan is experiencing a(n):

A) fugue state.
B) manic episode.
C) dysthymic episode.
D) somatization state.

Question 69

Fiona has been experiencing multiple cycles of depression interspersed with episodes of mania. Fiona has a _______ disorder.

A) dissociative
B) somatization
C) bipolar
D) dysthymic

Question 70

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the causes of mood disorders?

A) The hereditary link is stronger for depressive disorders than for bipolar disorder.
B) Depressed individuals experience more slow-wave sleep and go into REM sleep later in the night than nondepressed individuals.
C) Individuals with depression seem to have more neurons in the prefrontal cortex, which send too many . slowdown signals to the amygdala.
D) Abnormalities in the monoamine neurotransmitters have been linked to mood disorders.

Question 71

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the causes of mood disorders?

A) The hereditary link is stronger for bipolar disorder than for depressive disorders.
B) Depressed individuals experience less slow-wave sleep and go into REM sleep earlier in the night than nondepressed individuals.
C) Individuals with depression seem to have more neurons in the prefrontal cortex, which send too many slowdown signals to the amygdala.
D) Depressed individuals show chronic hyperactivity in the neuroendocrine glandular system and an inability to return to normal functioning following a stressful experience.

Question 72

Freud argued that depression is caused by:

A) self-defeating ways of thinking.
B) a turning inward of aggressive instincts.
C) learned helplessness.
D) chemical changes in the brain.

Question 73

___________ theory emphasizes that depressed individuals become overly dependent on the evaluations and approval of others for their self-esteem, mainly because of inadequate nurturing by their parents.

A) Modern psychodynamic
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Freudian psychoanalytic

Question 74

Peter Lewinshon's proposal that life's stresses can lead to depression by reducing the positive reinforcers in a person's life would be considered a:

A) psychodynamic theory.
B) behavioral theory.
C) cognitive theory.
D) humanistic theory.

Question 75

Jerome was exposed to prolonged stress and began to feel that he could no longer control what happened to him, resulting in Jerome becoming depressed and apathetic. According to Martin Seligman, Jerome is exhibiting:

A) an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) a fugue state.
C) learned helplessness.
D) acquired dependence.

Question 76

Jessica is depressed and tends to concentrate on and continually think about how sad and hopeless she feels. However, Jessica is not trying to do anything about these feelings; thus, according to Nolen-Hocksema, Jessica is exhibiting:

A) a ruminative coping style.
B) catastrophic thinking.
C) depressive realism.
D) an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 77

A person supporting Aaron Beck's explanation of depression would focus on the role of:

A) negative thoughts.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) learned helplessness.
D) cultural differences.

Question 78

___________ theorists explain depression in terms of catastrophic thinking, depressive realism, and an attributional view of depression.

A) Modern psychodynamic
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Humanistic

Question 79

Helen receives one deficiency out of 50 items on her job evaluation; she begins to worry about whether she is about to be fired and whether anyone would hire her if she did get fired. Aaron Beck referred to this as:

A) depressive realism.
B) being delusional.
C) catastrophic thinking.
D) an irrational belief system.

Question 80

In the attributional view of depression, individuals regularly explain negative events as occurring due to:

A) internal, stable, and global causes.
B) external, unstable, and specific causes.
C) internal, unstable, and specific causes.
D) external and unstable causes.