Deck 12: Gender

Question 1

_______ refers to the biological characteristics of males and females.

A) Androgyny
B) Gender
C) Sex
D) Identity status

Answer 1

Sex

Question 2

The psychological and social dimension of being female or male is referred to as:

A) androgyny.
B) gender.
C) sex.
D) identity status.

Answer 2

gender.

Question 3

Gender is to ________ as sex is to _________.

A) social; biology
B) androgyny; misogyny
C) biology; psychology
D) psychology; social

Answer 3

social; biology

Question 4

In Asma's culture, a woman is not encouraged to get an education but to get married and be a homemaker. Asma has come to disagree with the _________ for women in her society.

A) sexual script
B) gender role
C) identity status
D) androgynous role

Question 5

Girls should act a certain way, while boys should act another way. This statement illustrates the concept of:

A) gender roles.
B) identity statuses.
C) sexual scripts.
D) androgyny.

Question 6

__________ theory emphasized that adaptation during the development of the human species produced psychological differences between males and females.

A) Psychoanalytical
B) Gender Schema
C) Evolutionary Psychology
D) Cognitive Developmental

Question 7

In the evolutionary psychology theory, males and females faced different pressures as they were evolving, particularly in:

A) reproduction.
B) language abilities.
C) foraging for food.
D) all of the above areas.

Question 8

According to Buss, in primeval environments, males:

A) improved their likelihood of passing on their genes by having multiple sexual liaisons.
B) improved their likelihood of passing on their genes by adopting short-term mating strategies.
C) evolved dispositions that favored violence, competition, and risk-taking in order to acquire more
Resources to attract females.
D) were characterized by all of the above.

Question 9

"Arg" (named for the sound he makes) was a male living in a primeval environment. If he was typical of most males, "Arg":

A) devoted a great deal of effort to his parenting role.
B) obtained a long-term mate who could help support a family.
C) adopted short-term mating strategies.
D) did none of the above.

Question 10

According to Buss, which of the following is FALSE concerning females in primeval environments?

A) Females improved their likelihood of passing on their genes by having multiple sexual liaisons.
B) Females devoted more effort to parenting than males.
C) Females chose mates who could provide their offspring with resources and protection.
D) Females tried to obtain long-term mates.

Question 11

"Ohm" (named for the sound she makes) was a female living in a primeval environment. If she was typical of most females, "Ohm":

A) devoted a great deal of effort to her parenting role.
B) made an effort to obtain a long-term mate.
C) had a preference for males who were successful, ambitious, and could provide a great deal of resources for her and her infant.
D) was characterized by all of the above.

Question 12

In a study concerning gender differences in sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors, the males said that ideally they would like to have more than ____ sexual partners in their lifetime, while the women stated that ideally they would like to have only _____.

A) 30; 10 or 12
B) 18; 4 or 5
C) 10; 1 or 2
D) 7; 1 or 2

Question 13

In a study concerning gender differences in sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors, males and females were individually approached by an attractive stranger of the opposite sex. When requested to have sex by this attractive stranger, _____ of the males and _____ of the females consented.

A) 90 percent; 5 percent
B) 75 percent; none
C) 50 percent; none
D) 25 percent; none

Question 14

Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning evolutionary psychology and its critics?

A) Buss emphasizes that men and women differ psychologically in those domains in which they have faced different adaptive problems during evolutionary history.
B) Critics of the evolutionary psychology theory claim that it pays little attention to cultural and individual variations.
C) Critics of the evolutionary psychology theory argue that its hypotheses are backed by speculation about prehistory, not evidence.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 15

Which of the following theories view(s) the cause of gender differences as biological dispositions?

A) Evolutionary psychology theory of gender
B) Psychoanalytic theory of gender
C) Gender schema theory of gender
D) All of the above would be considered biological theories of gender development.

Question 16

Which of the following theories would be considered a social theory of gender development?

A) Evolutionary psychology theory of gender
B) Psychoanalytic theory of gender
C) Gender schema theory of gender
D) Cognitive developmental theory of gender

Question 17

According to Alice Eagly's _________ theory of gender, the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurture.

A) evolutionary psychology
B) cognitive developmental
C) gender schema
D) social role

Question 18

According to the ___________ theory of gender, as women adapted to lives that were characterized by less power and less status in society, they showed more cooperative, less dominant profiles than men.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social role
C) social cognitive
D) gender schema

Question 19

After Terri moved to her husband's country, she found that the women in this country performed more domestic work, spent fewer or no hours in paid employment, received lower pay when they did work, and had little or no representation in the government. The women of this culture appear to have adapted to these differences by cooperating and being submissive. This adaptation could best be explained by the:

A) psychoanalytic theory of gender.
B) evolutionary psychology theory of gender.
C) social role theory of gender.
D) cognitive developmental theory of gender.

Question 20

According to the _________ theory of gender, preschool children develop a sexual attraction to their opposite-sex parent, and then their anxiety about this sexual attraction leads to their identification with the same-sex parent.

A) psychoanalytic
B) evolutionary psychology
C) gender schema
D) social role

Question 21

When Jeremy was six years old, he identified with his father in order to resolve the anxiety he felt for his earlier attraction to his mother. This explanation of Jeremy's gender development is consistent with the _________ theory of gender.

A) evolutionary psychology
B) gender schema
C) social cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Question 22

Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning the research by critics of Freud's theory of gender?

A) Research indicates that gender development does not proceed as Freud proposed.
B) Children become gender typed much earlier than 5 or 6 years of age.
C) Children become masculine or feminine even when the same-sex parent is not present in the family.
D) All of the above were found to be true.

Question 23

According to the _________ theory, children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behaviors.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social cognitive
C) cognitive developmental
D) social role

Question 24

The social cognitive theory emphasizes that gender is:

A) developed through observation and modeling.
B) influenced by one's earlier sexual attraction to his/her opposite sex parent.
C) due to networks of associations.
D) determined by cognitive models of gender roles.

Question 25

According to the social cognitive theory, other people are important in the development of gender roles because:

A) they assist in the development of gender schemas.
B) scripts are more easily written with the help of others.
C) they provide feedback on gender-related behavior.
D) they precipitate the development of one's first sexual attraction.

Question 26

Gina's mother buys her young daughter frilly dresses and dolls and encourages her to act "like a lady." Gina's subsequent feminine behaviors could best be explained by the_______ theory of gender.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social role
C) cognitive developmental
D) social cognitive

Question 27

Four-year-old Cole liked to play dolls with his older sister. However, when he went to preschool, the other little boys teased him when he played with the girls, and his teacher encouraged him to play outside with the boys. Cole soon was seen with the other boys in their "rough-and-tumble"play. This change in Cole's behavior can best be explained by the ______ theory of gender.

A) cognitive developmental
B) social role
C) social cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Question 28

The playground is sometimes referred to as a "gender school"because as children spend a larger majority of their free play time exclusively with others of their own sex; the activity and aggression levels of boys increase and those of girls decrease. This phenomenon is best explained by the __________ theory of gender.

A) social cognitive
B) social role
C) evolutionary psychology
D) cognitive developmental

Question 29

Which of the following theories would be considered a cognitive theory of gender development?

A) Evolutionary psychology theory of gender
B) Psychoanalytical theory of gender
C) Gender schema theory of gender
D) Social role theory of gender

Question 30

According to the ______ theory of gender, children's gender typing occurs only after children consistently think of themselves as boys and girls. They then show a preference for activities, objects, and attitudes consistent with this label.

A) social cognitive
B) social role
C) psychoanalytic
D) cognitive developmental

Question 31

The cognitive developmental theory of gender was initially proposed by:

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Lawrence Kohlberg.
C) Albert Bandura
D) Alice Eagly

Question 32

According to the cognitive developmental theory, children organize their world on the basis of gender only after they have:

A) developed an identification with the same-sex parent.
B) been reinforced by a parent for gender-appropriate behavior.
C) developed gender constancy.
D) resolved the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Question 33

Gender constancy occurs when a child can:

A) recognize that gender does not change even when appearance does.
B) display the behavior of his/her gender.
C) point out the differences between boys and girls.
D) apply the labels of boy and girl to him or herself and others.

Question 34

According to the cognitive developmental theory of gender, how do preschool children decide who is male and who is female?

A) Preschoolers focus on people's names.
B) Preschoolers use their gender schemas of what is gender appropriate and inappropriate.
C) Preschoolers rely on physical features, such as dress and hairstyle.
D) Preschoolers rely on what others say.

Question 35

Amy is 4 years old and has gone to the hairdresser with her mother. While there, she sees a young man get his long hair cut off. According to the cognitive developmental theory, Amy is most likely to:

A) have thought the man was a woman and that now his gender has changed.
B) believe that the man's gender remained constant.
C) wish to change her appearance as well.
D) view the change in the young man to be a maladjustment.

Question 36

Which child is beginning to understand gender constancy?

A) Paula, a three-year-old girl
B) Lee, a six-year-old boy
C) Lawrence, a ten-year-old boy
D) Florian, a ten-year-old girl

Question 37

The _________ theory of gender states that gender typing occurs when children are ready to encode and organize information along the lines of what is considered appropriate for females and males in their society.

A) social cognitive
B) social role
C) gender schema
D) cognitive developmental

Question 38

A___________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations, which organizes the world in terms of female and male and guides a person's perceptions, thinking, and behavior.

A) gender schema
B) social script
C) gender type
D) gender identity status

Question 39

Bit by bit, Martin has picked up what is gender appropriate and gender inappropriate in his culture. He has gradually organized this information into a view of what is male and female and he uses this organized view of the world to guide his thinking and behavior. Martin's gender development is consistent with the ________ theory of gender.

A) social cognitive
B) gender schema
C) social role
D) cognitive developmental

Question 40

According to the gender schema theory of gender, gender typing occurs when children:

A) encode and organize information about what is considered appropriate for females and males in their society.
B) develop gender constancy.
C) resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes.
D) observe and model their same-sex parent and are reinforced for this behavior.

Question 41

General beliefs about females and males are known as:

A) gender identities.
B) gender stereotypes.
C) gender roles.
D) sexual scripts.

Question 42

Alicia thinks men are unemotional, adventuresome, and assertive. This description of males is an example of a:

A) gender role.
B) gender stereotype.
C) gender difference.
D) sexist schema.

Question 43

Dewayne believes that all women are submissive and very emotional. Dewayne's belief is an example of a:

A) gender difference.
B) gender role.
C) gender stereotype.
D) sexist schema.

Question 44

When a person develops a narrow view of the capabilities of males and females, this simplification can lead to wrong assumptions and invalid conclusions. This tendency to simplify concerning gender is known as:

A) gender scheming.
B) gender biasing.
C) gender scripting.
D) gender stereotyping.

Question 45

The characteristics of being independent, aggressive, and power-oriented are termed _______ traits and are associated with the traditional _______ role.

A) instrumental; masculine
B) instrumental; feminine
C) expressive; masculine
D) expressive; feminine

Question 46

The characteristics of being warm and sensitive are termed _______ traits and are associated with the traditional _______ role.

A) instrumental; masculine
B) instrumental; feminine
C) expressive; masculine
D) expressive; feminine

Question 47

Semone exemplifies the traditional feminine role of a sensitive, nurturing caregiver. Semone's characteristics would be labeled as:

A) instrumental traits.
B) expressive traits.
C) androgynous traits.
D) semantic differential traits.

Question 48

Sam exemplifies the traditional masculine role of an independent, aggressive, and power- oriented breadwinner. Sam's characteristics would be labeled as:

A) instrumental traits.
B) expressive traits.
C) androgynous traits.
D) semantic differential traits.

Question 49

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the research on stereotyping?

A) The traditional feminine characteristics are childlike and suitable for someone who is dependent and subordinate to others.
B) The traditional masculine characteristics suit one to deal competently with the wider world and to wield authority.
C) Men's strong adherence to rigid gender stereotyping is associated with alcohol-related problems and interpersonal violence.
D)Women and men who today live in relatively wealthy, industrialized countries perceive themselves as . more different from each other than do women and men who live in less developed countries.

Question 50

In a study that investigated the stereotypes that people create based on gender and ethnicity, which of the following examples was most often stereotyped as an antagonistic person who speaks loudly?

A) Mexican-American female
B) African-American female
C) Non-Latino white female
D) Asian-American female

Question 51

In a study that investigated the stereotypes that people create based on gender and ethnicity, which of the following examples was most often stereotyped as attractive, intelligent, and egotistical?

A) Mexican American female
B) African-American female
C) Non-Latino white female
D) Asian-American female

Question 52

In a study that investigated the stereotypes that people create based on gender and ethnicity, which of the following examples was most often stereotyped as lower-class, hard working, antagonistic?

A) Mexican-American male
B) African-American male
C) Non-Latino white male
D) Asian-American male

Question 53

________ is prejudice and discrimination against an individual because of his or her sex.

A) Feminism
B) Sexism
C) Androgyny
D) Ethnocentrism

Question 54

Sara's school counselor tries to discourage Sara from becoming a mechanic. Sara's school counselor is displaying:

A) androgyny.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) sexism.
D) feminism.

Question 55

Eddie's school counselor tries to discourage Eddie from becoming a nurse. Eddie's school counselor is displaying:

A) androgyny.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) feminism.
D) sexism.

Question 56

Interpreting research on gender differences is difficult because:

A) the differences are averages.
B) even when gender differences occur, there often is considerable overlap between males and females.
C) the difference may be due primarily to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both.
D) of all of the above reasons.

Question 57

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the physical differences between males and females?

A) Females have about twice the body fat of males.
B) Females are more likely than males to develop physical and mental disorders.
C) Females are more resistant to infection than males.
D) Females' blood vessels are more elastic than males' blood vessels.

Question 58

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the physical differences between males and females?

A) Males have higher levels of stress hormones than females.
B) Males are less likely than females to develop physical and mental disorders.
C) Males are more resistant to infection than females.
D) Males' blood vessels are more elastic than females' blood vessels.

Question 59

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the brain differences between males and females?

A) One part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior tends to be larger in men than women.
B) Portions of the corpus callosum, the bands of tissues connecting the two hemispheres, tend to be larger
In males than females.
C) An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in males than females.
D) The areas of the brain involved in emotional expression tend to show more metabolic activity in females than males.

Question 60

According to the 1974 study by Maccoby and Jacklin, females were shown to be stronger in _______than the males; however, these differences virtually disappeared in Maccoby's 1987 study.

A) visuospatial abilities
B) math abilities
C) verbal abilities
D) all of the above abilities

Question 61

In both the 1974 and the 1987 studies by Maccoby, males were shown to be stronger than females in which of the following areas?

A) math and visuospatial abilities
B) math and verbal abilities
C) visuospatial and verbal abilities
D) none of the above abilities

Question 62

Damien and Janice are seniors in high school. If they are typical of the average male and female student in the U.S. Department of Education study conducted in 2000, one can predict that:

A) Damien would be a superior student overall when compared to Janice.
B) Janice would have higher reading achievement scores than Darien.
C) Damien has had better writing skills than Janice since fourth grade.
D) Janice would have slightly better math and science scores on national standardized tests than Damien.

Question 63

Robert and Darlene are seniors in high school. If they are typical of the average male and female student in the U.S. Department of Education study conducted in 2000, one can predict that:

A) Robert would be a superior student overall when compared to Darlene.
B) Robert would have higher reading achievement scores than Darlene.
C) Darlene has had better writing skills than Robert since fourth grade.
D) Darlene would have slightly better math and science scores on national standardized tests than Robert.

Question 64

One of the most consistent gender differences is that boys show more ________ than girls do.

A) verbal aggression
B) relational aggression
C) physical aggression
D) of all of the above types of aggression

Question 65

Kelly and her brother Mac are playing in the backyard and get into an argument. Concerning their tendencies to be aggressive:

A) Kelly will probably be as verbally aggressive or more so than Mac is.
B) Mac is more likely to be physically aggressive than Kelly is.
C) Kelly is more likely to exhibit relational aggression than Mac.
D) all of the above are true.

Question 66

Which of the following is/are TRUE of relational aggression?

A) It can involve such behaviors as spreading malicious rumors in order to get others to dislike someone.
B) It can involve ignoring someone.
C) Girls are more likely to engage in relational aggression than boys are.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 67

Karen, Amelia, and Sarah are all angry at Larry. Karen yells at him, Amelia spreads ugly rumors about him, while Sarah just gives him the "silent treatment." Which of the following is true concerning these acts of aggression?

A) All of these females are engaging in verbal aggression.
B) All of these females are engaging in relational aggression.
C) Karen is engaging in verbal aggression, while Amelia and Sarah are exhibiting relational aggression.
D) Karen and Amelia are engaging in verbal aggression, while Sarah is exhibiting relational aggression.

Question 68

Low self-regulation was:

A) linked with greater aggression and teasing.
B) linked with low cooperation and an inability to delay gratification.
C) more common in males than females.
D) characterized by all of the above.

Question 69

Which of the following is/are FALSE regarding the interpretation of gender differences?

A) Traditionally, differences between males and females were interpreted as biologically-based deficiencies in females.
B) Feminists have feared that research documenting gender differences will be used to promote old . stereotypes that women are inferior to men.
C) According to Alice Eagly, research reveals that the differences in male and female behavior are biologically induced.
D) Controversy will continue over the extent of the differences in males and females because gender is, in part, a political issue.

Question 70

What has the research on gender differences in helping behavior revealed?

A) Males are more likely to help.
B) Females are more likely to help.
C) Both males and females will help but in different contexts.
D) Male and females are equally likely to help regardless of the context.

Question 71

It is _____ that makes men and women appear so different in their helping behavior.

A) context
B) biology
C) estrogen
D) observer's bias

Question 72

Several people were observed helping at the abused children's shelter. Some of the volunteers were attempting to repair the old stove, while others were seen fixing the lights and nailing paneling. In another room, volunteers were observed comforting the children and listening to their concerns. According to your textbook,

A) more of the males were probably engaged in helping with the repair jobs, while more females were involved in the nurturing tasks.
B) an equal number of males and females were engaged in both the repair and in comforting the children.
C) any differences in male and female helping behaviors is due to hormonal differences.
D) there is no way to predict which jobs the male and female volunteers will select to perform.

Question 73

According to your textbook, males and females differ in the display of emotion because of:

A) biology.
B) gender identity.
C) context.
D) gender constancy.

Question 74

One recent study found that societal changes are leading females to have more instrumental traits in:

A) the United States.
B) China.
C) Iran
D) all of the above countries.

Question 75

_________ is the presence of a high degree of feminine and masculine characteristics in the same individual.

A) Androgyny
B) Misogyny
C) Misandry
D) Feminism

Question 76

Depending upon the situation, Raymond can be assertive, nurturing, dominant, and sensitive. Raymond is displaying:

A) misogyny.
B) androgyny.
C) multiple personalities.
D) gender-role confusion.

Question 77

With her family, Carol is gentle, affectionate, and understanding; while as a district attorney, she is forceful, aggressive, and willing to take risks. Carol is displaying:

A) androgyny.
B) misogyny.
C) multiple personalities.
D) gender-role confusion.

Question 78

Based on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, a person who was androgynous would have a:

A) high degree of both expressive and instrumental traits.
B) high degree of expressive traits and a low degree of instrumental traits.
C) low degree of expressive traits and a high degree of instrumental traits.
D) low degree of both expressive and instrumental traits.

Question 79

Based on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, a person who was feminine would have a:

A) high degree of both expressive and instrumental traits.
B) high degree of expressive traits and a low degree of instrumental traits.
C) low degree of expressive traits and a high degree of instrumental traits.
D) low degree of both expressive and instrumental traits.

Question 80

Based on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, a person who was masculine would have a:

A) high degree of both expressive and instrumental traits.
B) high degree of expressive traits and a low degree of instrumental traits.
C) low degree of expressive traits and a high degree of instrumental traits.
D) low degree of both expressive and instrumental traits.