Deck 11: Emerging Adulthood, Adult Development, and Aging

Question 1

The pattern of change that starts at conception and continues through the lifespan is called:

A) development.
B) growth.
C) maturation.
D) evolution.

Answer 1

development.

Question 2

Development is best defined as:

A) one's physical growth during childhood.
B) maturation of an individual beginning at birth and continuing through adolescence.
C) a pattern of change starting at conception and continuing through the lifespan.
D) evolutionary recapitulation.

Answer 2

a pattern of change starting at conception and continuing through the lifespan.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding development?

A) Development involves both growth and decline.
B) Development is a product of physical, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.
C) Development begins at conception and continues through the lifespan.
D) All of the above are true.

Answer 3

All of the above are true.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding development?

A) Development involves growth.
B) Development involves decline.
C) Development begins at birth and continues through adolescence.
D) Development is a product of physical, cognitive and socioemotional processes.

Question 5

Development involves:

A) physical processes.
B) cognitive processes.
C) socioemotional processes.
D) all of the above.

Question 6

Martin's development involves physical processes, such as:

A) his genetic inheritance from his parents.
B) his height and weight.
C) his motor skills.
D) all of the above.

Question 7

Matthew's development involves physical processes, such as:

A) his ability to memorize definitions at school.
B) changes in his emotions and personality.
C) hormonal changes at puberty.
D) his drive and aggressiveness when playing sports.

Question 8

Psychologists refer to biological growth as:

A) sociobiology.
B) maturation.
C) evolution.
D) psychobiological changes.

Question 9

Justin is daydreaming about being a famous rock star playing his electric guitar in front of thousands of adoring fans. Justin's daydreaming would be considered:

A) a physical process.
B) a socioemotional process.
C) a cognitive process.
D) none of the above.

Question 10

A psychologist administers tests to assess Miriam's intelligence, her language ability, and her memory skills. The psychologist is assessing Miriam's:

A) physical processes.
B) cognitive processes.
C) socioemotional processes.
D) psychophysical processes.

Question 11

After being laid off from her job, Sara has become depressed and makes an appointment with a psychiatrist. These changes in Sara's mood would be considered a:

A) physical process.
B) bioemotional process.
C) cognitive process.
D) socioemotional process.

Question 12

Which of the following would be considered a socioemotional process?

A) a girl's development of assertiveness
B) an infant's smile in response to her mother's touch
C) a young man's aggressiveness in sport
D) all of the above

Question 13

Cary is becoming economically independent as he develops his career in information technology. He and his wife have one child and are expecting another baby in two months. Cary is most likely in which developmental period?

A) adolescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) mid-life transition

Question 14

Jeanie is 50 years old and enjoys her job as a registered nurse. Her favorite part of her job is mentoring the student nurses at the hospital. Jeanie would most likely be in which developmental period?

A) adolescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 15

Edward has just retired from his job as an accountant and is planning to take a class at the university in archaeology, so that he can pursue his lifelong interest in this subject. He also plans to pay more attention to his health and fitness. Edward is most likely in which developmental period?

A) early adulthood
B) middle adulthood
C) late adulthood
D) late ageism

Question 16

The young adults in Staudinger's cross-sectional study said that they personally invested the MOST time in:

A) work
B) family
C) friends
D) independence

Question 17

Clanton is 30 years old. If he is typical of the individuals in Staudinger's cross-sectional study, Clanton would say that he personally invests his time in these four items that are listed in order of importance:

A) independence, thinking about life, friends, and family
B) work, friends, family, and independence
C) friends, family, work, and health
D) family, friends, work, and independence

Question 18

According to Staudinger's cross-sectional study, individuals from 35 to 65 years of age personally invest the MOST time in:

A) work
B) family
C) health
D) cognitive fitness

Question 19

Suzanne is 45 years old. If she is typical of the individuals in Staudinger's cross-sectional study, Suzanne would say that she personally invests her time in these four items that are listed in order of importance:

A) work, family, friends, and health
B) health, family, thinking about life, and cognitive fitness
C) family, friends, health, work
D) family, work, friends, and cognitive fitness

Question 20

Connie is 60 years old. If she is typical of the individuals in Staudinger's cross-sectional study, Suzanne would say that she personally invests her time in these four items that are listed in order of importance:

A) work, family, friends, and health
B) health, family, thinking about life, and cognitive fitness
C) family, health, friends, and cognitive fitness
D) family, work, health, and friends

Question 21

Sid is 80 years old. If he is typical of the individuals in Staudinger's cross-sectional study, Sid would say that he personally invests his time in these four items that are listed in order of importance:

A) family, health, cognitive fitness, and friends
B) health, family, thinking about life, and cognitive fitness
C) health, family, friends, and cognitive fitness
D) family, thinking about life, health, and friends

Question 22

Ruth is 95 years old. If she is typical of the individuals in Staudinger's cross-sectional study, Ruth would say that she personally invests her time in these four items that are listed in order of importance:

A) family, health, cognitive fitness, and friends
B) health, family, friends, and cognitive fitness
C) health, family, thinking about life, and cognitive fitness
D) family, thinking about life, health, and friends

Question 23

Theresa is 90 years old. According to Staudinger's cross-sectional study, Theresa is most likely investing most of her time in which of the following?

A) health
B) family
C) thinking about life
D) cognitive fitness

Question 24

According to several survey studies conducted in many countries, which age group reported the greatest satisfaction with life?

A) adolescence
B) young adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) No age group reported being any more satisfied than any other age group.

Question 25

Why might individuals in late adulthood report being satisfied with life given the decline in physical skills, less energy, and concerns about death?

A) Most of the people in late adulthood are senile, and, thus, have lost touch with reality.
B) People in late adulthood experience a dramatic increase in income.
C) People feel sorry for older people and treat them very well.
D) There is less pressure to achieve and more time for leisure activities.

Question 26

___________ is the term now given to the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

A) Senescence
B) Mid-life transition
C) Emerging adulthood
D) Pre-adulthood

Question 27

According to your textbook the age range for emerging adulthood is approximately:

A) 16 to 21 years of age.
B) 18 to 21 years of age.
C) 18 to 25 years of age.
D) 18 to 29 years of age.

Question 28

Joseph has changed his college major three times since entering college and is still considering whether to marry his long-term girlfriend. This time of experimentation and exploration is characteristic of:

A) senescence.
B) mid-life transition.
C) emerging adulthood.
D) pre-adulthood.

Question 29

In developing countries, ________ is often a more significant marker for entry into adulthood than in the United States, and it usually occurs much earlier than in the United States.

A) career development
B) marriage
C) having the first child
D) graduation from formal schooling

Question 30

In the United States and other similar countries, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:

A) holding a full-time job.
B) marriage.
C) having one's first child.
D) high-school graduation.

Question 31

About _____ percent of individuals in their late teens to early twenties move back into their parents' home at least once.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 40
D) 62

Question 32

Today in the U.S., which of the following would most likely be considered the most important markers for adult status?

A) ability to reproduce and graduation from high school
B) economic independence and self-responsibility
C) dating and marriage
D) becoming a parent and emotional independence from one's own parents

Question 33

According to your textbook, which of the following would be considered a marker of adult status in the U.S. today?

A) becoming a parent
B) graduation from high school
C) independent decision making
D) marriage
E) none of the above

Question 34

Which of the following assets has NOT been linked to well-being in adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A) intellectual assets, such as academic success
B) psychological assets, such as mastery motivation
C) financial assets, such as having enough money to succeed
D) social assets, such as positive peer relations

Question 35

According to your textbook, which of the following would help one to make the transition to adulthood effectively?

A) Develop an optimistic style of thinking and coping.
B) Work on improving your life skills and academic success.
C) Manage your emotions.
D) All of the above

Question 36

According to your textbook, which of the following suggestions would NOT help one to make the transition to adulthood effectively?

A) Expect to be lonely and use this time to focus on your studies or your job.
B) Work on improving your life skills and planning ability.
C) Manage your emotions.
D) Develop an optimistic style of thinking and coping.

Question 37

In a recent longitudinal study, _________ were found to be especially stable in emerging adults.

A) dating patterns
B) religious views and behaviors
C) political views and behaviors
D) attitudes toward career and work

Question 38

Erin is thinking about her impending entry into adulthood. She can look forward to:

A) stability.
B) dramatic developmental changes.
C) uneven developmental changes.
D) significant changes in personality.

Question 39

Which of the following was NOT a finding from the longitudinal study of 2,000 males that took place from the time they were in the tenth grade until five years after high school?

A) The tenth-graders with the highest self-esteem in high school now were experiencing low self-esteem at college and work.
B) Those who were the most achievement-oriented in tenth grade remained the most achievement-oriented eight years later.
C) Marriage reduced their drug use.
D) Unemployment increased their drug use.

Question 40

The transition from high school to college involves:

A) movement to a larger, more impersonal educational structure.
B) interaction with peers from more diverse geographical and/or ethnic backgrounds.
C) an increased focus on achievement and its assessment.
D) all of the above.

Question 41

Compared to high school students, college students are likely to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) having less time to spend with peers
B) having more opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values.
C) enjoying greater independence from parents.
D) being challenged intellectually by their academic work.

Question 42

Compared to students of the 1980s, today's college students report being:

A) more depressed.
B) more stressed.
C) Both A. and B.
D) Neither A. and B.

Question 43

According to a recent survey, the upper 10 percent of college students who reported being very happy:

A) were in the upper 10 percent related to academic success.
B) showed the most independence from their parents.
C) had stronger romantic and social relationships.
D) were physically fit and athletic.

Question 44

The term returning students refers to students who:

A) are on academic probation and must "return" and retake some of their basic courses.
B) either did not go to college right out of high school or at dropped out and are now returning.
C) did not take summer school courses and are now returning for the fall term.
D) must return to their academic advisor and have their schedule readjusted to reflect new requirements within their majors.

Question 45

Returning students at college:

A) bring life experiences that can be applied to a wide range of issues and topics.
B) have to balance their course work and commitments to family and/or a job.
C) include those students who dropped out of college and are now returning to college.
D) exhibit all of the above.

Question 46

Which of the following strategies would NOT be effective in helping returning students to adjust to college?

A) These students should consider joining a campus group that has students of various ages.
B) These students should try to improve their study skills.
C) To prevent feeling old, these students should spend their time only with students their own age.
D) They should seek counseling from a campus counselor if they have personal problems and issues.

Question 47

Most individuals reach their peak physical development and are the healthiest during their:

A) childhood.
B) teens.
C) twenties.
D) thirties.

Question 48

Arnold is a world class weight-lifter. If he is typical of most weight-lifters who are at their peak physical development, Arnold is most likely in his:

A) teens.
B) twenties.
C) thirties.
D) forties.

Question 49

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely in his/her twenties?

A) Olga, a female Olympic gymnast
B) Katie, a female Olympic swimmer
C) James, a male marathon runner
D) Greg, a male weight-lifter

Question 50

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning the physical changes in middle adulthood?

A) Skin wrinkles and sags because of an increase in fat and collagen in underlying tissues.
B) Hair becomes thinner and grayer due to a lower replacement rate and a decline in melanin production.
C) Adults lose about one-half inch of height per decade beginning in their forties.
D) Fat generally accounts for 20 percent or more of weight in middle age.

Question 51

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning the physical changes in middle adulthood?

A) Skin wrinkles and sags because of a loss of fat and collagen in underlying tissues.
B) Hair becomes thinner and grayer due to a lower replacement rate and a decline in melanin production.
C) Adults lose about one-half inch of height per decade beginning in their forties.
D) Fat generally accounts for 10 percent or less of weight in middle age.

Question 52

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the three greatest health concerns at middle age?

A) heart disease
B) diabetes
C) weight
D) cancer

Question 53

The average age at which a woman has her last menstrual period is:

A) 42 years
B) 47 years
C) 52 years
D) 57 years

Question 54

Menopause is BEST defined as:

A) a reduction in the production of the hormone androgen.
B) cessation of the menstrual periods.
C) a psychological response to aging.
D) a woman's inability to bear children.

Question 55

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT a symptom experienced by women when their estrogen levels decline?

A) hot flashes
B) nausea
C) a slower than normal heartbeat
D) depression and irritability

Question 56

Carol is going through menopause. According to McKinlay and McKinlay, if Carol is like MOST women, she will experience:

A) depression and irritability.
B) a rapid heartrate.
C) hot flashes and fatigue.
D) no psychological or physical problems.

Question 57

According to your textbook, men:

A) do not experience a decline in sex-related hormones.
B) do experience a decline in their hormones but not until they are in their late 70's and 80's.
C) do experience a decline in sex-related hormones in their 50's and 60's that is less severe than a woman's estrogen decline.
D) who smoked, drank heavily, or used drugs are the only ones who experience a decline in their sex-related hormones.

Question 58

The fastest growing segment of the population today is the group of people who are:

A) 20 to 35 years old.
B) 40 to 50 years old.
C) 55 to 65 years old.
D) 85 and older.

Question 59

The maximum number of years human beings can live is about:

A) 75 to 80 years.
B) 80 to 90 years.
C) 105 to 115 years.
D) 120 to 125 years.

Question 60

Life span is defined as the:

A) maximum number of years any member of the species has been documented to live.
B) number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
C) changes made by an individual from birth to his/her death.
D) pattern of stability and change exhibited by an individual during each period of his/her life.

Question 61

The maximum number of years any member of the species has been documented to live is known as the:

A) life expectancy.
B) life span.
C) life structure.
D) life course.

Question 62

The life expectancy of individuals born today in the United States is:

A) 70 years.
B) 77 years.
C) 85 years.
D) 92 years.

Question 63

In the New England Centenarian study, a majority of those individuals over 100:

A) had led stress-free lives.
B) had been financially well-off all of their lives.
C) tended to isolate themselves from other people.
D) were characterized by none of the above.

Question 64

Individuals live longer:

A) on the Japanese island of Okinawa.
B) on the North American continent.
C) in Europe.
D) in India.

Question 65

Some possible explanations for the longevity of Okinawans included:

A) their diet.
B) their spirituality.
C) a caring community.
D) all of the above.

Question 66

The ___________ theory states that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resilience to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

A) autoimmunity
B) hormonal stress
C) endocrine-immune
D) cross-linkage

Question 67

Prolonged, elevated levels of stress-related hormones are associated with increased risks of:

A) cardiovascular disease.
B) cancer.
C) diabetes.
D) all of the above.

Question 68

Weight ________ in middle age and _________ after age 60.

A) increases; continues to increase
B) increases; declines
C) decreases; declines even more
D) decreases; increases

Question 69

Margo's doctor tells her that her loss of bone tissue is severe, which means that her bones will be easy to fracture and slow to heal. Margo has:

A) osteoporosis.
B) osteosclerosis
C) presbyopia.
D) presbycusis

Question 70

According to your textbook, which of the following exercise programs has been shown to be the most beneficial in combating osteoporosis?

A) water aerobics
B) weightlifting
C) yoga
D) walking

Question 71

In their study of nursing home residents, Rodin and Langer found that the health and survival of the older adults was linked to their:

A) diet.
B) exercise programs.
C) sense of control.
D) number of visitors.

Question 72

Michael is the director of a nursing home. According to Rodin and Langer, if Michael wants the residents at his nursing home to be alert, active, happier, and to live longer, Michael should:

A) encourage the residents to be more dependent on the nursing staff for help.
B) allow the residents to decide on such matters as what they will eat and what movies to watch.
C) encourage more people in the community to put on programs for the residents.
D) make sure each resident has a roommate.

Question 73

__________ is the most common form of dementia and is a progressive, irreversible disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Arteriosclerosis
C) Pellagra
D) Multi-infarct dementia

Question 74

Over the last few years, Patricia has gradually experienced a deterioration of her memory for familiar people and places. Her ability to express herself and to plan and perform simple tasks has also become labored. Patricia is most likely suffering from the most common type of dementia known as:

A) pellagra.
B) a stroke.
C) Parkinson's disease.
D) Alzheimer's disease.

Question 75

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning Alzheimer's disease?

A) Early-onset Alzheimer's disease generally affects people who are 30 to 60 years old.
B) About 25 percent of all Alzheimer's cases are the early-onset type.
C) The deterioration of the brain in Alzheimer disease is characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
D) There is presently no cure for Alzheimer's disease.

Question 76

What concern has been noted in half of the family caretakers of Alzheimer's patients?

A) physical abuse
B) drug abuse
C) anxiety
D) depression

Question 77

According to recent brain research, the dendrites of a neuron continue to grow through one's _______, although no new dendritic growth was discovered in people in their _______.

A) teens; thirties
B) twenties; forties
C) forties; sixties
D) seventies; nineties

Question 78

Which of the following is FALSE regarding recent brain research?

A) No new brain cells are generated after the early childhood years.
B) As brains age, they can shift responsibilities for a given task from one region of the brain to another.
C)The nuns in the on-going brain study who had taught for most of their lives showed more moderate declines in intellectual skills that those who had spent their lives in service-based tasks.
D) In an on-going brain study, the nuns in the study with high levels of folic acid showed little evidence of Alzheimer-like damage to their brains after death.

Question 79

According to Piaget, the highest stage of thinking is the ________ stage.

A) preoperational
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) post-formal

Question 80

Justin is a junior in high school and is able to think in terms of ideal circumstances, such as what his life can be like in the future and even what an ideal parent is like. He can also form hypotheses about why something happens, whether in a science experiment he is conducting at school or a social issue. According to Piaget, Justin is in which stage of cognitive development?

A) postformal operational stage
B) formal operational stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) preoperational stage