Deck 2: Personality

Question 1

For a class project, Raul was required to write down those distinctive characteristics and behaviors that depict how he adapts to the world. Raul is doing a class project about his:

A) motivational style.
B) coping style.
C) personality.
D) phenomenological traits.

Answer 1

personality.

Question 2

Which of the following is/are issues addressed by the major personality perspectives?

A) Is personality due more to heredity or to learning?
B) To what extent is personality conscious or unconscious?
C) What characterizes a well-adjusted personality?
D) All of the above are issues addressed by the major personality perspectives.

Answer 2

All of the above are issues addressed by the major personality perspectives.

Question 3

Which psychological perspective views personality as being primarily unconscious and emphasizes that early experiences with parents play an important role in the development of one's personality?

A) Humanistic perspective
B) Behavioral perspective
C) Trait perspective
D) Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 3

Psychodynamic perspective

Question 4

Which of the following psychological theorists viewed behavior as merely a surface characteristic and advocated the understanding of personality through the exploration of the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner-workings of the mind?

A) Albert Bandura
B) F. Skinner
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Carl Rogers

Question 5

Maggie dreams about water every night. In some dreams, she is swimming, in other dreams she is paddling a boat down a stream, and in some dreams she is wading through puddles of water. If her therapist interprets these dreams as symbolizing her repressed feelings toward sex, her therapist would most likely be a ___________ therapist.

A) humanistic
B) psychodynamic
C) social-cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 6

If you believe that there are unconscious ideas and wishes in people's jokes, doodles, and slips of the tongue, then you are advocating which psychological perspective?

A) Psychodynamic perspective
B) Behavioral perspective
C) Social-cognitive perspective
D) Humanistic perspective

Question 7

According to Freud, one's memories are locked away from awareness in the ________ level.

A) preconscious
B) conscious
C) postconscious
D) unconscious

Question 8

According to Freud, the _____ consists of instincts, is totally unconscious, and is a reservoir of psychic energy.

A) id
B) ego
C) conscience
D) superego

Question 9

According to Freud, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A) superego
B) ego ideal
C) ego
D) id

Question 10

If the id could speak, it would say:

A) "I need to think carefully about how I can get what I want."
B) "I want as much pleasure as I can get, right now."
C) "I need to test reality so that I can make the right decisions."
D) "I should be careful as to what I want. Some things are not good for me."

Question 11

Billy is a toddler who sees a toy in a department store and immediately grabs the toy. His mother takes it away, and Billy starts kicking the display cases and screaming loudly. Freud would say that Billy's behavior is being controlled by his ____ at this point in time.

A) superego
B) superid
C) id
D) ego

Question 12

According to Freud, the _________ principle states that one seeks immediate gratification of one's wants, and avoids all pain.

A) pleasure
B) reality
C) gluttonous
D) narcissistic

Question 13

According to Freud, the _____ acts as the executive of the personality, and helps us to test reality to see how far we can go in satisfying our desires without getting into trouble with the world or hurting ourselves.

A) ego ideal
B) ego
C) superego
D) conscience

Question 14

The ego's task is to:

A) create the collective unconscious.
B) determine if behavior is morally right or wrong.
C) respond to the wishes of the id according to society's norms.
D) mediate between the conscience and the ego ideal.

Question 15

According to Freud, the struggle between meeting one's own needs and caring for others is resolved by following the:

A) pleasure principle.
B) reality principle.
C) fixation principle.
D) regression principle.

Question 16

The id is to _______ as the ego is to ________.

A) pleasure; pain
B) a defense mechanism; repression
C) the reality principle; the pleasure principle
D) the pleasure principle; the reality principle

Question 17

The part of the personality in Freud's theory that deals with morality and is aware of right and wrong is the:

A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) archetype.

Question 18

On the way to work, Sam drives the speed limit while all the other cars pass him. Sam's superego must be saying to Sam:

A) "Are you crazy? Look! You're the slowest in this entire state."
B) "Hurry up. Drive with the traffic. The police probably won't pull you over."
C) "Sam, you need to buy a radar detector."
D) "Very good, Sam, you're doing the right thing. You are obeying the law."

Question 19

According to Freud, defense mechanisms _________ by unconsciously distorting reality.

A) increase anxiety
B) reduce anxiety
C) increase fixation
D) decrease fixation

Question 20

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning defense mechanisms?

A) The use of defense mechanisms occurs unconsciously.
B) Defense mechanisms distort reality.
C) The use of defense mechanisms reduces anxiety.
D) The use of defense mechanisms, even in moderation, is unhealthy.

Question 21

Randy can't recall witnessing a terrible car accident when he was six years old. No matter how hard Randy tries, he simply cannot remember the accident. Freud would say that Randy is exhibiting which defense mechanism?

A) repression
B) rationalization
C) regression
D) displacement

Question 22

As Mario is filling out his income tax forms, he makes the decision not to report all of his income. He figures that it is okay, because everyone cheats on their taxes; and besides, he needs the money more than the government does. Mario is exhibiting which defense mechanism?

A) regression
B) displacement
C) rationalization
D) sublimation

Question 23

The father has a bad day at work, comes home and yells at the mother. The mother yells at the son, and the son yells at the dog. Freud would suggest that ________ is occurring in this family.

A) displacement
B) sublimation
C) rationalization
D) regression

Question 24

You hate to work with Mason because he is always late to meetings and rarely has all his materials with him. When people ask Mason about working with you, he says the same things about you. Could it be that both you and Mason are seeing similar shortcomings in each other? You both are using Freud's defense mechanism called:

A) sublimation.
B) displacement.
C) projection.
D) regression.

Question 25

Whenever Helen gets angry, she works off this anger and bad feelings by cooking and freezing lots of casseroles. Freud would say that Helen is taking her unacceptable and non-productive anger and channeling it in to something productive and socially acceptable by using the defense mechanism called:

A) sublimation
B) projection
C) regression
D) rationalization

Question 26

When Ryan broke up with Susan, she whined, cried, and begged Ryan not to leave her. Susan is exhibiting the defense mechanism of:

A) repression
B) regression
C) projection
D) sublimation

Question 27

Although we all know that we will die someday, we typically deal with this anxiety by using the defense mechanism known as:

A) projection.
B) sublimation.
C) regression.
D) denial.

Question 28

Even though a woman really despises her mother, she calls her mother on the phone every day, buys her little gifts, and tells everyone that her mother is her best friend and she dearly loves her. Freud would say that this woman, in order to deal with her hatred of her mother, has used the defense mechanism of:

A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) displacement.
D) regression.

Question 29

The correct sequence of Freud's stages of personality development are:

A) anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency.
B) oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic.
C) anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital.
D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 30

The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during which of Freud's stages of personality development?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 31

According to Freud, if the underlying conflict at a particular stage is not resolved and one's needs are either under- or over-gratified, then the individual will:

A) develop the Oedipus complex if male and the Electra complex if female.
B) become fixated at this stage of development.
C) fail to develop a superego.
D) experience a reaction formation at this stage of development.

Question 32

According to Freud, six-year-old Edgar resolves the Oedipus complex and reduces the conflict he feels by:

A) identifying with his father.
B) identifying with his mother.
C) rationalizing his fixation.
D) unconsciously regressing to the pleasure principle.

Question 33

During which of Freud's stages of personality development do children repress all interest in sexuality, develop social and intellectual skills, and channel much of their energy into emotionally safe areas that help them forget the stressful conflicts of the previous stage?

A) phallic stage
B) anal stage
C) latency stage
D) oral stage

Question 34

Luke tends to overreact toward and strike back at authorities, while his sister Sarah is compulsively neat and organized. Freud would say that this brother and sister were both fixated at the:

A) oral stage.
B) anal stage.
C) phallic stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 35

Paul and Jonathan are brothers. Paul is a compulsive gum chewer, while his brother Jonathan is a two-pack-a-day smoker. Freud would say that both brothers are fixated at the:

A) oral stage.
B) anal stage.
C) phallic stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 36

Jerome flirts with every woman he sees and brags to his friends and even to acquaintances about his latest sexual conquest. Freud would say that Jerome was fixated in the:

A) oral stage.
B) anal stage.
C) phallic stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 37

Which of Freud's stages of personality development is a time of sexual reawakening, when the source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of the family and when unresolved conflicts with parents reemerge?

A) oral stage
B) phallic stage
C) latency stage
D) genital stage

Question 38

Freud's critics, the psychoanalytic revisionists, stressed all of the following points EXCEPT which one?

A) Sociocultural facts are much more important than Freud believed.
B) Sexuality is not the pervasive force behind personality as Freud believed.
C) The ego and conscious thought processes play more dominant roles in our personality than Freud gave them credit.
D) The first 5 years are more powerful in shaping adult personality than Freud believed.

Question 39

Karen Horney believed that the need for ______ was the most important motive for humans.

A) sex
B) order
C) security
D) superiority

Question 40

Which theorist believed that people cope with anxiety by moving toward, moving away, or moving against people?

A) Horney
B) Freud
C) Jung
D) Rogers

Question 41

When Sara is anxious, she sometimes seeks out others for support, while at other times she prefers to be by herself to think through her problems and, on occasion, she will try to handle the anxiety by confronting the situation and the people involved. According to Karen Horney, Sara will be considered:

A) an insecure person.
B) a secure person.
C) an aggressive person.
D) too independent.

Question 42

__________ believed that because of our common past, all humans beings share a collective unconscious.

A) Horney
B) Freud
C) Jung
D) Maslow

Question 43

According to Jung, all human beings share a __________, which is the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious.

A) subconscious
B) libido
C) collective unconscious
D) postconscious mind

Question 44

According to Jung, the mandala figure in art and shadow characters, such as Dracula and Darth Vader of Star Wars, are examples of:

A) archetypes.
B) fixations.
C) schemas.
D) prototypes.

Question 45

According to Jung, __________ are emotionally-laden ideas and images that have rich meaning for all people and emerge in art, religion, and dreams.

A) prototypes
B) fixations
C) archetypes
D) schemas

Question 46

Sixteen-year-old Justin has been practicing several hours a day for several weeks so that his band will do a good job as the opening act for a nationally-known band that is coming to their area. Adler would say that Justin is:

A) fixated in the phallic stage.
B) striving for superiority.
C) becoming self-actualized.
D) expressing an archetype.

Question 47

Although Nancy is always the last student in the 4^th grade chosen for an athletic team, she is happy to always be the first student chosen for an academic team or as a Trivial Pursuit partner. Adler would say that Nancy is using _________ to overcome feelings of inferiority.

A) reaction formation
B) projection
C) compensation
D) displacement

Question 48

George hurriedly enters the bank to make a transaction and is faced with a long line of people. He explains to the people in the long line that he must be allowed to move up in the line. When the bank guard asks George to move to the back of the line, George angrily exclaims that the guard obviously does not know who he is and will regret his actions once the bank president hears how George was treated. According to Adler, George is exhibiting __________ to mask feelings of inferiority.

A) a superiority complex
B) an archetypal complex
C) a latent fixation
D) his superego

Question 49

Martin's therapist interprets what Martin says in order to bring unconscious material into conscious awareness. The therapist is also helping Martin work through his earlier relationships with his parents. This therapist is utilizing a ___________ approach to psychotherapy.

A) humanistic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 50

The psychodynamic perspective:

A) is supported largely by clinicians' subjective evaluations of their clients.
B) presents a view of people that is too negative and pessimistic.
C) places too much emphasis in the unconscious mind to control behavior.
D) is characterized by all of the above.

Question 51

The behavioral and social cognitive perspectives focus on:

A) unconscious forces and early life experiences.
B) the environment and observable responses.
C) the ability to reflect on one's inner self and to determine one's own actions.
D) a person's unique set of personality traits.

Question 52

The form of learning that involves a neutral stimulus becoming capable of eliciting a response is called:

A) insight learning.
B) cognitive learning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 53

In Pavlov's salivating dog experiment, the ______ served as the conditioned stimulus.

A) meat powder
B) sound of the bell
C) salivation to the meat powder
D) salivation to the bell

Question 54

In Pavlov's salivating dog experiment, the ______ served as the unconditioned stimulus.

A) meat powder
B) sound of the bell
C) salivation to the meat powder
D) salivation to the bell

Question 55

In Pavlov's salivating dog experiment, the ______ served as the conditioned response.

A) meat powder
B) sound of the bell
C) salivation to the meat powder
D) salivation to the bell

Question 56

Little Mark was stung by a bee while playing in the hay in his grandfather's barn. The next time his cousin wanted him to play in the barn, little Mark ran to his grandmother crying and refused to go near the barn. Little Mark's fear of the barn most likely occurred due to:

A) operant conditioning.
B) insight learning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 57

While little Jeanie was playing with her grandmother's big tabby cat, the cat scratched her badly, causing her pain and her arm to bleed. Now Jeanie muscles tense up and she shows fear, every time any cat is near her. The conditioned stimulus in this example would be:

A) the pain from the scratches.
B) the cat.
C) showing fear to the cat.
D) showing fear to the pain.

Question 58

Little Susan's parents take her to a family restaurant that is painted bright red and yellow on the outside and has a wonderful play area complete with slides and a climbing area. The next week, Susan is riding in the car with her parents in the car, and she sees a building painted bright red and yellow. Susan begins to scream to "Please stop, please stop." It turns out the red and yellow building was a plumbing supply business. Susan had learned to associate a red and yellow building with fun. In this example, the red and yellow building served as the:

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 59

Sydney's dog was chewing on her wooden rocking chairs on the porch. So, Sydney rubbed the legs of the chairs with hot sauce. (She also provided a large bowl of water for the dog.) The next time her dog tried to chew on the rocking chair, he got a surprise when his mouth began to burn. Sydney's dog learned to associate the burning sensation of the hot sauce with the chairs and learned not to chew on the chairs. In this example, the hot sauce served as the:

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Question 60

After an automobile accident, Marlo became so tense when she was sitting in the driver's seat that she was unable to drive. Marlo would be advised by a behavioral therapist that:

A) her fear is an unconscious manifestation of her relationship with her parents.
B) through self-reflection and an objective analysis of the accident, she will be able to overcome her fear in time.
C) fears can be acquired and eliminated through conditioning.
D) she will always have a phobia of driving a car.

Question 61

Although a record of Sherman's blood pressure at home shows his pressure to be within normal limits, Sherman's blood pressure increases dramatically every time he enters a doctor's office to be examined. This reaction to the doctor's office is most likely due to:

A) cognitive learning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) instrumental conditioning.

Question 62

If you wanted to change a person's behavior through consequences, you would be using:

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) respondent conditioning.
D) conditioning through a hierarchy of motives.

Question 63

JoAnna received positive reinforcement for a behavior, while Eddie received negative reinforcement for this same behavior. Which of these children is likely to increase this behavior?

A) JoAnna only
B) Eddie only
C) Both JoAnna and Eddie
D) Neither child

Question 64

When Jay is playing the guitar piece correctly, Jay sees his teacher smiling and nodding his head in time to the music. If Jay increases his behavior because of this smiling and nodding, one can say that the smiling and nodding served as a(n):

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 65

With __________, the frequency of behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.

A) extinction
B) positive punishment
C) negative punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 66

Every time Marilyn has a nagging cough, she drinks hot tea with honey and lemon to relieve this coughing. Thus, the hot tea with honey and lemon serves as a(n):

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) extinction.

Question 67

Abby is very cold, so she goes to her closet and gets a furry sweater to put on and eliminate her coldness. The next time she is cold, she will probably reach for the sweater because of:

A) positive punishment.
B) negative punishment.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 68

Every time you eat something that causes heartburn, you reach for an antacid tablet. If this tablet continues to relieve your discomfort, then you are using the antacid because of:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) extinction.

Question 69

Students have been used to getting free class time on Friday if their desks are clean and tidy. Even though their desks were clean and tidy this Friday, the teacher did not give them free class time. If the students stop keeping their desks clean and tidy, it is because of:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive punishment.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) extinction.

Question 70

___________ occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and the tendency to perform the behavior decreases.

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Extinction
C) An unconditioned response
D) Positive punishment

Question 71

You love ice cream cones and usually stop each afternoon by the college snack shop for a cone on the way back to the dorm. However, for the last week, the snack shop has not had any ice cream. If you stop going to this snack shop, it is due to:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive punishment.
C) extinction.
D) insight learning.

Question 72

Negative reinforcement _________ the frequency of behavior; positive punishment _______ the frequency of behavior.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

Question 73

In _______, a behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus.

A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 74

In _________, a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed as a result of the behavior.

A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 75

Greg is teasing the cat and is scolded by his mother. Greg stops teasing the cat. His mother used:

A) extinction.
B) positive punishment.
C) negative punishment.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 76

Carol wears a new hair style, and her friends tell her that it looks like she is wearing a "red football helmet" on her head. Carol never wears this hair style again. Carol received ________ from her friends.

A) extinction conditioning
B) positive punishment
C) negative punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 77

Simon and Cody begin fighting on the playground. Their teacher takes away their playground privileges for two days, and Simon and Cody stop their fighting when they are on the playground. Their teacher is using:

A) cognitive learning.
B) positive punishment.
C) negative punishment.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 78

Ginny's father gets the bill for Ginny's cell phone, which is over a hundred dollars for that month. Ginny loses her cell phone for a month. Ginny's irresponsibility with the cell phone cost her the privilege of using her phone for a month. This is an example of:

A) negative punishment.
B) positive punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) extinction.

Question 79

Barry is a two-year-old, who is throwing his blocks against the wall in the living room. When he does not stop this behavior at his mother's request, his mother puts Barry in time-out by having him sit quietly facing the corner of the room for 5 minutes. Barry's mother has used ________ to stop Barry's misbehavior.

A) extinction.
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment

Question 80

From Skinner's point of view, the way you are is due to:

A) personality traits.
B) the motives, wishes, and conflicts in your unconscious mind.
C) the reinforcement and punishment in the environment that shaped you.
D) your need for self-actualization.