Deck 11: Industries, Ideas, and the Struggle for Reform, 1815-1848

Question 1

The process of industrialization

A) worked in favor of the conservative 1815 settlement of Vienna.
B) worked against the conservative 1815 settlement of Vienna.
C) had no influence on the settlement at Vienna.
D) none of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

worked against the conservative 1815 settlement of Vienna.

Question 2

All of the following are true about capitalism except

A) industrialism and capitalism mean the same thing.
B) in capitalism, wealth that is not consumed is used to produce more wealth in the future.
C) an automobile factory is capital.
D) in most cases, an automobile should not be considered capital because it is a consumer good.

Answer 2

industrialism and capitalism mean the same thing.

Question 3

In England the enclosure acts concentrated land in the hands of a relatively small class of landlords, _which

A) reduced the food supply, since the large landowners were only interested in raising cattle.
B) tended to reduce the food supply, forcing the English to develop industry to pay for food imports.
C) resulted in vast, semi-collective methods of cultivation.
D) raised the productivity of land and of farm labor.

Answer 3

raised the productivity of land and of farm labor.

Question 4

An important political factor which made the Industrial Revolution possible in England was

A) George III's support for industrialization.
B) the ascendancy of the property-owning classes in Parliament assured passage of the enclosure acts, which were instrumental in bringing about the agricultural revolution
C) William Pitt foresaw the industrial revolution and allocated government funds to encourage new inventions.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Question 5

Steam engines were first used to

A) propel river boats.
B) drive spinning machinery.
C) pump water out of coal mines.
D) propel coal cars to canals or to the sea.

Question 6

The early factories in England were mainly

A) woolen mills.
B) cotton mills.
C) iron foundries.
D) flour mills.

Question 7

For the most part, the new factories in Britain required

A) skilled labor.
B) only unskilled labor.
C) female and child labor.
D) huge infusions of foreign workers.

Question 8

Major incentives to industrialism in Britain were all of the following except

A) wealth, acquired from commerce and agriculture, was available for investment.
B) the profit motive spurred the search for more rapid methods of production, especially of cloth.
C) the availability of mobile and fluid capital, made possible by the rise of banking, credit, and stock companies.
D) government policies and programs to favor industrialization.

Question 9

According to the classical economists' "iron law of wages,"

A) if a worker received more than a subsistence wage, he/she would have more children who would consume the surplus.
B) with every rise in production, wages must also rise.
C) once workers' wages fell below the level needed for subsistence, they would strike.
D) every wage increase must automatically benefit the employer, since additional purchasing power would be created.

Question 10

Classical economics, as propounded by Adam Smith and others, maintained that

A) government should do as much as possible to ensure the effective functioning of the economy and the welfare of its citizens.
B) the free market and free trade should reign everywhere.
C) tariffs should be erected to safeguard the growing industries of each country.
D) workers, by freely seeking the best wages offered in an unregulated system, would find prosperity for themselves and their families.

Question 11

Between about 1800 and 1870, the unchallenged industrial leader of the world was

A) France.
B) the United States.
C) Britain.
D) Russia.

Question 12

The most significant form of socialism before 1848 was found among the working people of

A) London.
B) Paris.
C) New Lanark.
D) New York.

Question 13

Political nationalism was an ideology based upon the belief that

A) different linguistic and cultural minorities within any state should work together for the good of the country.
B) each cultural or linguistic group should have its own sovereign state.
C) the perfection of a particular nationality's cultural identity-its unique language, history, and culture-was the highest form of nationalism.
D) the highest form of nationalism could be found in the exaltation of the ruling royal family.

Question 14

Conservatism after 1815 remained strong, building on the ideas of Edmund Burke, who held that

A) absolute monarchy was the best form of government.
B) revolution was justified only if it meant new freedoms for all people.
C) national stability mandated that institutions not be changed.
D) institutions should change by gradual adaptation.

Question 15

In the years immediately following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain

A) escaped the dreary rounds of agitation and repression on the continent.
B) enacted a Corn Law which kept the price of grain low.
C) ferociously repressed dissent, on one occasion killing and wounding hundreds of peaceful demonstrators.
D) enjoyed enormous prosperity.

Question 16

In the 1820s, the United States supported the independence of the new South American republics _with

A) limited military aid.
B) food and financial assistance.
C) the Monroe Doctrine's warning against European intervention in the Americas.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Question 17

In 1830, Charles X provoked a revolution in France by

A) abolishing parliament and declaring an absolute monarchy.
B) depriving the upper bourgeois class of the vote and restricting the electorate to the aristocracy.
C) extravagant spending which left the treasury bankrupt.
D) failing to aid the peasants during the famine.

Question 18

The 1825 Decembrist Revolt in Russia was

A) a massive peasant uprising along the Volga River.
B) a widespread revolt against the tsar among the Russian middle and upper classes.
C) a short-lived mutiny of Russian soldiers over the successor to Alexander.
D) a full-scale revolt of the entire Russian army, only put down by timely pay raises for the military.

Question 19

The British Reform Bill of 1832

A) enacted the principle of one man, one vote.
B) represented a grudging tribute to the ideals of the French Revolution.
C) gave the vote to the industrial towns and the middle classes.
D) gave the vote to all adult males.

Question 20

Chartists in England

A) refused to use violence to gain their ends.
B) were primarily interested in better working conditions.
C) never developed a mass movement.
D) were primarily interested in political reforms like universal male suffrage.

Question 21

The Poor Law of 1814

A) provided relief from cyclical unemployment.
B) forced people to work under conditions that laborers found unattractive and even oppressive.
C) was met with enthusiasm by the laboring poor.
D) granted relief to women with abusive husbands.

Question 22

What social, economic, and political factors combined to bring about an industrial revolution in England? Why was England the first country in the world to experience such an economic revolution?

Question 23

What were the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Britain? Did the standard of living of the average working person improve or deteriorate during the early decades of industrialization?

Question 24

What were the major characteristics of Romanticism and what impact did it have on European culture in the first half of the 19th century? How did the Romantic viewpoint differ from that of the Enlightenment?

Question 25

Compare and contrast the development of nationalism in two of the following areas: Italy, Germany, Russia, and other Slavic parts of Europe.

Question 26

Describe Metternich's policies designed to prevent and repress revolutionary activity. How would you evaluate these policies-was there any way in which they benefited Europe?

Question 27

Describe the political, social, and economic ideas of classical liberalism. What would a contemporary socialist find objectionable in these ideas?

Question 28

Why in the 1830s did France, but not Britain, have a revolution?

Question 29

What factors contributed to the emergence of feminism in the early nineteenth century? What was the relationship of feminists to other radicals during this period?

Question 30

What were the enclosure acts? How did they set the stage for Britain's industrial revolution?

Question 31

How did socialists differ from republicans? What common ground did they share?

Question 32

Compare and contrast egalitarian and French feminisms.

Question 33

Why did the new Spanish American republics receive the support of certain European powers? How did the U.S. react to the new republics?

Question 34

Evaluate the July Revolution of 1830. In what ways was it revolutionary? How was it not revolutionary?

Question 35

Why did the Reform Bill of 1832 have an ambiguous impact?

Question 36

Who were the Chartists? Why did their movement become so popular in the nineteenth century?

Question 37

Why did the Midlands become industrialized and densely populated when, formerly, most people had lived in the south?

Question 38

What inventions and technological breakthroughs made possible the growth of the Midlands as an industrial center?

Question 39

How did language shape or impede political organization and national unity in the early nineteenth century?

Question 40

Within the diamond-shaped zone, why is it so difficult to give a realistic idea of overlapping languages? Describe the various ethnicities and languages within that zone.