Deck 19: Nutrition and Older Adults: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

In the DASH-sodium study,the greatest overall blood pressure reduction occurred in the subjects who:

A)reduced sodium intake to no more than 2400 mg/day.
B)reduced sodium intake to no more than 1500 mg/day.
C)reduced sodium intake to no more than 1000 mg/day.
D)increased aerobic activity.
E)had the highest blood pressure to start.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Diabetes leads to a tenfold greater risk of all of the following EXCEPT:

A)amputations.
B)neuropathies.
C)macular degeneration.
D)cataracts.
E)elevated blood lipids.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

An overweight elderly woman with type 2 diabetes visits her health care provider.When asked how her blood sugar control has been,the woman remarks,"Better than ever." What blood test could the provider order to verify this?

A)Hemoglobin
B)Hematocrit
C)Hemoglobin A₁C
D)Blood triglycerides

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Approximately _____ of adults over 75 found it difficult or impossible to walk a quarter of a mile or climb 10 steps without resting.

A)13%
B)25%
C)35%
D)41%
E)55%

Question 5

All of the following are stages of the grieving process EXCEPT:

A)shock and denial.
B)organization.
C)guilt.
D)loss and loneliness.
E)All of the above are stages of the grieving process.

Question 6

_____% of older people ages 65 and over consider their health to be good to excellent.

A)25
B)42
C)60
D)76
E)90

Question 7

How is nutritional status affected when an older adult has a stroke?

A)The ability to swallow may be lost.
B)The ability to chew may be altered.
C)Self-feeding may need to be relearned.
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Question 8

Which of the following would NOT be defined as a stroke or TIA?

A)Reduced cerebral blood flow
B)An obstruction that clogs a blood vessel supplying oxygen to the brain
C)A vessel in the brain that ruptures and decreases blood supply to the brain
D)Plaque that builds up in the arteries supplying blood to the brain
E)Any of these would fit the definition for stroke/TIA.

Question 9

The majority of older Americans have one or more comorbidities,which include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)osteoporosis.
B)hypertension.
C)arthritis.
D)heart disease.
E)diabetes.

Question 10

Which of the following factors places an individual at higher risk for a stroke?

A)Family history
B)Living in poverty
C)Asian ethnicity
D)Cigarette smoking
E)All of the above

Question 11

Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of _____.

A)18.5-24.9
B)25-29.9
C)≥ 30
D)≥ 35
E)≥ 40

Question 12

The only chronic condition that has higher prevalence in older adults than arthritis is:

A)diabetes.
B)hypertension.
C)cancer.
D)stroke.
E)osteoporosis.

Question 13

The two leading causes of death among the elderly are heart disease and _____.

A)cancer
B)accidents (automobile)
C)arthritis
D)Alzheimer's/dementia
E)diabetes

Question 14

What would the blood pressure of an elderly woman diagnosed with hypertension be?

A)90 mmHg/70 mmHg
B)120 mmHg/70 mmHg
C)110 mmHg/80 mmHg
D)140 mmHg/90 mmHg

Question 15

In free-living older adults,nutritional risk status was found to be the most important predictor of:

A)total number of physician visits.
B)visits to physicians in the emergency room.
C)hospitalization rates.
D)All of the above
E)a and c only

Question 16

Nutritional treatment for older overweight or obese persons includes _____.

A)healthy,nutrient-dense foods that help promote slow weight loss of fat and preserve muscle
B)a high-protein,very-low-carbohydrate diet
C)decreasing sodium intake and increasing whole grains
D)moderating the amount and modifying the type of fiber eaten
E)a high-monounsaturated fat,high-protein,low-carbohydrate diet

Question 17

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in old age remain the same as in younger adults and include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)diabetes.
B)hypertension.
C)elevated HDL cholesterol.
D)race.
E)elevated LDL cholesterol.

Question 18

Tight control of blood sugars by maintaining glycosylated hemoglobin below _____ can lead to better quality of life for the older person with diabetes and result in fewer long-term complications.

A)3%
B)7%
C)11%
D)19%
E)23%

Question 19

In the National Health Interview Survey 2005-2006,nearly _____ of all adults aged 65 years and older reported having diabetes.

A)1 in 5
B)2 in 5
C)3 in 5
D)4 in 5

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A)Inadequate calcium intake
B)Heavy alcohol consumption
C)Low body weight
D)High iron intake

Question 21

Which of the following has been shown to make bones weak?

A)Bed rest
B)Hospitalization
C)Sedentary lifestyle
D)Resistance exercise
E)a,b,and c

Question 22

What is the BMI range associated with the lowest mortality among adults?

A)18.5-20
B)15-30
C)18.5-30
D)20-30
E)19-25

Question 23

Use the following information to answer questions 39-44.
Mr.K is a 66-year-old African American.He was admitted to the emergency room of Twin Peaks Hospital after passing out unexpectedly at work.He is having difficulty talking and does not know what happened to him.His wife provides the dietitian on staff the following information about his diet.Breakfast: eggs fried in butter,toast,and black coffee;Lunch: ham sandwich,canned soup,potato chips,diet soda,and a candy bar;Dinner: beef or other type of meat,potato with butter,broccoli with mayonnaise,ice cream,and black coffee.

Mr.K is:

A)obese.
B)overweight.
C)normal weight.
D)underweight.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT be one of the recognized types of dehydration?

A)Isotonic
B)Hypotonic
C)Hypertonic
D)Supertonic
E)a and d

Question 25

Sarcopenia means:

A)lack of appetite.
B)loss of muscle associated with aging.
C)weight below the 5th percentile for age.
D)loss of fat mass due to illness.
E)loss of saliva.

Question 26

Seven signs and symptoms have been strongly related to dehydration in the elderly.Which of the following would NOT be one of these?

A)Hearing difficulty
B)Confusion
C)Dry tongue
D)Sunken appearance of eyes
E)Upper-body weakness

Question 27

Which of the following behaviors exacerbates GERD?

A)Drinking alcohol in excess
B)Drinking regular or decaffeinated coffee
C)Drinking apple juice
D)Smoking
E)a,b,and d

Question 28

An elderly man who is 75 years old and recently had prostate cancer treatments would likely have:

A)a doubling of bone mass loss.
B)a slowing of bone mass loss.
C)a twenty-five percent chance of mortality within 6 months.
D)a fifty percent chance of mortality within 1 year.

Question 29

A deficiency in vitamin B₁₂ may lead to:

A)irreversible neurological damage.
B)cognitive impairment.
C)constipation.
D)a and b
E)b and c

Question 30

The main symptoms of GERD include:

A)heartburn.
B)acid regurgitation.
C)bloating and cramping.
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Question 31

Changes in oral health are common in older adults,and may include:

A)missing teeth.
B)cavities.
C)xerostomia.
D)dysgeusia.
E)All of the above

Question 32

Nutrition advice for people who are taking blood-thinning medication due to a stroke is to:

A)maintain a stable vitamin K intake.
B)avoid all foods with vitamin K.
C)eat vitamin K-rich foods ONLY in the evening and take medication in the morning.
D)take a supplement of vitamin K along with your medication.
E)eat large amounts of vitamin K at every meal.

Question 33

Possible contributors to constipation include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)low-fiber diet.
B)dehydration.
C)high iron intake.
D)medications such as NSAIDs.
E)All of the above could contribute to constipation.

Question 34

Using BMI to define obesity in older adults comes with many limitations;these include:

A)difficulty in measuring height.
B)shifts in body composition.
C)hydration status.
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Question 35

Having a deficiency of which nutrients has been implicated in increased blood levels of homocysteine in the elderly?

A)vitamin B₁₂,folate,and iron
B)vitamin B₁₂ and folate
C)calcium,vitamin D,and vitamin B₁₂
D)all the B vitamins and vitamin C
E)fat-soluble vitamins only (A,D,E,K)

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT one of the diets that was correlated with reduced stroke incidence?

A)DASH diet
B)South Beach Diet
C)The Prudent Diet
D)Mediterranean Diet

Question 37

Blood-thinning medications may warrant keeping the amount of vitamin K consumed at a constant level.Which of the following foods would NOT be a good source of vitamin K?

A)Prunes or dried plums
B)Kale
C)Spinach
D)Broccoli
E)All of these foods are good sources of vitamin K

Question 38

Use the following information to answer questions 39-44.
Mr.K is a 66-year-old African American.He was admitted to the emergency room of Twin Peaks Hospital after passing out unexpectedly at work.He is having difficulty talking and does not know what happened to him.His wife provides the dietitian on staff the following information about his diet.Breakfast: eggs fried in butter,toast,and black coffee;Lunch: ham sandwich,canned soup,potato chips,diet soda,and a candy bar;Dinner: beef or other type of meat,potato with butter,broccoli with mayonnaise,ice cream,and black coffee.

What is Mr.K's BMI?

A)14.8
B)27
C)33
D)36
E)41

Question 39

The DRI for calcium for women 51 and older is:

A)1000 mg/day.
B)1200 mg/day.
C)1300 mg/day.
D)1500 mg/day.
E)2500 mg/day.

Question 40

The FIRST remedy advised for osteoarthritis is:

A)weight loss if overweight.
B)an anti-inflammatory eating pattern.
C)chondroitin and glucosamine supplements to relieve inflammation.
D)gamma-linolenic acid supplements to help reduce pain and stiffness.
E)All of the above should be used in combination.

Question 41

The amount of stored body water decreases with age.

Question 42

Use the following information to answer questions 45-48.
A 75-year-old female reports having lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds;she is 5'3".She is complaining that food has lost its taste,and when she does eat,she develops severe heartburn.She is now in your office for assessment.Her daily intake is ~1000 Calories with 35 g of protein.

How does her current weight compare to her usual weight?

A)She is 77% of her usual body weight
B)She is 83% of her usual body weight
C)She is 94% of her usual body weight
D)She is 120% of her usual body weight

Question 43

Increased homocysteine blood levels in the elderly are always related to vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

Question 44

Use the following information to answer questions 39-44.
Mr.K is a 66-year-old African American.He was admitted to the emergency room of Twin Peaks Hospital after passing out unexpectedly at work.He is having difficulty talking and does not know what happened to him.His wife provides the dietitian on staff the following information about his diet.Breakfast: eggs fried in butter,toast,and black coffee;Lunch: ham sandwich,canned soup,potato chips,diet soda,and a candy bar;Dinner: beef or other type of meat,potato with butter,broccoli with mayonnaise,ice cream,and black coffee.

What information about Mr.K.indicates you have the correct diagnosis in question #41?

A)He has high blood sugar
B)He is a long-term cigarette smoker
C)He has high blood pressure
D)All of the above
E)b and c only

Question 45

If a doctor prescribes a 500 mg calcium carbonate supplement with 100 IU vitamin D twice a day,this is considered a prescription drug.

Question 46

Shrinking in height due to osteoporosis happens quickly and with sharp,jabbing pains in the spinal column.

Question 47

Use the following information to answer questions 45-48.
A 75-year-old female reports having lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds;she is 5'3".She is complaining that food has lost its taste,and when she does eat,she develops severe heartburn.She is now in your office for assessment.Her daily intake is ~1000 Calories with 35 g of protein.

What other suggestions could you give her to help prevent weight loss and increase protein in her diet?

A)Eat more calories throughout day
B)Exercise to help build muscle mass
C)Try a protein and energy supplement
D)Avoid foods that irritate you
E)All of the above

Question 48

Use the following information to answer questions 39-44.
Mr.K is a 66-year-old African American.He was admitted to the emergency room of Twin Peaks Hospital after passing out unexpectedly at work.He is having difficulty talking and does not know what happened to him.His wife provides the dietitian on staff the following information about his diet.Breakfast: eggs fried in butter,toast,and black coffee;Lunch: ham sandwich,canned soup,potato chips,diet soda,and a candy bar;Dinner: beef or other type of meat,potato with butter,broccoli with mayonnaise,ice cream,and black coffee.

What other risk factors does Mr.K have?

A)He is obese
B)He is African American
C)He eats a high-sodium diet
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Question 49

Use the following information to answer questions 45-48.
A 75-year-old female reports having lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds;she is 5'3".She is complaining that food has lost its taste,and when she does eat,she develops severe heartburn.She is now in your office for assessment.Her daily intake is ~1000 Calories with 35 g of protein.

How does her intake compare to her estimated protein needs?

A)It is low;based on her current weight,she should be consuming at least 100 g per day.
B)It is high;based on her current weight,she should be consuming at least 25 g per day.
C)It is low;based on her current weight,she should be consuming between 45 and 70 g per day.
D)It is adequate to meet her needs based on her current weight and Calorie intake.

Question 50

Diabetes diagnosis criteria and management goals for older adults are different from those for younger adults.

Question 51

Use the following information to answer questions 39-44.
Mr.K is a 66-year-old African American.He was admitted to the emergency room of Twin Peaks Hospital after passing out unexpectedly at work.He is having difficulty talking and does not know what happened to him.His wife provides the dietitian on staff the following information about his diet.Breakfast: eggs fried in butter,toast,and black coffee;Lunch: ham sandwich,canned soup,potato chips,diet soda,and a candy bar;Dinner: beef or other type of meat,potato with butter,broccoli with mayonnaise,ice cream,and black coffee.

What should the dietitian ask his wife to better help him with treatment after his discharge?

A)How motivated do you think your husband is to change his habits?
B)How often does your husband eat meals out?
C)Who does the cooking and how willing is he/she to try new cooking methods?
D)All of the above
E)a and c only

Question 52

Increased methylmalonic acid blood levels in the elderly are always related to vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

Question 53

Studies have linked the use of aluminum pans to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 54

The majority of older Americans have one or more chronic diseases.

Question 55

Use the following information to answer questions 39-44.
Mr.K is a 66-year-old African American.He was admitted to the emergency room of Twin Peaks Hospital after passing out unexpectedly at work.He is having difficulty talking and does not know what happened to him.His wife provides the dietitian on staff the following information about his diet.Breakfast: eggs fried in butter,toast,and black coffee;Lunch: ham sandwich,canned soup,potato chips,diet soda,and a candy bar;Dinner: beef or other type of meat,potato with butter,broccoli with mayonnaise,ice cream,and black coffee.

What do you suspect is wrong with Mr.K?

A)He had a heart attack
B)He had a stroke
C)He had a hypoglycemic episode due to diabetes
D)He has brain cancer
E)He has GERD

Question 56

Use the following information to answer questions 45-48.
A 75-year-old female reports having lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds;she is 5'3".She is complaining that food has lost its taste,and when she does eat,she develops severe heartburn.She is now in your office for assessment.Her daily intake is ~1000 Calories with 35 g of protein.

What dietary changes might help with her heartburn?

A)Skipping the martinis before dinner
B)Avoiding coffee
C)Changing her milk to whole vs.non-fat
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Question 57

Compared to younger adults,the elderly use proportionately more health care services.

Question 58

The nutritional remedy for older adults who are obese is to institute a healthy eating program,the same as for non-obese persons.