Deck 11: Developmental Tasks As the Curriculum:how to Support Children at Each Stage

Question 1

In cross-cultural studies of teachers' and mothers' developmental expectations, culture plays a role in mothers' expectations about developmental milestones but not in teachers' expectations.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Three-month-old Jessica raises her hand toward her father Jake. Jake smiles and says, "Are you pointing at me?"
He gently touches her shoulder, and Jessica smiles back. Jake says, "Pretty girl."
Jessica coos. This back-and-forth interaction plays a role in Jessica's language development.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Ten-month-old Fabian is a mobile infant. From a social-emotional standpoint, Fabian can be expected to have formed an attachment with a primary caregiver and to use that person as a secure base from which he explores his environment.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The average age for beginning walking is just around 12 months, but this milestone occurs as early as 9 months or as late as 17 months for some children.

Question 5

Problem-solving is an important skill for children to learn. In fact, even toddlers are capable of and enjoy solving simple problems.

Question 6

Faye is setting up a day care program for two-year-olds, and her budget for toys is somewhat limited. Faye should focus on having a wide variety of toys, rather than purchasing duplicates of the same kinds of toys.

Question 7

Infant expert Magda Gerber advocates for adults to put infants into positions they cannot yet get into themselves in order to build muscle memory.

Question 8

Emergent literacy curriculum for preschoolers includes opportunities for reading, talking, listening, and expressing oneself through writing, drawing, and copying.

Question 9

Art, music, drama, and social studies are pertinent subjects for school-age children; therefore, they should be taught as separate subjects to emphasize their importance.

Question 10

When trying to determine the needs of the children under his care, early childhood professional Marcus Malozza should consider three bodies of knowledge: individual differences among the children, the children's cultural context, and information about developmental ages and stages.

Question 11

It is important for early childhood professionals to use developmental norms as absolute guidelines so that they can assess where a child should be and help the child get to that point.

Question 12

Melanie is playing peek-a-boo with her 6-month-old infant daughter Cindy. Cindy cries when her mother covers her face with a blanket and laughs when her mother "reappears."
Cindy has yet to develop object permanence.

Question 13

What is the trickle-down effect?

A) Older children model gross motor skills for younger children, causing the younger children to develop their skills earlier than they would have without exposure to the older children.
B) Changes to ineffective parenting practices that result as the parent gradually imitates the effective strategies of the provider.
C) The appearance of expectations and approaches appropriate for older children in programs for younger children.
D) A cognitive ability associated with the formal operations period of cognitive development.

Question 14

In a study reported in the text, Italian and American mothers' expectations of children's physical developmental milestones were examined. What were the results?

A) American mothers expected their children to reach physical milestones earlier than Italian mothers did.
B) Italian mothers expected their children to reach physical milestones earlier than American mothers did.
C) Both Italian and American mothers expected their children to reach physical milestones earlier than is expected of children their age.
D) Both American and Italian mothers expected their children to reach physical milestones later than is expected of children their age.

Question 15

Anne, Bianca, and Choua are three children at Happy Time Day Care. Anne is six months old and has begun scooting to get around. Bianca is nine months old and is not yet mobile. Choua is seven months old and moves from place to place by rolling. Which of the children is best described as a "young infant"?

A) Anne and Choua
B) Bianca
C) Anne
D) All of the children

Question 16

Nurse Scott Thigpen conducts a parenting class at Satilla Hospital once a month. During his lecture on infant development, Thigpen says that development reaches from the middle outward. As an example of this principle, he states, "Your child will have control of his or her upper arms before the fingers." To which principle of development is Scott Thigpen referring?

A) trickle-down
B) sensorimotor
C) cephalo-caudal
D) proximal-distal

Question 17

Attachment is an important component of which area of children's ______ development?

A) social-emotional
B) cognitive
C) physical
D) All of these

Question 18

According to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, a developmental milestone for a nine-month-old infant is being able to

A) grasp an object with the forefinger and thumb.
B) spontaneously scribble with a writing instrument.
C) play patty cake.
D) grasp an object by the palm.

Question 19

Generalizing from the developmental milestones presented in the text, fifteen-month-old Katrina is predicted to have mastered all but which of the following gross motor skills?

A) walking alone
B) standing alone
C) jumping
D) walking backward

Question 20

Of the following areas in Abbie's preschool, which is aimed at helping promote the development of Abbie's fine motor skills?

A) the outdoor area with climbing equipment
B) the indoor area with climbing equipment
C) the tumbling area
D) the bead stringing area

Question 21

Misha and Kristina read a book about toddler development. Which of the following statements are they likely to find in this book?

A) Toddlers do not like to play hide-and-seek because this increases their fears of losing their parents.
B) Toddler emotions are fairly steady.
C) Toddlers will imitate actions from memory.
D) Toddlers do not express much interest in reading.

Question 22

In terms of cognitive developmental milestones, two-year-old Asha can be expected to do all but which of the following?

A) communicate effectively with short sentences
B) arrange objects into categories and name the categories
C) make comparisons and see relationships between two objects
D) identify when another child is in distress and express some sympathy

Question 23

Compared to his two-year-old cousin Nathan, three-year-old Jacob is more likely to

A) be pushy in asserting his independence.
B) have developed the judgment to avoid unsafe behavior.
C) be cooperative and more likely to comply with adult requests.
D) experience a decrease in confidence.

Question 24

At about what age do children begin to draw recognizable pictures?

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 25

In terms of social-emotional developmental milestones, four-year-old Walter can be expected to do all but which of the following?

A) desire and be able to spend long amounts of time in large groups
B) understand when he has done something wrong and sometimes independently offer an apology
C) ask for something he wants from another child rather than just grab it
D) engage in cooperative activities and projects with other children

Question 26

If five-year-old Loraleigh's development is like the average child her age, Loraleigh can be expected to do all but which of the following physical activities?

A) back up a tricycle with a trailer into a tight space
B) button and zip her own clothes
C) balance on one foot, jump, and hop
D) throw, kick, and catch a ball

Question 27

Which description of development best describes a school-age child?

A) She is able to work on resolving conflicts, and she is able to use symbols for reading and writing.
B) She is able to think abstractly and use sophisticated reasoning, and she is ready to focus on academic skills.
C) He is able to distinguish letters, numbers, and words, and he is beginning to develop empathy.
D) He is somewhat egocentric, and he needs plenty of opportunities to play with writing through painting, drawing, and copying.

Question 28

The NAEYC's emphasis "development" (or "developmental") in its standards illustrates which idea?

A) Early childhood professionals have a responsibility to be experts on developmental norms.
B) The idea of development is culturally situated, and early childhood educators should understand that other cultures often view growth and change in children differently.
C) Understanding development is the most critical part of working with young children.
D) In order to meet standards, early childhood programs should focus on accelerating a child's development.

Question 29

Of the following statements regarding the affect of culture on child rearing, which one is TRUE?

A) Culture does not affect any aspects of child rearing.
B) Culture affects parental values and goals, as well as child-rearing practices; however, it does not affect parents' beliefs about what children can and should do.
C) Culture affects parents' beliefs about what children can and should do; however, it does not affect parental values and goals, nor does it affect child-rearing practices.
D) Culture affects parental values and goals, child-rearing practices, and parents' beliefs about what children can and should do

Question 30

At which stage of development is a child's cognition believed to lie in the muscles and senses.

A) Cognition is not thought to lie in the muscles and senses at any stage of development.
B) During early infancy.
C) During toddlerhood.
D) During the preschool age.

Question 31

Describe some milestones of gross and fine motor skill physical development in infancy.

Question 32

Compare and contrast the social-emotional development and learning of two-year-olds and three-year-olds.

Question 33

Describe the cognitive development and learning of four- and five-year-olds.