Deck 5: Nutrition During Pregnancy: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

High maternal blood glucose levels cause the fetus to _____.

A)increase insulin output
B)convert glucose into triglycerides and store it as fat
C)potentially develop type 2 diabetes later in life
D)All of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Preeclampsia-eclampsia represents a syndrome characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)blood vessel spasms and constriction.
B)increased calcium excretion.
C)oxidative stress and inflammation.
D)platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.
E)insulin resistance.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Dumping syndrome is a condition characterized by the abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach and is seen in women:

A)with gestational diabetes.
B)at risk for preeclampsia.
C)following bariatric surgery.
D)that drink more than 4 alcoholic beverages per day.
E)carrying triplets.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A worldwide leading cause of MATERNAL mortality is:

A)gestational diabetes.
B)hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
C)AIDS/HIV.
D)multifetal pregnancies.
E)adolescent pregnancy complications.

Question 5

Ideally,when should dietary intervention for preeclampsia begin?

A)Prior to pregnancy
B)Prior to the development of eclampsia
C)Prior to the 20ᵗʰ week of pregnancy
D)After the 20ᵗʰ week of pregnancy
E)After diagnosis of preeclampsia

Question 6

Elevation of ketone levels can occur if calorie intakes are decreased to what level?

A)<1500 calories daily
B)<1800 calories daily
C)Less than 33% below needs
D)Less than 25% below needs
E)a and c

Question 7

The mainstay of treatment for gestational diabetes is to normalize blood glucose levels with _____.

A)oral medications
B)insulin injections or an insulin pump
C)a low-calorie,high-protein diet
D)medical nutrition therapy focusing on diet and exercise
E)a very low calorie intake

Question 8

Metformin,the only type of oral medication used to treat gestational diabetes,is useful because it:

A)lowers blood glucose levels.
B)stimulates insulin secretion.
C)increases insulin resistance.
D)decreases insulin resistance.
E)stimulates ketone production.

Question 9

The primary outcome goal for pregnant women with diabetes is:

A)maintenance of blood glucose levels within normal range.
B)to prevent the development of diabetes later in life.
C)to prevent excessive weight gain.
D)to maintain normal blood pressure.
E)to avoid the use of insulin during pregnancy.

Question 10

Which nutrients appear to reduce or prevent preeclampsia?

A)Calcium and magnesium
B)Calcium and fatty oils (n3 fatty acids)
C)Calcium and vitamin D
D)Fatty oils (n3 fatty acids)and vitamin E
E)Vitamins C and E

Question 11

Hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure of _____.

A)≥120 mm Hg systolic or ≥70 mm Hg diastolic
B)≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic
C)≥120 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic
D)≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥70 mm Hg diastolic
E)≥160 mm Hg systolic or ≥110 mm Hg diastolic

Question 12

Which type of diabetes is potentially the most hazardous to the mother and fetus?

A)Type 1 diabetes
B)Type 2 diabetes
C)Gestational diabetes
D)They are all equally hazardous.

Question 13

According to the American Diabetes Association,when should pregnant women without diabetes have their blood glucose tested?

A)24-28 weeks gestation
B)After the first trimester
C)6-8 weeks gestation
D)17 weeks gestation
E)Not at all

Question 14

About _____ of women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 2-5 years.

A)10-15%
B)20-25%
C)30-40%
D)50-60%
E)75%

Question 15

Metabolic effects associated with obesity are closely related to the presence of large amounts of visceral fat.These metabolic effects produce which of the following?

A)Chronic inflammation
B)Free radical generation
C)Oxidative stress
D)Insulin resistance
E)All of the above

Question 16

Women with which of the following characteristics are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia?

A)Obesity
B)Insulin resistance
C)First pregnancy
D)High triglyceride levels
E)All of the above

Question 17

Maternal organs most affected by small blot clots and reduced blood flow in preeclampsia include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the placenta.
B)the kidneys.
C)the brain.
D)the appendix.
E)the liver.

Question 18

Nutritional and physical activity recommendations that may benefit women at risk for preeclampsia include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)high-dose iron supplements.
B)5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily.
C)moderate exercise.
D)adequate fiber intake
E)adequate vitamin D.

Question 19

Pregnancies among women with chronic hypertension are associated with higher rates of:

A)placenta abruption.
B)preterm delivery.
C)fetal growth retardation.
D)All of the above

Question 20

Diets characterized by a high intake of _____ have been linked to a decreased risk of preeclampsia.

A)protein-containing foods
B)plant foods
C)salty foods
D)sweet or sugary foods
E)processed foods

Question 21

Goals for the nutritional management of women with HIV/AIDS include all of the following interventions EXCEPT:

A)avoidance of high intakes of supplemental vitamins A and D.
B)avoidance of high intakes of supplemental iron.
C)ensuring an adequate intake of calories.
D)treating iron-deficiency anemia with iron supplements.
E)All of the above would be considered goals.

Question 22

A multifetal pregnancy increases the mother's risk for:

A)development of preeclampsia.
B)development of iron-deficiency anemia.
C)preterm delivery.
D)cesarean delivery.
E)All of the above

Question 23

What percentage of all newborns are from multifetal births?

A)3%
B)5%
C)11%
D)21%

Question 24

The term fetal alcohol spectrum is now being used to describe:

A)the range of effects alcohol has on fetal growth and development.
B)the number of drinks a woman can safely consume while pregnant.
C)a set of characteristics seen in children with alcoholic mothers.
D)children that have alcoholic fathers.
E)All of the above

Question 25

The most common type of multifetal pregnancy is:

A)twins.
B)triplets.
C)quadruplets.
D)quintuplets.
E)None of the above

Question 26

The most commonly observed eating disorder in pregnancy is

A)bulimia nervosa.
B)anorexia nervosa.
C)binge eating disorder.
D)emotional overeating.
E)None of the above;women do not ovulate when they have an eating disorder

Question 27

It is common for women with gestational diabetes to consume _____ % of calories from carbohydrate during pregnancy.

A)65
B)50
C)45
D)25
E)60

Question 28

The vanishing twin phenomenon refers to

A)the fact that more triplets and quadruplets are being born because of fertility drugs.
B)the disappearance of embryos within 13 weeks of conception.
C)the decreasing percentage of dizygotic twins in favor of monozygotes.
D)None of the above

Question 29

The estimated minimum Calorie level for an overweight woman with gestational diabetes weighing 200 lb (91 kg)is _____.

A)1200 Calories
B)1820 Calories
C)2000 Calories
D)2275 Calories
E)2500 Calories

Question 30

What information should be provided by health care professionals when counseling pregnant teens?

A)Information on how to find food and nutrition assistance programs
B)Information on good sources of iron-rich foods
C)Ideas on how to increase the number of milk and milk product servings to four servings/day
D)Ideas on how to buy foods that contain a lot of nutrients in proportion to the calories
E)All of the information above should be provided

Question 31

How can women with HIV/AIDS during pregnancy decrease the risk of developing a foodborne infection?

A)Avoid consumption of honey
B)Avoid drinking unpasteurized milk
C)Make sure all meat is well cooked
D)Follow safe food-handling practices at home
E)All of the above

Question 32

"Best practice" vitamin and mineral supplement recommendations for women during multifetal pregnancies include which of the following statements?

A)There is no need to take a vitamin and mineral supplement if you are eating enough food.
B)Women with twins need to take more iron.
C)Women should use a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement.
D)Women with twins need to take twice the recommended amount of a supplement.

Question 33

Several studies on weight gain and birth weight have shown that a weight gain of approximately _____ pounds corresponds to healthy-sized triplets.

A)25
B)30
C)40
D)50
E)60

Question 34

Answer questions 40-44 based on the following information.
Mickie is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy.Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl that weighed 9 pounds 3 oz.Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28;she is 5'4" tall;and was 165 pounds.She did not manage to take off all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again,and so far at 24 weeks,she has gained 20 pounds and currently weighs 185 pounds.Diet history reveals an average Calorie intake of 2300 Calories per day.Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test began,her blood glucose was 155 mg/dL.
Mickie's BMI indicates that she was:

A)underweight going into pregnancy.
B)at a normal weight going into pregnancy.
C)overweight going into pregnancy.
D)obese going into pregnancy.
E)morbidly obese going into pregnancy.

Question 35

The mean weight of newborns from a twin pregnancy is _____.

A)1800 grams
B)2000 grams
C)2400 grams
D)2600 grams

Question 36

To achieve a 40-pound weight gain,women with twins need to consume approximately _____ more Calories during pregnancy than do women with singleton pregnancies.

A)15,000
B)25,000
C)35,000
D)45,000
E)50,000

Question 37

How many minutes of physical activity are recommended daily for women at risk of preeclampsia?

A)30
B)60
C)90
D)Exercise is not recommended.

Question 38

The best treatment for a pregnant woman with an eating disorder is to _____.

A)remind her to eat foods that help with weight gain
B)refer her to an eating disorder clinic that uses a team approach to solve nutritional issues
C)bargain with the woman to consume larger food portions but tell her that she can still vomit after eating
D)listen to her express her anxiety and fear of weight gain without commenting negatively

Question 39

The majority of twins born are _____.

A)dizygotic
B)monozygotic
C)trizygotic
D)in the same placenta

Question 40

Based on the calculated Calorie level for the woman with gestational diabetes in the above question (#24),how many Calories would be provided by her evening snack,assuming she had 2 other snacks that day?

A)150-200 Calories
B)220-330 Calories
C)350-525 Calories
D)550 Calories

Question 41

Research indicates that 75% of women with gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy will develop it in a subsequent pregnancy.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the spectrum of fetal alcohol disorders?

A)For fetal alcohol syndrome to be diagnosed,a specific set of characteristics must be exhibited in the child.
B)Typical maternal characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are older age and multiple pregnancies.
C)There is no known absolute safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy,so women should be counseled that the safest approach is to not drink during pregnancy.
D)With intense early intervention after birth,the behavioral and cognitive abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders can be completely reversed.
E)a and c only

Question 43

Women with gestational hypertension tend to be overweight or obese and have excess central body fat.

Question 44

Gestational diabetes appears to be caused by a woman's intake of sugar.

Question 45

Janis is a 40-year-old woman entering pregnancy with a BMI of 21.At 24 weeks she was given an oral glucose tolerance test to check for gestational diabetes.The results were:??Fasting: 85 mg/dL?1-hour: 185 mg/dL?2-hour: 175 mg/dL?3-hour: 155 mg/dL??Based on this information,Janis has gestational diabetes.

Question 46

Twins at the highest risk of death and malformations have separate amniotic sacs but share the same placenta.

Question 47

Women with preeclampsia are at an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes during pregnancy and type 2 diabetes later in life.

Question 48

Health care insurance companies deny medical nutrition therapy (MNT)reimbursement for gestational diabetes because MNT does not reduce poor infant and maternal outcomes.

Question 49

Answer questions 40-44 based on the following information.
Mickie is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy.Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl that weighed 9 pounds 3 oz.Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28;she is 5'4" tall;and was 165 pounds.She did not manage to take off all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again,and so far at 24 weeks,she has gained 20 pounds and currently weighs 185 pounds.Diet history reveals an average Calorie intake of 2300 Calories per day.Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test began,her blood glucose was 155 mg/dL.
Mickie's OGTT results mean:

A)she is okay and does not have to be tested for gestational diabetes.
B)she has gestational diabetes.
C)she has borderline diabetes.
D)she has type 2 diabetes.
E)she has preeclampsia.

Question 50

If 400 IU vitamin E is likely to prevent preeclampsia,women should double their intake to 800 IU if 400 IU vitamin E does not work.

Question 51

Answer questions 40-44 based on the following information.
Mickie is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy.Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl that weighed 9 pounds 3 oz.Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28;she is 5'4" tall;and was 165 pounds.She did not manage to take off all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again,and so far at 24 weeks,she has gained 20 pounds and currently weighs 185 pounds.Diet history reveals an average Calorie intake of 2300 Calories per day.Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test began,her blood glucose was 155 mg/dL.
What would be the next step for Mickie?

A)Nothing;she can go home and continue to have routine doctor visits
B)Attempt to normalize blood glucose levels by following a healthy diet and exercising
C)Perform a 50-gram glucose tolerance test while fasting
D)Begin a calorie-controlled diet and return to her doctor in 2 weeks to recheck weight
E)Both c and d

Question 52

Psychologically,women with eating disorders typically have a hard time when they gain weight in pregnancy due to the fact that they:

A)base their self worth on how much they weigh.
B)are dedicated to keeping their body weight low.
C)are unable to gain weight normally because their metabolism is so low.
D)All of the above are true.
E)a and b only

Question 53

Answer questions 40-44 based on the following information.
Mickie is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy.Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl that weighed 9 pounds 3 oz.Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28;she is 5'4" tall;and was 165 pounds.She did not manage to take off all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again,and so far at 24 weeks,she has gained 20 pounds and currently weighs 185 pounds.Diet history reveals an average Calorie intake of 2300 Calories per day.Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test began,her blood glucose was 155 mg/dL.
How is Mickie doing with her weight gain so far?

A)Great: she is right on track midpregnancy
B)Fair: she has gained 5 pounds too much at this point
C)Poor: she is gaining too much weight too quickly
D)Horrible: she needs to start cutting back by at least 1000 calories per day

Question 54

Which food would be the most nutrient-dense source of calcium for a pregnant adolescent?

A)Whole milk
B)Low-fat milk (1%)
C)Reduced-fat milk (2%)
D)Skim or non-fat milk
E)None of the above

Question 55

Answer questions 40-44 based on the following information.
Mickie is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy.Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl that weighed 9 pounds 3 oz.Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28;she is 5'4" tall;and was 165 pounds.She did not manage to take off all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again,and so far at 24 weeks,she has gained 20 pounds and currently weighs 185 pounds.Diet history reveals an average Calorie intake of 2300 Calories per day.Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test began,her blood glucose was 155 mg/dL.
How many Calories would be a more appropriate goal for Mickie to consume,based on her prepregnancy weight status and OGTT results?

A)1200 Calories per day
B)1400 Calories per day
C)1600 Calories per day
D)1800 Calories per day
E)2000 Calories per day

Question 56

Which of the following foods would be the best,most nutrient-dense choice for a pregnant adolescent?

A)Cheez-Its and peanut butter
B)Baked potato with low-fat yogurt
C)Grilled cheese sandwich with mayonnaise and orange juice
D)Big Mac and 2% milk
E)All of the above would be good choices

Question 57

Preeclampsia develops from insulin resistance.

Question 58

Women that were born small for gestational age have a higher risk of developing preeclampsia.

Question 59

Because of higher needs,women with multifetal pregnancies can take NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTS greater than the UL recommendations.