Deck 9: Infant Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

Rickets is a deficiency disease that is caused by insufficient amounts of which vitamin?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin D
C)Vitamin C
D)Vitamin E
E)Vitamin B₁₂

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is one of the signs associated with inadequate growth?

A)Weight loss within the first week after birth
B)Weight remaining stable over 3 months
C)Weight gain over 3 months
D)Missing weights in the medical record

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The DiGeorge syndrome is a _____.

A)condition in which 3 copies of chromosome 21 occur
B)condition mostly occurring in males
C)condition in which chromosome 22 has a small deletion
D)condition that requires soy formula instead of breast milk
E)condition in which infants cannot break down glucose

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Infants need a high-fat diet compared to older people;therefore,up to _____ of calories from fat may be recommended.

A)25%
B)32%
C)40%
D)55%
E)60%

Question 5

The European Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition recommends that a pre-term baby have an energy intake range of _____ Calories/per kg.

A)50-65
B)70-90
C)110-135
D)175-300

Question 6

Primary components included in nutrition evaluations of children with special health care needs include _____.

A)growth,nutrient content of diet,and how the child is fed
B)growth,nutrient content of diet,and cost
C)growth,course of mother's pregnancy,and substance abuse in the home
D)health care insurance eligibility,growth,and nutrient content of diet

Question 7

Which of the following foods would NOT be appropriate for a baby with galactosemia?

A)Sugar solution
B)Apple juice
C)Soybean formula
D)Breast milk

Question 8

What is the gestation-adjusted age for a 9-month-old infant born preterm (32 weeks)?

A)6.5 months
B)7 months
C)8 months
D)8.5 months

Question 9

If a woman breastfeeding a preterm infant needs to provide additional calories and nutrients to her infant,she can have human milk fortifier added.This adds all of the following nutrients EXCEPT _____.

A)iron
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin C
D)calcium
E)vitamin A

Question 10

In preterm births,which organ is stressed,reducing an infant's ability to digest protein?

A)Heart
B)Small intestine
C)Liver
D)Gallbladder
E)Pancreas

Question 11

The DRI for protein in infants that do not have special conditions that impair growth or digestion is _____.

A)1.52 g protein/kg body weight
B)2.2 g protein/kg body weight
C)3.0 g protein/kg body weight
D)3.0 g protein/g body weight

Question 12

What is the most appropriate nutrition intervention for a special needs infant who has gastroesophageal reflux and swallowing difficulty?

A)Add 4 oz fruit juice as a snack
B)Feed infant more often
C)Mix baby rice cereal with standard formula
D)Supplement with a mixture of amino acids,carbohydrates,fats,vitamins,and minerals
E)Provide a concentrated formula that provides 40 cal/fluid ounce

Question 13

Which of the following nutrients has been implicated in fetal-origin errors?

A)Vitamin B₁₂
B)Vitamin A
C)Iron
D)Selenium

Question 14

Which of the following statements about fat is NOT true?

A)Up to 55% of total calories from fat may be recommended.
B)Fats are easier to absorb for infants with VLBW or ELBW.
C)Low fat intakes are not generally recommended.
D)MCT do not require bile for digestion.
E)Breast milk is recommended because it is high in essential fatty acids.

Question 15

In which of the following cases would EXTRA calories be needed for a child?

A)Infections
B)Fever
C)Difficulty breathing
D)Recovery from surgery
E)All of the above

Question 16

The recommendation for very low-birth-weight or extremely low-birth-weight infants who are breastfeeding but have limited pancreatic enzyme production is to supplement them with _____.

A)long-chain fatty acids
B)medium-chain fatty acids
C)short-chain fatty acids
D)pancreatic enzymes
E)high-calorie formulas

Question 17

Refinements in the usual methods of measurement and interpretation of growth are needed in conditions known to influence growth and development.These include:

A)using specialized growth charts for specific diagnoses.
B)using indicators of body composition,such as body fat measures.
C)special attention to indicators of brain growth,such as measuring head circumference.
D)looking for biochemical indicators of tissue stores of nutrients.
E)All of the above

Question 18

In-depth nutrition assessments make sure nutrition is not limiting an infant's growth and development and are typically needed by three main groups of infants,which include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)infants born between 37 and 42 weeks.
B)infants born before 34 weeks of gestation.
C)infants born with consequences of abnormal development during pregnancy such as a heart malformation.
D)infants at risk for chronic health problems.

Question 19

Preterm birth has been correlated with lifetime impacts on which of the following?

A)School performance
B)Drop-out rates
C)Adult chronic diseases
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 20

An infant with what special condition requires less energy than a healthy infant?

A)Extremely low-birth-weight infant
B)Low-birth-weight infant
C)Infant with Down's syndrome
D)Infant born with difficulty breathing
E)Infant born with PKU

Question 21

A gavage feeding is one that:

A)provides nutrition directly through the central vein and includes amino acids,dextrose,and a lipid emulsion.
B)provides nutrition through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine.
C)provides slow feedings from the mouth or nose into the stomach through a tube.
D)provides oral nutrition that has been pureed thoroughly so the infant does not choke.
E)provides nutrition through the use of an oral syringe.

Question 22

Multiple-choice questions 34-40 use the case study below.Please read the case and answer these questions.
Case Study: Rebecca,an infant born at 32 weeks,weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb),and was SGA.Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile).The mother was not interested in breastfeeding.A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight,length,head circumference,and body fat stores.A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz)was also initiated.
The appropriate resource that could be used to measure Rebecca's growth velocity would be _____.

A)a growth chart specifically made for preterm births
B)a CDC growth chart
C)catch-up growth charts
D)Growth charts are not appropriate for preterm infants.

Question 23

Nutrition concerns with infants that have Down syndrome include:

A)feeding difficulties related to weak muscles in the face and overall.
B)high risk of the child becoming overweight.
C)constipation.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 24

Differences in preterm and term infant feeding include:

A)preterm infants may have oral hypersensitivity.
B)preterm infants accept food readily by mouth.
C)preterm infants have a more stable feeding position.
D)the central nervous system in preterm infants signals hunger prematurely.
E)All of the above

Question 25

Multiple-choice questions 34-40 use the case study below.Please read the case and answer these questions.
Case Study: Rebecca,an infant born at 32 weeks,weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb),and was SGA.Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile).The mother was not interested in breastfeeding.A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight,length,head circumference,and body fat stores.A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz)was also initiated.
Following discharge from the hospital,Rebecca showed signs of fatigue during feeding.The dietitian then recommended a higher-calorie formula.How many Calories/ounce would the new formula most likely contain?

A)24 Calories
B)30 Calories
C)35 Calories
D)40 Calories

Question 26

The overall U.S.infant mortality rate decreased by _____ between 1980 and 2008.

A)26%
B)31%
C)45%
D)56%
E)63%

Question 27

The initial nutrition problems resulting from VLBW and ELBW include:

A)inability to nurse like a full-term infant.
B)for most,a requirement for respiratory support to breathe.
C)a greater likelihood of food allergies and difficulty feeding.
D)a and b
E)b and c

Question 28

Multiple-choice questions 34-40 use the case study below.Please read the case and answer these questions.
Case Study: Rebecca,an infant born at 32 weeks,weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb),and was SGA.Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile).The mother was not interested in breastfeeding.A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight,length,head circumference,and body fat stores.A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz)was also initiated.
Will Rebecca be able to sit in a high chair and maintain a stable feeding position at 6 months-the same physical development expected from a term infant?

A)Yes
B)No

Question 29

There are several reasons why a baby that is born preterm may be hard to feed.These include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)fatigue.
B)high tolerance of volume.
C)low tolerance of volume.
D)disorganized feeding.
E)abdominal distension.

Question 30

An example of a central nervous system congenital anomaly is:

A)a heart malformation.
B)spina bifida.
C)cleft lip.
D)tracheoesophageal atresia.
E)autism.

Question 31

If an intrauterine insult occurs early in gestation,what would be a likely result?

A)Lower body weight
B)Smaller brain size
C)Shorter length for age
D)All of the above

Question 32

The smallest living newborns who weigh 501-600 grams (1 pound 2 ounces to 1 pound 5 ounces)have a _____ chance of survival at birth.

A)26%
B)31%
C)45%
D)56%
E)63%

Question 33

Interventions are required to ensure adequate growth and development when feeding problems are identified in infancy.Which of the following would NOT be one of these interventions?

A)Assessing growth less frequently
B)Monitoring the infant's intake of all liquids and foods to ensure enough is being consumed
C)Changing the frequency and volume of feedings as needed
D)Changing the diet composition to improve nutrient density
E)Providing parent education or support

Question 34

Multiple-choice questions 34-40 use the case study below.Please read the case and answer these questions.
Case Study: Rebecca,an infant born at 32 weeks,weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb),and was SGA.Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile).The mother was not interested in breastfeeding.A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight,length,head circumference,and body fat stores.A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz)was also initiated.
Which statement best describes body fat storage changes expected in Rebecca?

A)Fat stores will decrease in 3 months.
B)Fat stores will stay the same in 3 months.
C)Fat stores will increase in 3 months.
D)Body fat stores will increase immediately.

Question 35

There are many nutritional concerns in infants with special health care needs.Feeding problems may result from the disruption of the delivery of nutrients due to:

A)structure or functioning of the mouth or oral cavity.
B)instructions that were too complicated for parents to follow.
C)appetite being suppressed by medications or constipation.
D)inappropriate food choices or methods of preparation.
E)All of the above

Question 36

Growth rates among infants that have the lung condition bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)are slower due to all of the following EXCEPT:

A)higher nutritional requirements.
B)more muscle mass.
C)changes in endocrine systems.
D)changes in pulmonary systems.
E)All of the above are reasons that these infants have slower growth rates.

Question 37

Multiple-choice questions 34-40 use the case study below.Please read the case and answer these questions.
Case Study: Rebecca,an infant born at 32 weeks,weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb),and was SGA.Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile).The mother was not interested in breastfeeding.A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight,length,head circumference,and body fat stores.A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz)was also initiated.
Three months following an infant's birth,her mother returned to the community health care clinic and reported that Rebecca was "not as tired as she used to be when drinking her bottle." What additional information would reinforce the mom's report that the infant's feeding behaviors have improved?

A)The number of bowel movements had increased since the last visit
B)The amount of time between feedings had increased since the last visit
C)The infant was now drinking sugar water
D)The infant now enjoyed a pacifier

Question 38

Which of the following programs would NOT be a source of nutrition services or finances to help pay for nutritional services for preterm infants or those with special health care needs?

A)WIC
B)Early Head Start
C)National Council on Pediatric Affairs (NCPA)
D)Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
E)Federal disability programs

Question 39

Multiple-choice questions 34-40 use the case study below.Please read the case and answer these questions.
Case Study: Rebecca,an infant born at 32 weeks,weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb),and was SGA.Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile).The mother was not interested in breastfeeding.A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight,length,head circumference,and body fat stores.A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz)was also initiated.
Infants that did not survive in the past are now being saved.This includes all of the following groups EXCEPT:

A)low-birth-weight infants.
B)very-low-birth-weight infants.
C)extremely-low-birth-weight infants.
D)incredibly-low-birth-weight infants.

Question 40

Multiple-choice questions 34-40 use the case study below.Please read the case and answer these questions.
Case Study: Rebecca,an infant born at 32 weeks,weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb),and was SGA.Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile).The mother was not interested in breastfeeding.A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight,length,head circumference,and body fat stores.A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz)was also initiated.
What daily weight gain goal would the dietitian set for the first three months?

A)10-25 g/day
B)20-30 g/day
C)30-40 g/day
D)>40 g/day

Question 41

The American Academy of Pediatrics and The European Society for Gastroenterology recommend the SAME level of energy intake for pre-term infants.

Question 42

An infant with repaired spina bifida or Down syndrome requires:

A)more calories than a healthy full-term infant.
B)fewer calories than a healthy full-term infant.
C)the same amount of calories as a healthy full-term infant.

Question 43

Mealtime behavior and eating problems occur along with other behavioral and sensory problems in infants with autism.

Question 44

An infant is diagnosed with maple syrup urine disease and requires a special infant formula.Which of the following would be the best choice?

A)An extensively hydrolyzed formula
B)A highly concentrated formula providing 40 kcal/fl oz
C)A standard infant formula with polycose and MCT oil
D)A standard infant formula with baby rice cereal
E)A mixture of amino acids,carbohydrates,and fats,without the amino acids valine,isoleucine,and leucine

Question 45

How many Calories would the American Academy of Pediatrics initially recommend for a 1.5-kg infant that was born at 33 weeks gestation?

A)120 kcal/day
B)162 kcal/day
C)180 kcal/day
D)225 kcal/day
E)248 kcal/day

Question 46

An infant that is unable to swallow and is having gastrointestinal problems should not be given enteral feedings.

Question 47

Catch-up growth and weight gain are typically emphasized with very-low-birth-weight (VLBW)babies;this can sometimes result in:

A)overfeeding.
B)gastrointestinal discomfort.
C)specially prepared meals.
D)behavior problems.
E)a and b

Question 48

The addition of folate into our food supply has helped reduce the incidence of _____.

A)spina bifida
B)anencephaly
C)diaphragmatic hernia
D)tracheoesophageal atresia
E)a and b

Question 49

Slow growth is ALWAYS a symptom of inadequate nutrition.

Question 50

The answer to question #48 was chosen because:

A)excluding valine,isoleucine,and leucine prevents toxic byproduct buildup.
B)increased calories,protein,and fats are needed.
C)the amino acids will be absorbed better if extensively broken down.
D)MCT oil is easier to digest and provides more calories.
E)a standard formula with rice has an increased thickness to lower the risk of choking.

Question 51

Infants who were born preterm or have chronic health problems tend to be more irritable than term infants.

Question 52

Breast milk would most likely NOT be recommended for a preterm infant.

Question 53

Nutrient requirements are known for all children with special health care needs due to advances in science.

Question 54

When energy generated from carbohydrate and fat consumption is sufficient to meet a newborn's need,protein will be used for growth instead.This process is called:

A)glycolysis.
B)gluconeogenesis.
C)oxidation.
D)protein sparing.
E)the Kreb's cycle.

Question 55

Protein sparing is best defined as:

A)eating enough protein so that you have plenty to spare.
B)eating enough carbohydrate so that protein can be used for growth.
C)eating enough fat so that protein can be used for growth.
D)All of the above
E)b and c only

Question 56

Infants with Down syndrome love to suck and have things in their mouth;therefore,it is easy to overfeed them.

Question 57

All of the following would be examples of feeding problems in high-risk infants over 6 months of age EXCEPT:

A)the baby cannot maintain good head control while being fed with a spoon.
B)the baby resists lumpy or textured foods.
C)the baby resists anything in his mouth except a bottle,breast,or pacifier.
D)the baby constantly puts non-food objects in her mouth.
E)the baby does not give signs that indicate hunger or fullness.

Question 58

Because the infant mortality rate has declined,the number of infant's also requiring nutrition services has declined.