Deck 19: The New Industrial Order 1870-1914

Question 1

The chapter introduction tells the story of the journeys of Robert Ferguson and T. S. Hudson to make the point that

A) America underwent a transportation and industrial transformation between the 1860s and 1880s.
B) the railroad was America's first big business.
C) travel in the United States was difficult and crude by twentieth-century standards, but Americans loved to travel anyway.
D) few foreigners toured the United States before 1900.

Answer 1

America underwent a transportation and industrial transformation between the 1860s and 1880s.

Question 2

The text stresses that the late-1800s phase of industrialization brought about not only corporations of great size but also

A) new political reforms to break the power of those corporations.
B) powerful, all-inclusive labor unions.
C) new technologies produced by hard-working individual inventors.
D) a national network of complex systems of industry, invention, and information.

Answer 2

a national network of complex systems of industry, invention, and information.

Question 3

The first "big business"in America, at least in terms of finance, labor relations, and management, was the

A) oil refining industry.
B) telephone industry.
C) railroad industry.
D) steel industry.

Answer 3

railroad industry.

Question 4

What we now know as standard time, with the continental U.S. divided into four zones, originally was called

A) a standardized industrial time system.
B) the time trust.
C) railroad time.
D) telephone time.

Question 5

The industries of Rockefeller and Carnegie illustrate not only the process of developing an industrial corporation, but also

A) how new technologies made it possible to use natural resources in new ways and on a grander scale than before.
B) how the "robber barons" of that era rejected any sense of responsibility to the public.
C) vertical, though not horizontal, integration.
D) enlightened labor practices.

Question 6

The late 1800s was a time of explosive growth in inventions. What these many innovations of the era had in common, according to your text, was they

A) all, in one way or another, tapped the power of electricity.
B) were a product of systematic invention.
C) demonstrated America's historic leadership in basic research.
D) transformed industry, while having little effect on daily life.

Question 7

What was the effect of the telephone?

A) It proved a vast improvement over the telegraph as a means of rapid communication.
B) It tended to reinforce class differences based on who owned phones.
C) As part of a statewide information system, it allowed easy and rapid business transactions.
D) It contributed to unifying American life.

Question 8

Which of the following was NOT among the advantages of the corporate form of business organization?

A) It could raise needed capital quickly and efficiently.
B) It designated a person personally responsible by law for corporation debts.
C) It continued to exist even if a shareholder died.
D) It separated the owners from those who actually managed the firm.

Question 9

To pay for building the myriad industrial systems and facilities needed to industrialize America, all the following developments occurred EXCEPT

A) foreign governments investing heavily in U.S. industry for both political and economic reasons.
B) ordinary Americans having more and more surplus wealth to save and invest.
C) a rapid increase in the use of the form of business organization known as the corporation, which issued certificates of stock.
D) savings banks and stock exchanges channeling investment funds into the purchase of corporate stock.

Question 10

Which is a true statement about forms of business organization?

A) The corporation was a new organizational technique not used in America before the Civil War.
B) Horizontal integration refers to a corporation controlling the whole stream of production, from raw materials through industrial production to retail sales.
C) The trust was a device to enlarge corporate power by jointly controlling and managing once-competing firms through a central board of directors.
D) The holding company refers to an informal cooperative arrangement between two businesses, devised because it was illegal for corporations to own other corporations.

Question 11

From where did the bulk of the manpower come to work in the many new factories?

A) from the rural areas of America
B) from southern and eastern Europe
C) both from the rural areas of America and southern and eastern Europe
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 12

The ________ was an essential system undergirding the rise of big business; it was itself big business; it was a cultural symbol of American industrialization; and it was a stimulus to other enterprises because it consumed so many natural resources.

A) railroad system
B) steel industry
C) investment banking industry
D) combination of national, state, and local governments

Question 13

Railroads pursued all sorts of techniques to overcome the competitive jungle, including

A) limiting capacity.
B) reducing scheduled train service to force prices up.
C) fixing prices through rebates, preferential rates, or pools.
D) consolidating competing lines through buyouts.

Question 14

Although the traditional ideology of capitalism stresses the benefits of free competition, large corporations suffered from the competitive environment. What economic factor made businesses-railroads in particular-seek to minimize competition?

A) the profit motive
B) government interference
C) labor unions
D) high fixed costs

Question 15

Serving as financial advisers to railroads, the ________ often eventually found themselves taking control.

A) stockholders
B) Interstate Commerce Commission
C) investment bankers
D) robber barons

Question 16

Which statement is NOT true of "vertical integration"?

A) A "fully integrated company" was one that controlled sources of raw materials, means of production, distribution systems, and sales outlets.
B) In an industry oriented toward consumer goods, vertical integration tended to reach "upward" toward consumers.
C) In heavy industries oriented toward supplying other industries, vertical integration tended to reach "downward" toward raw material suppliers.
D) The salt pool is a classic example of vertical integration.

Question 17

The wave of corporate mergers after 1893 resulted in

A) small-scale industrialization both increasing prices and raising profits.
B) Americans coming to resent the corruption of police agencies.
C) Americans enjoying less extreme cycles of boom and bust with the stability that came through the rise of big business.
D) the country's first billion-dollar corporation.

Question 18

Which of the following was a union benefit the railroad brotherhoods provided their members prior to the Civil War?

A) insurance
B) job security
C) medical leave
D) retirement pension

Question 19

Who advocated what he called a "single tax"?

A) Herbert Spencer
B) Henry George
C) Edward Bellamy
D) Daniel De Leon

Question 20

The American Federation of Labor was comparatively successful because it

A) allied with the Socialists.
B) opened its ranks to women, blacks, and immigrants.
C) represented mostly unskilled labor.
D) stressed gradual, concrete gains for its members.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the workers' world of the 1880s and 1890s is true?

A) Farm workers still outnumbered industrial workers.
B) The industrial workplace increasingly called for skilled craftsmanship.
C) Each year, industrial mishaps killed an average of 35,000 workers.
D) On balance, the workers' lot entailed stagnant wages, rising prices, and longer working hours.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about American workers is NOT true?

A) Although the Carnegie "rags to riches" experience hardly matched the experience of most workers, opportunity to rise economically-with higher wages and fewer hours-was enjoyed most by white males.
B) Samuel Gompers of the AFL succeeded as a union leader because he advocated radical changes in the structure of American capitalism, rather than merely seeking better wages and working conditions.
C) During the later nineteenth century, labor unions provoked alarm among social and political leaders because of a wave of strikes.
D) To achieve high productivity, managers tended to treat workers as impersonal cogs in the industrial machinery.

Question 23

What does the text mean by asserting that certain jobs were "feminized"?

A) Lower-paying jobs tended to be held by more females than males.
B) Males tended to no longer pursue certain professional occupations once women entered them in significant numbers.
C) Enlightened managers in certain industries raised wages in response to women's protests.
D) Certain dangerous factories adopted new safety measures in response to protests by the wives of their male workers.

Question 24

For ordinary workers to affect the industrial order, they had to develop their own kind of integrated system; specifically, they had to pursue

A) socialism.
B) fraternal cooperation.
C) unionization.
D) individual stock ownership.

Question 25

The ________ prescribed not only an economic system, but a Protestant moralistic social plan.

A) National Labor Union
B) Knights of Labor
C) American Federation of Labor
D) American Railway Union

Question 26

Which statement about the American Federation of Labor is true?

A) The AFL, a combination of craft unions, stressed concrete, practical economic gains.
B) The AFL's approach to labor consolidation was the horizontal business model.
C) The AFL attracted a majority of U.S. skilled workers into its ranks.
D) The AFL's longtime leader was Eugene V. Debs.

Question 27

In the late 1800s, strikes

A) won the sympathies of average Americans for the workers' cause.
B) more often than mobs challenged the authority of employers.
C) occurred in the dangerous mining and timber industries, but not in more specialized activities like railroads or steel.
D) were usually planned and directed by labor union leaders.

Question 28

In the late nineteenth century, employers always had the advantage over workers in labor disputes. Which of the following was a tactic (or tactics) used by employers that gave them this advantage?

A) The ability to hire and fire workers at will, and the use of "yellow dog" contracts.
B) The willingness of governmental authorities to send troops to break strikes.
C) The use of court injunctions against strikers.
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 29

British philosopher Herbert Spencer applied the theory of evolution to society, calling the theory ________.

Question 30

The Bessemer process, one of the new technologies that accelerated the use of natural resources, converted a raw mineral into ________.

Question 31

Mexican émigrés in the late 1800s came looking for jobs, particularly after the ________ in 1910.

Question 32

The ________ lay at the center of the new industrial systems, moving people and freight, spreading communications, and even redefining time itself.

Question 33

Daniel McCallum of the New York and Erie Railroad, who had drawn up the first business table of ________, exemplified the managerial revolution, a process of organizing large corporations in order to rationalize business practices.

Question 34

At first, investment ________ served merely as advisors to railroads and other corporations. With such a stake in controlling funds, they eventually found themselves taking control, for the purpose of imposing order and centralization.

Question 35

When a company buys up competing companies engaged in the same activity, it is called ________ growth.

Question 36

When a company gains control of two or more stages in the production process, it has adopted a(n) ________ integration growth strategy.

Question 37

What were the components of the new industrial order, and how were they brought together in the construction of the Eads bridge?

Question 38

What contributions did Thomas Alva Edison, George Eastman, and Alexander Graham Bell make to business and industry? How did their contributions promote the rise of industrial systems?

Question 39

Why were railroads "America's first big business"? How did they help to foster a "managerial revolution"?

Question 40

Describe the growth of big business, making sure to distinguish among combination, consolidation, vertical growth, and horizontal growth.

Question 41

What was a trust? A holding company? What were their advantages over older forms of business enterprise?

Question 42

Describe the new pattern of industrial work, and explain how it affected workers.

Question 43

What was the "single tax"?

Question 44

Discuss the ways in which the development of the railroads stimulated the economy of late nineteenth-century America.

Question 45

How successful were business people in overcoming the problems that confronted them in the last third of the nineteenth century?

Question 46

How valid were criticisms raised by corporate critics?

Question 47

Explain why there were so many strikes between 1875 and 1900 if the real wages of workers were rising.

Question 48

Discuss the work of Fredrick W. Taylor and why "Taylorism"was or was not the management fix-all of productivity.