Deck 8: Early Childhood: Emotional and Social Development

Question 1

Research has indicated that children aged 5 and aged 7 who employed ____________ solutions were judged to be more socially competent, displaying fewer attention problems and disruptive behaviors.

A) prosocial
B) cognitive
C) logical
D) surreptitious

Answer 1

prosocial

Question 2

A study that examined the relationship between parental emotional expressivity and children's adjustment and social competence found that children who display social competence, emotional understanding, prosocial behaviors, higher self-esteem, and security of attachment have parents who are:

A) warm and authoritarian
B) warm and permissive
C) warm and supportive
D) less emotionally expressive

Answer 2

warm and supportive

Question 3

All of the following can contribute to delays in emotional self-regulation EXCEPT:

A) prematurity
B) developmental disabilities
C) parental divorce
D) low-income household

Answer 3

low-income household

Question 4

Jensen is working alone on a puzzle as his classmates build a tower with blocks nearby. Jensen is engaged in ___________ while his classmates are engaged in ______________:

A) functional play; parallel play
B) parallel play; constructive play
C) associative play; functional play
D) parallel play; functional play

Question 5

Marla and Aisha are sharing a box of crayons and are each coloring in a separate coloring book while Gina and Tasha are playing jump rope. The first two girls are engaged in ___________ while the second pair is engaged in ___________.

A) associative; cooperative
B) cooperative; associative
C) functional; associative
D) parallel; functional

Question 6

Which of the following children is most likely to have an imaginary friend?

A) Two-year-old Allessandria, who has four older siblings
B) Four-year-old Jonathan, who has developmental delays
C) Six-year-old Kim, a firstborn with an above average IQ
D) Five-year-old Samantha, with a lower than average IQ

Question 7

All of the following tend to characterize girls' play EXCEPT:

A) it is more intimate
B) it is likely to consist of a two-person group
C) it is more "rough and tumble"
D) it is less competitive than boys' play

Question 8

Researchers have found that therapeutic play:

A) tends to increase children's aggressive behavior
B) tends to make children feel even more anxiety
C) tends to help children to express their emotions
D) tends to take away children's sense of control

Question 9

American parents typically tend to encourage which characteristics in their children's play behavior?

A) exploration
B) imagination
C) independence
D) all of these

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true concerning play?

A) It is recognized as a right by the United Nations.
B) It is consistent in form across cultures.
C) Boys and girls engage in it in a similar way.
D) Parental attitudes regarding play are similar across cultures.

Question 11

The view that individual autonomy is paramount:

A) is the definition of individualism
B) is prevalent in Western cultures
C) promotes freedom of expression, independence, and competitiveness
D) all of these

Question 12

The view that supports suppression of individual desire in favor of what is best for the group:

A) is rarer in Asian cultures
B) is known as collectivism
C) decreases bonding with parents
D) decreases obedience to authority

Question 13

Which statement is true regarding Asians?

A) The various subgroups are basically similar in regard to sociocultural traits, beliefs, and values.
B) They do not have specific educational needs.
C) Success in school is attributed to individual capabilities.
D) This community is increasing in the U.S. population.

Question 14

According to your textbook, around what age do children begin to develop the cognitive skills to categorize people into different racial groups by using physical characteristics and social cues?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 15

A person's sense of self-worth or self-image is part of the overall dimension called:

A) self-esteem
B) positive regard
C) cultural awareness
D) performance initiative

Question 16

Research has found that childhood self-esteem can:

A) have lifelong effects on attitudes and behavior
B) affect school performance
C) affect family relationships
D) all of these

Question 17

The cognitive structure that we employ for selecting and processing information about ourselves is the ___________.

A) personality
B) self
C) personal cognitive structure
D) character

Question 18

One of the central issues of early childhood is:

A) the child learning to trust the child's caretakers
B) comprehending the concept of object permanence
C) developing a sense of a separate and distinct self
D) developmental achievement of ego integration

Question 19

Tami is a preschooler. How might her understanding of self best be characterized?

A) Tami taps her head and says, "I'm in here."
B) Tami points to her mother and says, "I belong to my mom."
C) Tami puts her arm around her friend and says, "I'm her friend."
D) Tami picks up her doll and says, "This is me."

Question 20

Dr. Ibrahim is using the PictorialScale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance in Young Children. For what possible reason could she be using it?

A) as an intelligence test for a young child
B) as a test of a young child's visual acuity
C) to assess a young child's self-esteem
D) to test for literacy in a young child

Question 21

Amelia is strong-willed and does not always do what her teacher asks but chooses her own work to do. She is extremely intelligent and has a tested IQ of 140. She most probably:

A) has emotional problems
B) is being abused
C) is a gifted child
D) is socially delayed

Question 22

____________ is a particular type of motivation and inner strength that directs life and growth in such a way as to become all one is capable of being.

A) Telepathy
B) Entelechy
C) Impulse
D) Impetus

Question 23

Gender identity is:

A) the characteristic traits with which one is born
B) not related to socializing influences
C) an inherited characteristic
D) the conception of self as male or female

Question 24

Gender identity usually begins to form around what ages?

A) 1 to 2
B) 3 to 4
C) 5 to 6
D) 7 to 8

Question 25

Brian has a favorite toy that is a baby doll. This is upsetting to Brian's father because it conflicts with society's view of proper gender _________.

A) realities
B) roles
C) identities
D) characteristic

Question 26

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding hormones?

A) Both males and females have male and female hormones.
B) Progesterone makes males more aggressive than females.
C) The ratio of each hormone varies in males and females.
D) The predominance of female or male hormones influences the development of the fetal brain.

Question 27

According to your textbook, which of the following statements is true?

A) Boys tend to be more verbal at an earlier age than girls do.
B) Girls have a greater tendency to be diagnosed with dyslexia.
C) Girls tend to be more analytical than boys, who are more active.
D) Girls tend to show more interest in people-oriented activities.

Question 28

Avi's parents cannot understand why he seems to fear his father yet lavishes affection on his mother. He also states that someday he will marry his mother. This scenario fits best with which theory of gender identity development?

A) psychosocial
B) psychoanalytic
C) cognitive learning
D) none of these

Question 29

Eric Jr. likes to watch his dad make bookshelves and other items from wood. Little Eric has a toy carpentry set that he loves to play with. His dad gives him lots of attention when he plays with the toy hammer and nails and tells him he's doing a great job and that one day when he's a man he'll help him on the job. This scenario best supports which theory of gender identity development?

A) psychosocial
B) psychoanalytical
C) cognitive learning
D) none of these

Question 30

The theory associated with Lawrence Kohlberg, which claims that children first learn to label themselves as "male" and "female" and then attempt to master the behaviors that fit their gender category, is called:

A) psychosocial
B) psychoanalytical
C) cognitive learning
D) cognitive developmental

Question 31

The process of transmitting culture, knowledge, skills, and dispositions that enable children to participate effectively in group life is called:

A) conviviality
B) socialization
C) gender stereotyping
D) synchronization

Question 32

Which of the following have researchers found to be determinants of parental functioning?

A) the personality and psychological well-being of the parent
B) the characteristics of the child
C) contextual sources of stress and support within and upon the family
D) all of these

Question 33

Studies of the effects of depressed mothers on their children have found:

A) there is no influence on the children
B) there are adverse effects on children
C) there is no need for any intervention
D) little can be done to prevent children from being affected

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the three dimensions significant to parenting practices?

A) warmth or hostility of the parent-child relationship
B) control or autonomy of the disciplinary approach
C) consistency or inconsistency in parents' discipline
D) the security or insecurity of the financial situation

Question 35

While watching her son Colin in the park, Delia sees him hit another child. She calls him to her and tells him that she saw what he did. "Colin, I know that you don't usually hit people, even when you're mad. You are good at sharing and taking turns. Maybe the other boy got you very mad, but that is not a reason to hit. The best thing you can do right now is to apologize to the boy. That is a good thing to do and I know you will do the right thing." Delia is exhibiting which dimension of parenting practice in her handling of the situation?

A) warmth
B) fairness
C) flattery
D) control

Question 36

Jessica accidentally drops a plate that she was drying. Her mother immediately slaps her cheek and says, "Why are you so clumsy? Huh? Answer me. What did I do to deserve a kid like you? Now pick up the pieces of that plate and go to your room. You're grounded and I don't want to see you come out of that room until I say so." Jessica's mother is exhibiting which dimension of parenting practices?

A) autonomy
B) control
C) hostility
D) projection

Question 37

Fourteen-year-old Nadine is trying to imitate the fashions she sees on television, so she wears short skirts and plunging necklines. She has asked her mother for money to get a tattoo and a body piercing. Her mother has agreed to take Nadine to the tattoo parlor if Nadine saves enough of her babysitting money to pay for it. This is an example of which dimension of parenting practices?

A) autonomy
B) control
C) hostility
D) warmth

Question 38

Mara does not allow her children to use any kitchen appliances or audio or video equipment for fear that they will break them or hurt themselves. Mara's parenting practices are closest to which dimension?

A) autonomy
B) control
C) hostility
D) warmth

Question 39

Marshall's parents are considered to have a warm but restrictive parenting style. Based on the research cited in your textbook, what characteristics would you expect Marshall to display?

A) less motivated to do schoolwork
B) more overt aggression
C) a strict rule enforcer with peers
D) greater misbehavior

Question 40

Patricia's parents are considered to have a warm with democratic procedures type of parenting style. Based on the research cited in your textbook, what characteristics would you expect Patricia to display?

A) socially incompetent
B) resourceful
C) inactive
D) inappropriately aggressive

Question 41

Henry's parents are considered to have a hostile (rejecting) and restrictive parenting style. Based on the research cited in your textbook, what characteristics would you expect Henry to have?

A) a well-developed sense of identity
B) feeling he has control over his life
C) feeling resentment and inner rage
D) a strong sense of self-confidence

Question 42

Simon's parents are considered to have a hostile and permissive parenting style. Based on the research cited in your textbook, what characteristics would you expect Simon to display?

A) appropriate standards of conduct
B) aggressive actions
C) strong self-control
D) a sense of contentment

Question 43

According to your textbook, effective discipline is:

A) erratic but severe
B) consistent and unambiguous
C) occasional and unpredictable
D) variable depending on which parent enforces it

Question 44

According to the research cited in your textbook, the use of inconsistent punishment:

A) generally fails to inhibit the punished behavior
B) is more effective because it is so unpredictable
C) is just as effective as more consistent punishment
D) results in the most desirable behavioral outcomes

Question 45

The highest rates of child abuse and neglect are for which age group?

A) birth to age 3
B) age 4 to age 7
C) age 8 to age 11
D) age 12 to age 15

Question 46

Child sexual abuse is most often unreported because of:

A) strict laws which require evidence as proof
B) guilt, shame, and fear of revealing the abuser
C) lack of appropriate channels to report abuse
D) complicated procedures for reporting abuse

Question 47

Seven-year-old Marilee seems withdrawn and is being disruptive in class. She has recently brought sexually explicit magazines to class and has stated that her body is dirty. She has drawn a sexually explicit picture. As her teacher, you are concerned that she may have experienced:

A) neglect
B) abuse
C) sexual abuse
D) a fixation

Question 48

Donald believes in a strict parenting style along the lines of "Children should be seen and not heard." He will not allow his laws to be broken and they are not up for discussion. If his children transgress, punishment is sure to follow. What type of parent is he?

A) authoritative
B) coercive
C) non-traditional
D) authoritarian

Question 49

Malika provides her children with firm direction for their activities. She allows a certain amount of freedom provided that the activities are safe and educational. Punishment is reserved for major transgressions and is preceded by explanations of what the child has done wrong and how the behavior can be corrected. What type of parent is Malika?

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) non-traditional
D) authoritarian

Question 50

Alicia allows her children to decide their own bedtimes. They are not required to perform household chores, yet they are consulted regarding family vacations and purchases. There is no policy concerning homework or how the children spend their time after school. What type of parent is Alicia?

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) non-traditional
D) coercive

Question 51

Vanessa and Bob rarely exercise direct control over their children, allowing them to make decisions based on appropriate justifications. The family dynamics are non-hierarchical. They attend community-oriented meetings focused on social justice on a regular basis together. What type of parents are Vanessa and Bob?

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) harmonious
D) coercive

Question 52

In a follow-up to the Harvard Child-Rearing Study, David McClelland and associates found that the parenting techniques that made a difference in personality development were:

A) child-rearing techniques used during the first 5 years
B) fathers' affection for children
C) adult control
D) the parent wanting and enjoying the child

Question 53

Statistics reported in 2009 reveal that most children:

A) live in single-parent households
B) live with their maternal grandmothers
C) live in households with two married parents
D) have parents who are separated or divorced

Question 54

According to your textbook, in the first year after divorced parents tend to:

A) make fewer maturity demands of their children
B) be less affectionate toward their children
C) be less consistent in terms of discipline
D) all of these

Question 55

Children living in poverty can do better in school with a preschool program:

A) of any kind
B) that focuses on the individual child
C) that includes the parents
D) that teaches values and beliefs other than those in their home

Question 56

The best predictor of a child's post-divorce adjustment is:

A) quality of the child's relationship with his/her mother
B) quality of the child's relationship with his/her father
C) quality of the child's relationships with both parents
D) there is no accurate predictor of post-divorce adjustment

Question 57

The child's position in the family and the number and sex of a child's siblings:

A) have little or no consequence for the child's development and socialization
B) are not part of a child's network of relationships
C) can cause a different experience despite the same style of parenting
D) are not important factors with regard to family dynamics

Question 58

The Smith family is made up of three children: Doreen is usually described as ambitious, caring, friendly, and thoughtful. Michael is usually described as intelligent, obedient, secure, and responsible. Sabrina is usually described as creative, emotional, friendly, disobedient, least responsible, and talkative. Based on the research findings cited in your textbook, how would you order the three children in terms of birth order (oldest to youngest)?

A) Sabrina, Doreen, Michael
B) Michael, Doreen, Sabrina
C) Doreen, Sabrina, Michael
D) Michael, Sabrina, Doreen

Question 59

Zajonc and colleagues devised a theory to explain the differences between first- and later-born children called the confluence theory. This theory suggests that:

A) the oldest sibling experiences a richer intellectual environment than do younger siblings
B) since all family experiences flow into one, each member has an equally rich environment upon which to draw
C) the bigger the family, the richer the intellectual environment
D) younger siblings take advantage of the knowledge flowing from older siblings

Question 60

The theory that sibling power and status rivalry play a role in a child's personality development is most closely associated with:

A) Alfred Adler
B) Erik Erikson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Benjamin Spock

Question 61

As children get older they tend to spend more time with peers than with adults. Which of the following is(are) factors contributing to this?

A) children's communications skills improve
B) increasing motor competencies allow children to participate in joint activities
C) increasing cognitive competencies enable them to attune themselves more effectively to the roles of others
D) all of these

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT true regarding aggression?

A) Girls and boys differ in the ways they express aggression
B) Even young children have been found to show aggression
C) Most aggression occurs in the context of group activities
D) Boys express aggression by withdrawing their friendship

Question 63

As children get older, aggression:

A) becomes less focused and less directed
B) is decreasingly characterized by temper tantrums
C) becomes less retaliatory in response to aggression from others
D) becomes less verbal and more physical in nature

Question 64

All of the following are true about aggressive behavior EXCEPT:

A) some children are more prone to aggression than others
B) children who have been abused are more likely to have higher than normal levels of aggression
C) children who witness aggression in adults may respond by aggressing against their peers
D) aggressive behavior is usually just a phase that will be outgrown

Question 65

All of the following are true regarding Head Start EXCEPT:

A) There are no proven long-term positive effects associated with the Head Start program.
B) Children who had participated in Head Start programs had higher rates of high school graduation.
C) Children who had participated in Head Start programs earned higher incomes.
D) Children who had participated in Head Start programs were more likely to become homeowners.

Question 66

According to your textbook, preschool children spend more than __________ hours a week watching television.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 30

Question 67

Viewing media violence fosters aggressive behavior in which of the following ways?

A) It contributes to childhood and adult aggression, especially for those prone to it.
B) It provides a variety of entertainment but is also a powerful negative socializer.
C) It increases children's tolerance of aggression in real-life experiences.
D) All of these are true.

Question 68

What is play and why is it important for children?

Question 69

What is gender identity? When and how do children acquire it?

Question 70

Discuss the following parenting approaches: warm but restrictive, warm with democratic procedures, hostile and restrictive, and hostile and permissive.

Question 71

Briefly discuss the impact of divorce on children.