Deck 6: Infancy: The Development of Emotional and Social Bonds

Question 1

All of the following are components of emotion, EXCEPT:

A) physiological changes
B) subjective experiences
C) expressive behaviors
D) structural changes

Answer 1

structural changes

Question 2

Emotions have the role of:

A) overcoming fear
B) changing patterns of behavior
C) supporting communication
D) all of these

Answer 2

supporting communication

Question 3

Two-year-old Benny encounters a house cat for the first time. He is wary and looks to see how his mother interacts with the cat. He sees the smile on his mother's face as she pets the cat without hesitation. Benny then approaches the cat and begins petting it. Benny's behavior is indicative of:

A) social referencing
B) fear factor
C) social response
D) fear referencing

Answer 3

social referencing

Question 4

Research has shown that infants as young as 10 months will not cross an illusory drop-off in visual cliff experiments if their mothers present an angry or fearful face. However, they will cross the drop-off if their mothers present a joyful face. What does this indicate?

A) infants are not capable of using information to override their own perceptions and evaluations of an event
B) the mother's facial expression does not influence the behavior of the infant
C) infants actively seek information from others to supplement their own information
D) infants cannot read the significance of facial expressions

Question 5

Dr. Williams is conducting an experiment with groups of five-year-old children in the United States and Egypt. She shows the groups of children pictures of people with various facial expressions ranging from joyfulness to anger. The results of her experiment are likely to show that:

A) Only U.S. children will accurately identify anger and fear expressed in the faces.
B) Children in both countries will accurately read the emotions they see in the faces.
C) Only the Egyptian children will accurately identify anger and fear shown in faces.
D) Neither the Egyptian nor the U.S. children will accurately identify fear and anger because of their age.

Question 6

Psychologist Carroll Izard subscribes to all of the following statements EXCEPT:

A) Babies feel emotions from the moment of birth.
B) Babies' emotional development occurs randomly.
C) Babies develop one or two new feelings at a time.
D) Emotions are preprogrammed on a biological clock.

Question 7

Psychologist Joseph Campos disagrees with Carroll Izard. He believes that:

A) all the basic emotions are in place at birth in a prewired process
B) babies need social input before they can express emotions
C) babies need experience before they can express emotions
D) a baby's first experience of an emotion always coincides with its first expression

Question 8

______________ refers to the ability to control negative emotions and adapt to daily social interactions.

A) Self-regulation
B) Good behavior
C) Social management
D) Self-control

Question 9

According to research conducted by the Greenspans, if negative factors interfere with a child's mastery of emotional milestones, __________ development will also be affected.

A) social
B) physical
C) intellectual
D) psychosexual

Question 10

Sylvie is a toddler. Upon seeing her mother she stretches her arms upward, signaling that she wishes to be picked up. When her mother picks her up Sylvie smiles. We can say that Sylvie is creating bonds of:

A) attachment
B) disaggregation
C) helplessness
D) repulsion

Question 11

Clifford is 7 months old and prefers the company of his 5-year-old brother to anyone else's. He makes every effort to be near him. According to the stages developed by Schaffer and Emerson, Clifford is probably in which stage?

A) indiscriminate attachment
B) specific attachment
C) attachment disorder
D) variable attachment

Question 12

Louisa is an infant. She is fascinated by everything she sees and hears, whether human or not. She looks up at her parents but is equally stimulated by her mobile. Approximately how old is Louisa?

A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 7 months
D) 10 months

Question 13

Brian is 3 months old. He is not afraid of strangers. He is happy to be held by anyone and starts to cry when he is put in his crib. Brian is most likely displaying:

A) stranger anxiety
B) specific attachment
C) indiscriminate attachment
D) emerging personality traits

Question 14

Research findings show that infants in Guatemala and Uganda reach attachment stages earlier than their Scottish counterparts. This is probably due to:

A) climatic differences
B) researcher bias
C) sampling error
D) cultural differences

Question 15

The notion that an individual exists independently of immediate visibility is called:

A) concrete thinking
B) visibility principle
C) person permanence
D) displacement principle

Question 16

Bowlby attributes attachment to:

A) biologically-based behavioral systems that are activated by the environment
B) genetics that dictate the type of attachment an infant will display
C) physiological needs that vary by infant
D) emotional reactions that are entirely shaped by the mother's interactions.

Question 17

The idea that a child is genetically programmed to a social world with behavior that promotes contact and proximity is most like which theorist's view?

A) Bohhorst
B) Ainsworth
C) Greenspan
D) Piaget

Question 18

Arnie, a psychology graduate student, sets up an experiment in which Jen and her baby enter a room set up as a playroom. In the room are some interesting toys as well as a stranger. After a few minutes Jen leaves the room and returns a few minutes later. Arnie then notes how the baby reacts to seeing his mother. This experiment is called:

A) the playroom experiment
B) the Strange Situation
C) maternal attachment study
D) situational analysis

Question 19

Upon being reunited with his mother in the Strange Situation study, baby Andre greets his mother with a smile and reaches his hands upward to be picked up. This indicates which type of attachment pattern?

A) securely attached
B) insecure/avoidant
C) insecure/resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 20

Upon being reunited with her mother in the Strange Situation study, baby Michelle greets her mother by turning away and returning to the toy she had been playing with while glancing at the stranger in the room. This indicates which type of attachment pattern?

A) securely attached
B) insecure/avoidant
C) insecure/resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 21

Upon being reunited with her mother in the Strange Situation study, baby Giselle greets her mother by seeking to be held and crying. When her mother tries to pick her up, Giselle struggles to be released and pushes her away. She continues to cry. This indicates which type of attachment pattern?

A) securely attached
B) insecure/avoidant
C) insecure/resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 22

Upon being reunited with his mother in the Strange Situation study, baby Robert looks at his mother and then at the stranger. He doesn't seem to know which person to turn to. This indicates which type of attachment pattern?

A) securely attached
B) insecure/avoidant
C) insecure/resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 23

Lisa is 14 months old. Whenever she is confronted by a stranger she begins to whimper and appear distressed. This is known as:

A) separation anxiety
B) social stress disorder
C) stranger anxiety
D) detachment stress

Question 24

Lionel's mother, Lianne, is a psychologist. Lianne must leave 8-month-old Lionel with a babysitter for the first time. Lianne is worried that Lionel will be distressed at this. Lianne's concern is based upon her knowledge of a behavior called:

A) separation anxiety
B) social stress disorder
C) stranger anxiety
D) detachment stress

Question 25

The impact of severe early deprivation is being studied. A longitudinal study of these children who were later adopted is looking at the effect of duration of deprivation on their later development. The subjects of this study came from which one of the following countries?

A) China
B) Russia
C) Romania
D) Belgium

Question 26

A disorder afflicting children who were severely deprived or who had experienced multiple primary caregivers can take two forms. One is characterized by emotional withdrawal and inhibition in which the child rarely looks for or reacts to comfort and doesn't show a preference for a particular caregiver. Another form is characterized by a child who looks for comfort indiscriminately-sometimes seeking out strangers for comfort. This disorder is called:

A) reactive attachment disorder
B) attachment displacement disorder
C) attention deficit disorder
D) indiscriminate attention disorder

Question 27

Reactive attachment disorder seems to be related most to:

A) living in an underdeveloped country
B) being adopted
C) being deprived of food and shelter
D) being deprived of social, cognitive, and emotional attention

Question 28

Reactive attachment disorder is characterized by behavior that:

A) is withdrawn and rarely looks to others for comfort
B) looks for affection from anyone
C) fails to show expected reserve with unfamiliar adults
D) any of these

Question 29

Sherise has noticed that her daughter Shawnelle is very attentive and taps to the beat when she hears music. Rather than scolding Shawnelle for banging on the pots and pans, Sherise decides to buy her a small drum, a tambourine, and a flute. She has also bought some CDs of different kinds of music to play for Shawnelle and tells her that when she is old enough she will take music lessons. Shawnelle is a happy although sometimes noisy child (especially when performing for her mother), but Sherise is proud of her and supports her. This relationship between mother and daughter can be described as one that shows:

A) goodness of fit
B) permissive parenting
C) dysfunctional tendencies
D) stress

Question 30

The result of a parent who acts in ways that are domineering and controlling with his or her child is likely to be:

A) a submissive child who is not likely to show assertiveness
B) a trusting or controlling child, depending on temperament
C) a detached child who usually does not show much emotion
D) an anxious or defiant child, depending upon temperament

Question 31

A theory developed by A. Jean Ayres that explores the relationships between brain and behavior states that ___________ "is a normal developmental process that allows one to take in, process and organize sensations one receives from one's body and the environment."

A) process integration
B) process perception
C) sensory integration
D) developmental integration

Question 32

Abigail is extremely sensitive to light and sound. When the blinds are lifted she cries out and runs from the room. The pediatrician suspects that Abigail is probably:

A) sensory defensive
B) normal
C) acting out
D) looking for attention

Question 33

The most likely reason Aika, a Japanese infant, cries more than Bethany, an American infant, when separated from their mothers is:

A) Bethany is more securely attached
B) Aika is more securely attached
C) Aika is more spoiled
D) due to cultural differences in parenting

Question 34

Research on autism indicates that:

A) fMRI scanning shows differences as early as 14 months of age
B) there is no evidence of genetic abnormalities in children with autism
C) early diagnosis is not possible
D) intervention is most effective after 3 years of age

Question 35

The relatively consistent, basic dispositions that underlie and modulate much of a person's behavior refer to:

A) personality
B) behaviorism
C) temperament
D) attachment

Question 36

George often cries and screams. He eats only one type of cereal and spits up new foods. When his mother tries to wash his face he twists his head. He does not have regular sleeping patterns and is often cranky. His behavior is typical of:

A) slow-to-warm-up babies
B) expressive babies
C) confident personalities
D) difficult babies

Question 37

Maya has a sunny disposition. She smiles easily and enjoys seeing new people. She eats almost anything that is fed to her. Maya's behavior is typical of:

A) slow-to-warm-up babies
B) difficult babies
C) easy babies
D) engaging personalities

Question 38

Stephanie acts cautiously in situations and with people that are unfamiliar. She often seems disinterested in her surroundings and in the care she is given, although she does not resist. In general she only smiles at her parents. Stephanie could be considered a:

A) slow-to-warm up baby
B) difficult baby
C) easy baby
D) cautious personality

Question 39

You are looking for a child-care book to purchase as a gift for friends who have become new parents. The bookstore clerk hands you a book that is "a classic" that was first published in 1946. The title of the book is Baby and Child Care. Who is the author of this book?

A) Dr. Benjamin Spock
B) Dr. William Kirk
C) Dr. Sigmund Freud
D) Dr. T. Berry Brazelton

Question 40

According to your text, psychoanalytic research:

A) has produced numerous empirical findings from research studies
B) makes use of the scientific method in order to draw conclusions
C) has consistently proven a direct link between early feeding experiences and later habits such as nail biting, thumb sucking, and stuttering
D) does not account for humans' resilience from traumatic events Refer to page 176 in the textbook.

Question 41

According to Erikson, the first social achievement of babies is:

A) overcoming fixations within the oral stage of their development
B) letting mother move out of sight without undue anxiety or rage
C) trusting in the presence of strangers without any stranger anxiety
D) completing the development of the concept of object permanence

Question 42

Tiny Town Day Care uses reinforcement schedules, a time-out chair, gold stars on a chart for good behavior, and rewards such as playing with favored toys. The staff believes that reinforcing these self-regulatory behaviors will help the children gain positive feelings and self-confidence. This philosophy is most closely related to the:

A) behavioral view
B) cognitive view
C) psychosocial view
D) ecological view

Question 43

Which theoretical perspective downplays the importance of innate emotions and subconscious feelings in favor of the outward display of observable emotions that are apparent in behaviors?

A) psychoanalytic
B) psychosocial
C) behaviorist
D) cognitive

Question 44

Building on the work of Piaget, child psychologists who focus on how children reason and solve problems are following which view of development?

A) psychoanalytic
B) ecological
C) behaviorist
D) cognitive

Question 45

The view that a variety of environmental influences, ranging from the child's family, school, and community experiences to political and economic forces, contribute to the emotional and social development of children is the:

A) psychosocial view
B) cognitive view
C) ecological view
D) behavioral view

Question 46

The ecological theory of development is mainly attributed to:

A) Urie Bronfenbrenner
B) Charles Darwin
C) John Watson
D) Carol Gilligan

Question 47

The _______________ view focuses on how genetics and the environment interact.

A) biological
B) genetical
C) ecological
D) learning

Question 48

In a 2007 poll, both women and men agreed that the person most desirable to spend significant time with young children is their:

A) grandmother
B) father
C) mother
D) nanny

Question 49

According to your text, researchers are increasingly concluding that:

A) Mothers are better than fathers at caring for, nurturing, and bonding with their children.
B) Fathers are better than mothers at caring for, nurturing, and bonding with their children.
C) Fathers are as good as mothers at caring for, nurturing, and bonding with their children.
D) Nurturing and bonding with one's children are not as important as was once believed.

Question 50

As of 2009, what percent of children lived with single-parent fathers?

A) 3 percent
B) 13 percent
C) 23 percent
D) 33 percent

Question 51

An arrangement in which a relative or someone else emotionally close to the child takes primary responsibility for rearing a child is called:

A) kinship care
B) relational responsibility
C) kid care
D) relational childrearing

Question 52

The Smith family consists of Murray Smith, the father; June Barton-Smith, the mother; and Billy, Marty, and Connie, the children. This is an example of a(n) ________ family.

A) abnormal
B) nuclear
C) extended
D) kinship

Question 53

Constanza is a working single mother of two children. She has put together a child-care arrangement in which her mother and her best friend, who is the children's godmother, take turns providing child care when Constanza is working. This can be considered an example of:

A) nuclear family
B) multiple mothering
C) absentee parenting
D) irresponsible behavior

Question 54

Which statement supports an argument for increased child day-care services?

A) Fewer American families are living with extended families today.
B) There are more families today with both parents in the workforce.
C) There are more single-family households having child-care needs.
D) All of these statements support arguments for increased child care.

Question 55

The absence of adequate social, emotional, and physical care is the definition of:

A) child abuse
B) social deprivation
C) neglect
D) torture

Question 56

Nonaccidental physical attack or injury to children by individuals who are caring for them is the definition of:

A) accidental abuse
B) child abuse
C) neglect
D) irresponsible care

Question 57

According to your text, children who have been abused or neglected are at an increased risk for:

A) delinquency
B) adult criminal behavior
C) violent criminal behavior
D) all of these

Question 58

If a child is reared in a violent home, there is a higher likelihood that person will grow up to be violent also. This supports the view of:

A) intergenerational cycle of violence
B) social learning theory
C) biological or genetic researchers
D) all of these

Question 59

Jorja and her boyfriend Marcus are having an ongoing debate about the importance of emotions. Marcus argues that emotions are not very important but Jorja believes they are. Based on what she learned in her textbook, how could she make the argument for the importance of emotions?

Question 60

Describe the research findings on temperament and infants.

Question 61

Explain what is meant by stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.

Question 62

Discuss the division of labor as it relates to child care in the United States.

Question 63

Explain the difference between child neglect and child abuse and discuss possible reasons for the occurrence of abuse and neglect.