Deck 4: Birth and Physical Development: The First Two Years Birth

Question 1

According to the 2002 statistics cited in your textbook, the percentage of U.S. adults who will become parents by age 35 is:

A) 50 percent
B) 60 percent
C) just under 70 percent
D) over 80 percent

Answer 1

over 80 percent

Question 2

Compared to mothers twenty years ago, mothers are now:

A) older and more well-educated
B) younger
C) less-educated
D) about the same in terms of age and education

Answer 2

older and more well-educated

Question 3

All of the following are true of the psychoprophylactic method EXCEPT:

A) it teaches women to prepare for an extremely painful birthing experience
B) it evolved from Pavlov's theories of the conditioned reflex
C) it tried to counter the societal beliefs that made women tense and fearful of giving birth
D) it trained women to relax, breathe correctly, and understand the female anatomy

Answer 3

it teaches women to prepare for an extremely painful birthing experience

Question 4

In preparation for the birth of their child, Julie and Dave are taking a class that teaches Julie a method of precise, controlled breathing. Dave is her coach and gives Julie verbal cues for panting, pushing, and blowing. They are learning:

A) the La Leche method
B) the LeBoyer method
C) the Lamaze method
D) natural breathing

Question 5

Some of the advantages of natural childbirth for most women include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) it relieves much of the mother's anxiety and fear
B) little or no medication is given during the labor
C) it allows the father to be included in the process
D) it eliminates the need to take childbirth classes

Question 6

Beatrice would like to be alert and relaxed during the delivery of her baby. She asks her doctor for a doula. What is Beatrice asking for?

A) a drug that dilates her muscles yet keeps her awake and aware
B) a specially designed saline bath for giving birth
C) a companion to nurture and care for Beatrice
D) a specially designed birthing chair

Question 7

Certified midwives have:

A) taken a 20-hour training course
B) 2 years of practical work experience
C) a nursing degree and certification
D) the delivering mother's permission

Question 8

Birthing rooms are characterized as being:

A) as sterile as an operating room
B) similar to a conventional hospital delivery room
C) devoid of distractions such as televisions
D) home-like with comfortable surroundings

Question 9

Rooming in is the practice of

A) allowing extended family to sleep with the mother in her room
B) allowing the newborn to sleep in a bassinet beside the mother's bed
C) having the baby share a room with other newborns
D) allowing mother and baby to get acquainted through short visits in her room

Question 10

Birthing centers:

A) are primary care facilities for high-risk deliveries
B) contain the latest high-tech equipment
C) are primary care facilities for low-risk deliveries
D) are outlawed in the United States

Question 11

A few weeks before birth the uterus sinks downward and forward. These changes are termed:

A) lightening
B) quickening
C) tipping
D) Braxton-Hicks contractions

Question 12

Lisa is experiencing mild contractions although she is not due to deliver for another 2 weeks. Concerned, she asks her doctor what is happening. Her doctor explains that these "tuning up" contractions are normal. They are called:

A) lightening
B) quickening
C) Braxton-Hicks contractions
D) preparation contractions

Question 13

When the strong muscle fibers of the uterus contract rhythmically, pushing the infant downward toward the birth canal, this is called:

A) lightening
B) quickening
C) Braxton-Hicks contractions
D) labor

Question 14

The amniotic sac's primary function is to:

A) cushion the fetus against shock
B) provide the fetus with nutrition
C) remove waste from the fetus
D) provide a source of oxygen for the fetus

Question 15

The process that begins when the infant's head passes through the cervix and ends when the baby has come through the birth canal is called:

A) crowning
B) afterbirth
C) delivery
D) labor

Question 16

When the widest part of the baby's head is at the outer entrance to the vagina it is called:

A) crowning
B) expulsion
C) quickening
D) delivery

Question 17

An episiotomy is:

A) an anesthetic given early during labor
B) an incision between vagina and rectum
C) an incision made in the lower abdomen
D) the cutting of the clamped umbilical cord

Question 18

Neonate is another name for:

A) a premature infant
B) a doctor specializing in birth complications
C) an early labor
D) a newborn infant

Question 19

Regina has just given birth. Her contractions have resumed and the placenta and the rest of the umbilical cord are now being expelled. This process is known as:

A) expelling the afterbirth
B) the resting stage
C) recurrent contractions
D) intermediate stage of delivery

Question 20

The obstetrician who called for a more gentle entry into the world via lowered sound and light levels in the delivery room and soothing the infant with massage and a warm bath is:

A) LaLeche
B) Leboyer
C) Lamaze
D) Lester

Question 21

Average newborns will have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A) They will be covered with vernix.
B) They will be 10 to 12 inches long.
C) They will weigh 5 ½ to 9 ½ pounds.
D) Their heads will often be misshapen.

Question 22

The thick, white, waxy substance that covers an infant at birth is called:

A) lanugo
B) afterbirth
C) placenta
D) vernix

Question 23

When the skull "bones" become temporarily distorted to accommodate passage through the birth canal, it is called:

A) pinching
B) crowning
C) molding
D) melding

Question 24

The assessment of infants at 1 minute and then again at 5 minutes after birth on the basis of heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and body color is called:

A) Apgar scoring system
B) Brazelton neonatal scale
C) neonatal assessment
D) infant response test

Question 25

Cynthia's baby scored a 4 on the Apgar scale. This indicates:

A) a genetic defect is present in Cynthia's newborn infant
B) no need for concern as this is a very common score
C) an above average score on this assessment measure
D) a need for prompt diagnosis and medical intervention

Question 26

The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), which is typically used from several hours to a week after birth, is attributed to:

A) Virginia Apgar
B) Frederick Leboyer
C) Benjamin Spock
D) T. Berry Brazelton

Question 27

David and Marcia have just adopted a 6-year-old child. They expressed their concern about bonding with their new child to a psychologist. The psychologist responds that recent research indicates that:

A) children can only bond with their biological parents
B) bodily contact immediately after birth is the only way to create parental bonding
C) adoptive parents rarely form bonds with their children
D) adoptive parents can have just as strong bonds as natural parents

Question 28

Parent-infant bonding:

A) must occur immediately in order to take place at all
B) is not possible for women who have undergone caesarean deliveries
C) is a process of interaction that takes place over time
D) does not vary in kind across cultures

Question 29

Couvade syndrome is:

A) when expectant fathers experience pregnancy symptoms
B) a lack of emotion in a father regarding the birth of a child
C) when a sibling feels ignored because of the birth of a child
D) the phenomenon of a mother's rejection of a fussy newborn

Question 30

According to research, the father's involvement in parenting:

A) is not as important as the mother's involvement
B) is equally as important as the mother's involvement
C) does not begin until the child reaches middle childhood
D) is identical to the way mothers parent their children

Question 31

In general, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

A) Fathers engage in more rough-and-tumble play with their sons.
B) Mothers tend to be more verbal with their children.
C) Fathers help boys develop control over their aggression.
D) Fathers don't provide positive role models for their daughters.

Question 32

When the umbilical cord becomes squeezed or wrapped around the baby's neck during delivery, causing oxygen deprivation, it is called:

A) anoxia
B) hypoxia
C) oxidation
D) respiration

Question 33

Specialists who manage complicated high-risk pregnancies, birth, and post-birth experiences are:

A) gerontologists and gynecologists
B) perinatologists and neonatologists
C) nicutologists and obstetricians
D) bariologists and gynecologists

Question 34

Cherise is a diabetic with high blood pressure and is expecting a child. Her doctor advises that the baby should be delivered surgically by making an incision in the abdomen to enter the uterus in order to remove the baby. This procedure is known as:

A) episiotomy
B) preeclampsia
C) cesarean section
D) breech birth

Question 35

A preterm infant is usually defined as:

A) having a gestational age of less than 37 weeks
B) having a gestational age of less than 32 weeks
C) having a gestational age of less than 27 weeks
D) having a gestational age of less than 39 weeks

Question 36

A postmature infant is usually defined as:

A) weighing more than 10 pounds at birth
B) having a diagnosis of gestational diabetes at birth
C) born more than 2 weeks after the usual 40 weeks of gestation
D) being smaller than expected for the infant's actual gestational age

Question 37

All of the following are true about drug-exposed babies EXCEPT:

A) they are likely to be born preterm
B) they are likely to have low birth weight
C) they have smaller than normal heads
D) they are likely to be postmature

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true?

A) A baby cannot contract HIV from breast milk.
B) Not every baby born to an HIV-positive mother will test positive for the virus immediately.
C) A baby cannot contract HIV during labor.
D) A baby can contract HIV during delivery.

Question 39

Which statement about alcohol is NOT true?

A) Alcohol remains in the amniotic fluid longer than it does in the mother's system.
B) Drinking two drinks during early pregnancy will have no effect on the baby.
C) Binge drinking can kill the baby's developing brain cells.
D) Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to a range of harmful effects.

Question 40

Which is true regarding infant mortality rates?

A) They are higher for women with less education.
B) They are higher for females.
C) They are not correlated with multiple births.
D) They are not affected by whether or not the woman smokes during pregnancy.

Question 41

Postpartum major depression:

A) occurs in about 50 percent of new mothers
B) does not have a biochemical basis
C) occurs in about 1 percent of new mothers
D) occurs in about 10 percent of new mothers

Question 42

According to the text, infancy is defined as:

A) the first year of life
B) the first two years of life
C) the first three years of life
D) the first six months of life

Question 43

The process whereby a kind of biological feedback system occurs across two organisms, in which the movement of one influences the other, is called:

A) a feedback loop
B) imprinting
C) entrainment
D) sustainment

Question 44

When an infant does not take nourishment and becomes severely underweight, it is called:

A) anorexia
B) failure to thrive
C) entrainment
D) failure of reflexes

Question 45

The continuum of alertness ranging from regular sleep to vigorous activity in a newborn is known as:

A) states
B) sleep cycle
C) sleep continuum
D) reflex

Question 46

A relatively simple, involuntary, unlearned response to a stimulus is called a:

A) rebound
B) tic
C) state
D) reflex

Question 47

All of the following are true of reflexes EXCEPT:

A) They are poor indicators of neurological development in infants.
B) Human beings are born with at least 27 reflexes.
C) Some reflexes last throughout life.
D) Some reflexes disappear over the first weeks of life and reappear later.

Question 48

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

A) is one of the leading causes of postneonatal death in the U.S.
B) does not occur after 4 months of age
C) gives clear warning signals before it occurs
D) has no preventative measures that can be taken against it

Question 49

Some indications of shaken baby syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) glassy eyes
B) bruises
C) vomiting
D) hyperactivity

Question 50

At a conference on women's health you learn that all of the following are myths EXCEPT:

A) breast-feeding makes it more difficult for the mother to lose the weight gain from pregnancy
B) breast-feeding does not provide enough nutrition for the baby
C) breast milk can causes allergies in the baby
D) drinking coffee while breast-feeding can stimulate the baby too

Question 51

Standards used for evaluating a child's developmental progress relative to the average for the child's age group are called:

A) norms
B) benchmarks
C) milestones
D) states

Question 52

The process of development that proceeds from head to feet is called the:

A) proximodistal principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) growth principle
D) developmental principle

Question 53

The process of development that proceeds outward from the central axis of the body toward the extremities is called the:

A) proximodistal principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) growth principle
D) developmental principle

Question 54

Five-month-old Rahima does not yet crawl, but she kicks and moves her arms in bursts of rapid, repeated movements. These behaviors:

A) are not normal for a 5-month-old baby
B) can often become harmful to the infant
C) are rhythmic behaviors and are normal
D) indicate that her development is slow

Question 55

Ramon is making his way across the floor on his abdomen. He twists his body and pulls and tugs with his arms. This is called:

A) hitching
B) crawling
C) creeping
D) propulsion

Question 56

Cathy slides backwards along the floor by digging in with her heels and pushing herself. This is called:

A) hitching
B) crawling
C) creeping
D) propulsion

Question 57

Julia makes her way across the floor on hands and knees, her torso parallel to the floor. This is called:

A) hitching
B) crawling
C) creeping
D) propulsion

Question 58

Most infants in the United States begin walking at around what age?

A) 6 to 8 months
B) 11 to 15 months
C) 2 years
D) 2 ½ years

Question 59

At what age can a child successfully use items such as eating utensils, toothbrushes, and writing implements?

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months

Question 60

The reception of information by the sense organs is called:

A) perception
B) reception
C) apperception
D) sensation

Question 61

The interpretation or meaning assigned to sensation is called:

A) perception
B) reception
C) apperception
D) sensation

Question 62

Abigail is a newborn. Her mother is concerned because she does not seem to look directly at her face but focuses on her hair instead. This indicates:

A) abnormal visual development
B) a lack of face recognition
C) not enough background lighting
D) normal visual development

Question 63

What characterizes infant vision at birth?

A) They are blind for 3 days and gradually gain sight.
B) They can see fine details but not contrast.
C) They tend to be nearsighted.
D) They are generally farsighted.

Question 64

Visual cliff experiments indicate that:

A) infants 6-14 months of age do not have visual perceptual capabilities
B) infants are more dependent on visual evidence than their sense of touch
C) until infants learn to walk, they cannot display depth perception
D) infants that creep do not notice a visual cliff if their mother urges them on

Question 65

Which statement is true about hearing?

A) A fetus cannot hear from inside the womb.
B) At birth the neonate's hearing is not well developed, and its development progresses over several hours or days after delivery.
C) It is better to detect hearing problems later when the baby is older and can benefit more from intervention.
D) A newborn's ears may be clogged with vernix and amniotic fluid, temporarily impairing hearing.

Question 66

Gustation and olfaction:

A) are not present at birth
B) develop by the 6^th month
C) are both present at birth
D) become less important as the child grows

Question 67

Research on newborns indicates that they seem to have a preference for liquids that taste:

A) salty
B) sweet
C) sour
D) bitter

Question 68

The cutaneous senses include:

A) heat and cold
B) pressure
C) pain
D) all of these

Question 69

Brandie and Nash are expecting their second child. They wish this birth to be different from that of their first child, Natalie. They are investigating alternatives to the traditional hospital delivery. What might their investigation uncover as an alternative that allows for a more family-friendly experience?

Question 70

Your cousin, Deena, has just given birth and is concerned about SIDS. What can you tell her about it?

Question 71

A close friend is expecting a baby and is trying to decide whether or not to breast-feed the baby. You would like to help her make a decision about it, so you've done some research. What can you tell your friend about the pros and cons of breast-feeding?

Question 72

Explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles and how they relate to development.