Deck 18: Late Adulthood: Emotional and Social Development

Question 1

Which of the following is a reason for holding negative views about old age?

A) Old age has always been considered the last stage of existence before death.
B) Old age is undefined.
C) The elderly population is growing and is diverse.
D) All of these are possible reasons.

Answer 1

All of these are possible reasons.

Question 2

Research cited in your textbook refutes the stereotype that adults in old age are unhappy and states that:

A) Future-oriented planning enhances life satisfaction and the perception of control.
B) Being on a regimen of prescription medication can help older adults feel happier.
C) Engaging in a regular program of physical exercise can help the elderly feel happier.
D) Engaging in some kind of regular volunteer work can help older adults feel happier.

Answer 2

Future-oriented planning enhances life satisfaction and the perception of control.

Question 3

According to the research study cited in your textbook regarding positive and negative affect and personality traits of the elderly:

A) respondents were generally observed to be quick to respond to the interview questions.
B) there was a clear and significant correlation between positive and negative affect.
C) respondents appeared to be very one-dimensional emotionally in their responses.
D) those scoring high on positive affect did not necessarily score low on negative affect.

Answer 3

those scoring high on positive affect did not necessarily score low on negative affect.

Question 4

The developmental conflict inherent in Erik Erikson's eighth stage of development is:

A) integrity vs. despair
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) generativity vs. stagnation
D) initiative vs. guilt

Question 5

Dana is 93 years old, and although she cannot get around as well as she used to, she feels a sense of contentment for having lived an active, full, and complete life. According to Erikson's developmental theory, Dana is feeling a sense of:

A) diffusion
B) integrity
C) assimilation
D) initiative

Question 6

An update of Erikson's The Life Cycle Completed:

A) removed one of the stages of development
B) renamed the stages
C) added a ninth stage
D) none of these

Question 7

Many hospice care centers help their clients to look back on their lives, reminisce and share family history from one generation to another. The client gains feelings of self-worth, continuity in personality, and happiness about preserving family history. Individuals also discover interesting life experiences and memories about each other. This process affirms the importance of life experiences and achievements and, for some, gives new meaning to life. This process is called:

A) reminiscence
B) life sharing
C) life review
D) life closure

Question 8

Although she has retired from her job, Daisy feels a sense of satisfaction in her other roles as grandmother, literacy volunteer, club member, and musician. According to Robert Peck, she has attained:

A) ego delineation
B) ego differentiation
C) ego discrimination
D) ego demarcation

Question 9

Randolph had been a professional athlete all of his life but has developed severe symptoms of Lou Gehrig's disease as an older adult. This has been a terrible blow to him and he is absorbed with his loss of physical function. According to Peck, he is in a state of:

A) body transcendence
B) body awareness
C) body preoccupation
D) body anxiety

Question 10

The Wellingtons are an elderly couple who have decided to donate their fortune to create a scholarship so their legacy will live on after they have passed away. According to Peck, this is an example of:

A) ego transcendence
B) ego preoccupation
C) ego obsession
D) ego integration

Question 11

Jack is 72 but refuses to grow old. He believes it is important to stay young by keeping fit and active. According to the trait theory of aging, Jack is a __________ type of integrated individual.

A) disengaged
B) focused
C) reorganizer
D) reordered

Question 12

Even at the age of 71, Janine is achievement-oriented, ambitious, and strives for success. She also has a need for tight control over events and is highly defensive against anxiety. According to the trait theory of aging, which type of personality is she?

A) integrated
B) armored-defended
C) passive-dependent
D) unintegrated

Question 13

Ken is 73 but refuses to retire from his job. He doesn't want to slow down, claiming, "I'll work until I drop dead." According to the trait theory of aging, Ken is a ___________ type of armored-defended individual.

A) disengaged
B) focused
C) holder-on
D) reordered

Question 14

Ronald is described as a "rocking chair" old-timer who has disengaged from life. According to the trait theory of aging, Ronald is a(n) ___________ type of passive-dependent individual:

A) apathetic
B) focused
C) holder-on
D) reordered

Question 15

Which of the following personality types exhibits gross deficits in psychological functions, an overall deterioration in their thought processes, and low life satisfaction and activity levels?

A) integrated
B) armored-defended
C) passive-dependent
D) unintegrated

Question 16

According to the _____________ theory of aging, aging is a progressive process of physical, psychological, and social withdrawal from the wider world.

A) disengagement
B) role exit
C) activity
D) social exchange

Question 17

The _____________ theory of aging states that most healthy older persons maintain fairly stable levels of activity as long as possible and then find substitutes when they must give them up.

A) disengagement
B) role exit
C) activity
D) social exchange

Question 18

The _______________ theory of aging states that the elderly become increasingly vulnerable as their social relationship bargaining power is diminished.

A) disengagement
B) role exit
C) activity
D) social exchange

Question 19

The _____________ theory of aging states that the status of the aged tends to be high in traditional societies and lower in urbanized, industrialized societies.

A) social exchange
B) activity
C) modernization
D) role exit

Question 20

The Baltes' life span model asserts that older people cope with aging through a strategy that involves focusing on the skills most needed, practicing those skills, and developing ways to compensate for other skills. This is called:

A) selective optimization with compensation
B) selective skills strategy
C) developmental skills optimization
D) compensatory skill strategy

Question 21

Some research indicates that certain aspects of personality improve during a period called ____________ by the Balteses.

A) Optimum Stage
B) Third Age
C) Tertiary Stage
D) Compensation Stage

Question 22

During the _____________, people in their late 80s and older require more cultural, technical, and behavioral resources to attain and maintain high levels of functioning due to biological deficits.

A) Dependent Stage
B) Final Stage
C) Third Age
D) Fourth Age

Question 23

According to the research by Schultz and Heckhausen cited in your textbook, _____________ targets the external world and attempts to achieve the effects in the immediate environment external to the individual, whereas _____________ targets the self and attempts to achieve changes directly within the individual."

A) primary control; secondary control
B) secondary control; primary control
C) external control; internal control
D) environmental control; self control

Question 24

Marcus is 68 years old and is no longer able to play tennis. In order to remain active he has taken up golf, which doesn't require as much physical exertion. This is an example of:

A) compensation
B) generalizability
C) domain choice
D) discernment

Question 25

Langer and Rodin conducted an experiment with elderly nursing home residents on the effect of personal choice and feelings of control. They found that the residents' feelings of personal choice and control:

A) made no real differences in the residents' lives
B) affected residents' health and mortality rates
C) were not objectively measurable
D) none of these

Question 26

Which of the following statements is not true concerning marriage?

A) Both marital satisfaction and adjustment begin to decline rather early in a marriage.
B) Some investigators find that there is a continual decline in marital satisfaction.
C) Research indicates consistent findings on speed and intensity of marital decline.
D) Many researchers have reported a U-shaped curve regarding marital satisfaction-declining in the early years, leveling off during the middle years, and increasing in the later years.

Question 27

About what percent of elderly men live with their spouses?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 65
D) 75

Question 28

About what percent of elderly women live with their spouses?

A) less than 40
B) less than 50
C) less than 60
D) less than 70

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true regarding elderly women?

A) They are at a much higher risk of living in poverty.
B) Most are not able to afford adequate health-care services.
C) They are at a higher risk for elder abuse.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 30

An international study on marriage cited in your textbook found that being married is associated with:

A) lower levels of personal well-being
B) higher levels of financial support
C) higher levels of physical illness
D) lower levels of social integration

Question 31

Which of the following is true regarding older gay men and lesbians?

A) They report being well adjusted.
B) They have fewer social networks.
C) They are less likely to live alone.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 32

Ryan, an 88-year-old, is no longer able to take care of himself. Which situation would he most likely wish to have?

A) to live in a nursing home
B) to live with his children
C) to live near his children
D) none of these

Question 33

Which of the following statements is not true regarding grandparents?

A) They are healthier now than previous generations of grandparents.
B) There are more grandfathers than there are grandmothers.
C) 25 percent of grandparents will be stepgrandparents.
D) On average, grandparents have five to six grandchildren.

Question 34

Which of the following characterizes the relationship most grandparents in contemporary society have with their grandchildren?

A) companionate; good pals
B) less inclined to discipline
C) close but not constant association
D) all of these

Question 35

Sibling relationships in old age are important because:

A) They provide elderly adults with a sense of continuity in family history.
B) They are usually the longest-lasting relationships people normally have.
C) They provide companionship and a support network for elderly adults.
D) All of these are reasons sibling relationships are important in old age.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true regarding companionship and the elderly?

A) Offspring are more important than friends.
B) Frequency of contact is more important than quality of contact.
C) Physical impairment can lead to social isolation.
D) People residing in nursing homes rarely report feeling lonely.

Question 37

Today a person can expect to spend about how many years in retirement?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 38

In 1986 Congress passed legislation:

A) largely abolishing mandatory retirement before 62
B) largely abolishing mandatory retirement before 65
C) largely abolishing mandatory retirement before 70
D) largely abolishing mandatory retirement at any age

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true regarding retirement?

A) Most people would retire at the same age if they had to do it again.
B) Voluntary retirees tend to have more positive attitudes and higher satisfaction than forced retirees.
C) More retirees are returning to college.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 40

Of those who are 65 years old and older, approximately how many of them live alone?

A) over one tenth
B) over one fifth
C) nearly one third
D) nearly one half

Question 41

Long-term care support to adults who live in the community that provides transportation, health, social, and support services in a protective setting during any part of the day is called:

A) adult day care
B) total care
C) elder care
D) protective services

Question 42

What was the approximate population of nursing home residents in the United States as of 2004?

A) 2.7 million
B) 1.5 million
C) 2.5 million
D) 1.7 million

Question 43

Many elders continue active lives with other senior citizens by choosing to live:

A) in retirement communities
B) in adult day cares
C) in nursing homes
D) with grandchildren

Question 44

Adult group homes provide all of the following EXCEPT:

A) meals for the elder
B) housekeeping for the elder
C) recreational options to choose from
D) structured days so the elder does not have to make any decisions

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true regarding elder abuse?

A) It is not yet internationally recognized as a problem.
B) There is now a uniform reporting system for elder abuse.
C) Abuse by adult children is the most common form of elder abuse.
D) A person with disability or dementia is at more risk of abuse.

Question 46

Elder abuse usually:

A) is perpetrated by a younger male
B) is abuse by adult children
C) includes exploitation
D) is perpetrated against a spouse with dementia

Question 47

In Denton v. American Family Care Corp. it was determined that families of elderly persons who are abused by a caretaker:

A) are responsible for the damages
B) may recover damages from the caretakers even after the elder's death
C) are entitled to free care for the elder
D) cannot expect compensation if they didn't visit the elder

Question 48

Roberta is a caregiver for an elderly adult with cognitive and functional impairments. She:

A) should institutionalize the elder
B) is fine if she is loving and dedicated
C) is at high risk for caregiver burnout
D) should feel guilty if she feels frustrated

Question 49

Discuss Erikson's eighth stage of development in the life span.

Question 50

What is a life review, why is it important, and what can a person do to facilitate it?

Question 51

How does Robert Peck characterize personality development in late adulthood?

Question 52

What impact does a sense of control have on the lives of the elderly? Cite research or an experiment as an example.