Deck 11: Building Better Babies: Childcare and Early Intervention

Question 1

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Abecedarian Project

Answer 1

An intervention in which approximately 100 low-income, primarily African American children participated in a full-time high-quality early childhood program from the age of 6 weeks until 3 years.

Question 2

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 2

The federal civil rights act protecting individuals with disabilities.

Question 3

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS)

Answer 3

A federally funded investigation begun in 1986 to document the effects of early and extensive childhood intervention in an urban low-income, primarily African American sample of children and families.

Question 4

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Early Head Start (EHS)

Question 5

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Early intervention (EI)

Question 6

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Early Intervention Services (EIS)

Question 7

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Family child care home

Question 8

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Family leave

Question 9

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

Question 10

What is the definition of the following terms?
-High/Scope Perry Preschool Project

Question 11

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

Question 12

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Question 13

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Infant Health and Development Project

Question 14

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Maternity leave

Question 15

What is the definition of the following terms?
-NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD)

Question 16

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Parental leave

Question 17

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Paternity leave

Question 18

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

Question 19

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Pre-kindergarten (PK) Programs

Question 20

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Project CARE

Question 21

_____ are job-protected leaves that are open to mothers or fathers and are typically available as a supplement to maternity and paternity leaves.

A) Maternity leaves
B) Paternity leaves
C) Parental leaves
D) Caregiving leaves

Question 22

All of the following statements about pregnancy, parenthood, and employment in the United States are correct except

A) before 1978, it was legal to fire women who were pregnant
B) the most uniform employment-related leave policy is the Family and Medical Leave Act
C) nearly 60 percent of all women with children younger than age three participate in the paid labor force
D) paid leave has recently been expanded to cover both mothers and fathers for a period of up to one year

Question 23

Which group has experienced the greatest increase in labor force participation since the 1970s?

A) women without children
B) adolescent mothers
C) mothers of infants
D) fathers of infants

Question 24

All of the following are considered reliable indicators of childcare quality except

A) the caregiver-to-child ratio
B) the education of the caregivers
C) stimulating and nurturing interactions between children and caregivers
D) cost

Question 25

The greatest proportion of nonparental care for children younger than age two is provided by

A) fathers
B) grandparents
C) nonrelatives
D) neighbors

Question 26

Children under the age of three who have disabilities

A) usually cannot be included in childcare centers and private preschools
B) are protected by the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Part C
C) often enter childcare at an earlier age than children without disabilities
D) are not covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act because they are not enrolled in public school

Question 27

The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development has found all of the following except

A) childcare jeopardizes the infant-parent attachment relationship only when the care is not optimal and the mother is not sensitive in her interactions with her infant
B) infants in high-quality childcare tend to have fewer behavior problems at two and three years of age than infants in poor quality childcare
C) infants and toddlers in high-quality childcare tend to have more advanced language development than infants and toddlers in poor quality childcare
D) even when childcare is high quality, it has few positive effects on the cognitive development of low-income infants and toddlers

Question 28

Studies of childcare quality have found all of the following except

A) the majority of infant and toddler childcare is of high quality
B) the majority of caregivers in childcare homes have low levels of formal education and experience in childcare
C) quality is influenced by process variables as well as structural variables
D) parents looking for high-quality childcare can use NAEYC accreditation as a guide during their search

Question 29

According to widely used criteria for childcare quality, which of the following caregiver-to-child ratios would be best for infants under 12 months?

A) 1:4
B) 1:6
C) 1:8
D) 1:10

Question 30

All of the following descriptions of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development are accurate except

A) the majority of infants in the sample entered nonparental childcare before the age of 4 months
B) mothers with the highest incomes returned to work later than other mothers in the sample
C) children older than age two years were more likely to be cared for in childcare centers than were children younger than two
D) researchers gathered information about children's social, emotional, cognitive, and language development, as well as behavior problems and physical health and development

Question 31

All of the following statements about parents' choice of childcare arrangements for infants and toddlers are accurate except

A) mothers who work evening or nighttime shifts are more likely than mothers who work daytime hours to use care by family members
B) mothers with higher incomes are more likely than other mothers to be successful in achieving a match between their preferred and actual childcare arrangements
C) the cost of nonparental care for infants tends to be lower than the cost nonparental care for children over the age of two
D) low-income families tend to spend a higher percentage of their income on childcare expenses than higher income families spend

Question 32

Miranda, a California mother of newborn twins, recently learned that her state is unique in a way that is of particular interest to her family as they adjust to caring for two tiny babies. The information that Miranda was glad to learn about was most likely

A) a 1978 law that makes it illegal for her employer to discriminate against her or fire her for giving birth
B) her state legislature's decision not to ratify the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act
C) a 2004 law that allows all workers in the state to take a partially paid family leave for up to 6 weeks
D) news that the parental leave policy in her state is comparable to paid leave policies available to new parents in most Scandinavian countries

Question 33

Heather, who has just become a mother for the first time, has a high paying job. Based on the findings of studies of mothers and employment, she probably

A) will decide not to return to work
B) will return to work later than women who earn less than she does
C) will celebrate her 25^th birthday soon
D) worked during her pregnancy, very likely during the month before she gave birth

Question 34

Which new mother is least likely to take a paid maternity leave?

A) Celeste, a college graduate whose baby was born in 1990
B) Carmen, whose baby was born in 1986
C) Jody, a high school drop-out whose baby was born in 1990
D) Angela, an attorney whose baby was born in 1994

Question 35

Betty, who became a mother in 1961, did not return to work after her daughter Lisa was born. Which of the following is most likely to be true about Lisa, who became a mother in 1990?

A) she did not return to work at all after her son was born
B) she returned to work only after her second child was born in 1994
C) she returned to work within three weeks, but her husband left his job to care for their child full time
D) she returned to work when their first child was one year old

Question 36

The strongest conclusions about the effects of early intervention can be made

A) when children's parents choose the intervention with which they feel most comfortable
B) when interventions are carried out in the children's homes
C) when random assignment is used to place children in intervention and control groups
D) when interventions focus on cognitive outcomes rather than health outcomes and physical development

Question 37

All of the following are well-known early interventions except

A) the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project
B) the Abecedarian Project
C) Early Head Start
D) Project GReTL (Get Ready to Learn)

Question 38

The primary investigators in the Abecedarian Project identified six principles that underlie most successful interventions in early childhood. These principles include all of the following except

A) developmental timing - interventions that begin earlier and last longer tend to have larger effects than interventions that are briefer and begin later
B) focus -- superior results are achieved when intervention efforts are focused on parents rather than directly on children
C) individual differences - some children and families benefit more than others from the very same intervention
D) program intensity - interventions that include more hours of contact are most effective

Question 39

According to a recent Federal Reserve Bank analysis of the economics of the Perry Preschool Project,

A) public funding of early interventions is not a good investment
B) the return on the public investment in early interventions cannot be calculated
C) the return on public investment in early interventions is only slightly better than other public expenditures, such as roads and sports stadiums
D) public funding of early interventions saves money in the long run by reducing the need for special education services and welfare support

Question 40

Which demographic group in the United States has the highest rate of poverty?

A) young children living in married-parent families
B) preschool-age children living with an unmarried female adult
C) children under the age of 6 years
D) children between 6 and 16 years

Question 41

Compared with children in higher income families, children living in poverty

A) are more likely to attend lower quality child care programs
B) have equal access to computers and books
C) are exposed to less family instability
D) have more opportunities to benefit from parent education programs

Question 42

All of the following statements about Early Head Start are accurate except

A) conclusions about its effectiveness are limited because a random-assignment design was not used
B) Early Head Start services may be delivered in center-based or home-based settings or a combination of these settings
C) Early Head Start services include early childhood education, parenting education, health and mental health care, nutrition education, and family support
D) children in Early Head Start are more likely than children in the comparison group to receive high quality nonparental child care

Question 43

Literature reviews of early childhood intervention and education programs have reached all of the following conclusions except

A) there are often few lasting effects in any domain of development
B) programs that do not continue as children make the transition to school have limited long-term effects
C) positive effects tend to be especially pronounced for lower income children whose parents have lower levels of education
D) have few direct and lasting effects on measures of IQ

Question 44

Which early intervention was carried out in the 1960s, lasted approximately one-half year, and focused on African American children in Michigan?

A) the Infant Health and Development Project
B) the Abecedarian Project
C) the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project
D) Project CARE

Question 45

Which early intervention found positive results that lasted until program participants were 21 years old?

A) the Infant Health and Development Project
B) the Abecedarian Project
C) the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project
D) Early Head Start

Question 46

Gloria's preterm baby, a participant in the Infant Health and Development Project, was randomly selected to be in the intervention group. Based on the findings from this longitudinal study, it is likely that Gloria's child

A) had higher intelligence test scores at age three than children who had been placed in the control group
B) had the same incidence of behavioral problems at age three as children who had been placed in the control group
C) did not outperform children in the control group until the age of eight
D) had slightly more advanced language skills at age three and significantly better vocabulary development by age eight

Question 47

Two-year-old Marcus and his family are participants in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Compared to children and families in the control group, all of the following are likely except

A) Marcus's parents read to him more often
B) Marcus's parents spank him less frequently
C) Marcus and his parents engage in fewer negative interactions
D) Marcus's parents are less likely to be employed

Question 48

Based on the findings of the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, if expectant parents considering participating in Early Head Start were given a choice of services, they and their children would benefit most if they

A) combined center-based care with home visits
B) chose home visits only
C) selected center-based care only
D) chose the most convenient option, since no differences were found among the different types of service formats

Question 49

Sandra, age 27 years, was a participant in the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project, randomly assigned to the control group. Based on the findings of this longitudinal study, and compared to children in the intervention group, it is likely that she

A) spent more time in special education in elementary school
B) had comparable achievement test scores in high school
C) had lower IQ scores from the beginning of the project
D) earns a lower income

Question 50

During a legislative hearing about funding for early childhood intervention programs, all of the following are likely to be raised as reasons to provide ample funding except

A) growing up in an environment of poverty is a risk factor for developmental disabilities and delays
B) child outcomes will be enhanced if we provide lower income parents with direct income supplements
C) the concept of early intervention is difficult to define precisely and succinctly because it encompasses a wide range of programs and philosophies
D) early childhood interventions produce stable increases in IQ scores